Capacity planning involves establishing the maximum output rate that a facility can achieve. It includes determining how much capacity to install, when to increase capacity, and how much to increase it. Location analysis identifies the best geographic location for facilities based on factors like proximity to suppliers, customers, labor, and community considerations. Methods for evaluating capacity and location alternatives include decision trees, break-even analysis, and load-distance models. Capacity planning and location decisions impact operations strategy and are important across the organization.
Design of Production and Service Systems - FacilitiesCasey Ordoña
Facilities make a difference. They can provide a competitive edge by enabling and leveraging the latest process concepts.
An effective layout reflects a firm’s competitive priorities and enables the firm to reach its strategic objectives.
Design of Production and Service Systems - FacilitiesCasey Ordoña
Facilities make a difference. They can provide a competitive edge by enabling and leveraging the latest process concepts.
An effective layout reflects a firm’s competitive priorities and enables the firm to reach its strategic objectives.
Material requirements planning (MRP) is a production planning, scheduling, and inventory control system used to manage manufacturing processes. Most MRP systems are software-based, but it is possible to conduct MRP by hand as well. ... Plan manufacturing activities, delivery schedules and purchasing activities.
Explain briefly elements of operations strategy?
Ans. The six elements of operations strategy are:-
1. Designing of the production system
2. Facilities for production and services
3. Product or service design and development
4. Technology selection, development, and process development
5. Allocation of resources
6. Focus on facilities planning
1. Designing of the production system: - The designing of the production
system involves the selection of the type of product design, processing
system, inventory plan for finished goods, etc. The product design has
two varieties.
Customized product design
Standard product design
There are two types of production systems. They are product focused and
process focused. Product-focused system is adopted where there is mass
production by using a group of machines. For example, products like
automobiles, computers, etc.
2. Facilities for production and services: - Certain specialization in
production allows the firm to provide the customers with products of
lower cost, faster delivery, on-time delivery, high product quality, and
flexibility.
3. Product or Service design and development:-
Generating the idea
Creating the feasibility reports
Designing the prototype and testing
Preparing a production model
Evaluating the economies of scale for production
Testing the product in the market
Obtaining feedback
Creating the final design and starting the production
4. Technology selection and process development: - A product selected
for production will be analyses for the process and the applicable
technology for optimal production. There are many challenges faced by
the operations managers in this decision as the alternatives are many.
The techno-economic analysis for each alternative will help to decide
the required technology.5. Allocation of resources: - The production units face continuous
problems of allocating the scarce resources like capital, machines,
equipment, materials, manpower, services, etc. Allocation at the right
time to the right place of production indicates the efficiency of the
production planners. Optimal use of resources will enable economical
production. Minimizing waste, optimal utilization of resources, and the
best quality product demand a sound operations strategy.
6. Facility, capacity, and layout planning: - The location, layout, and
facilities creation for the production are the key decision areas for the
operations manager. These are critical for achieving the
competitiveness. The decision also influences the future expansion of
the plant. While evaluating the alternatives, the operations manager will
consider the availability of raw materials, access to market, etc.
Enormous capital requirement is required and the planning is always
long range. Here, the production process adopted and the technology
pursued dictates the volume, quality, and cost of production
In this presentation, we will discuss production planning system, factors determining production control procedure, role of production planning and control in operations management, scope of production planning and control, its phases and principles. We will also talk about framework for strategy formulations and task control, PPC limitations, effectiveness, PPC in different systems, requirement of an effective PPC in a system and make or buy analysis.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
Material requirements planning (MRP) is a production planning, scheduling, and inventory control system used to manage manufacturing processes. Most MRP systems are software-based, but it is possible to conduct MRP by hand as well. ... Plan manufacturing activities, delivery schedules and purchasing activities.
Explain briefly elements of operations strategy?
Ans. The six elements of operations strategy are:-
1. Designing of the production system
2. Facilities for production and services
3. Product or service design and development
4. Technology selection, development, and process development
5. Allocation of resources
6. Focus on facilities planning
1. Designing of the production system: - The designing of the production
system involves the selection of the type of product design, processing
system, inventory plan for finished goods, etc. The product design has
two varieties.
Customized product design
Standard product design
There are two types of production systems. They are product focused and
process focused. Product-focused system is adopted where there is mass
production by using a group of machines. For example, products like
automobiles, computers, etc.
2. Facilities for production and services: - Certain specialization in
production allows the firm to provide the customers with products of
lower cost, faster delivery, on-time delivery, high product quality, and
flexibility.
3. Product or Service design and development:-
Generating the idea
Creating the feasibility reports
Designing the prototype and testing
Preparing a production model
Evaluating the economies of scale for production
Testing the product in the market
Obtaining feedback
Creating the final design and starting the production
4. Technology selection and process development: - A product selected
for production will be analyses for the process and the applicable
technology for optimal production. There are many challenges faced by
the operations managers in this decision as the alternatives are many.
The techno-economic analysis for each alternative will help to decide
the required technology.5. Allocation of resources: - The production units face continuous
problems of allocating the scarce resources like capital, machines,
equipment, materials, manpower, services, etc. Allocation at the right
time to the right place of production indicates the efficiency of the
production planners. Optimal use of resources will enable economical
production. Minimizing waste, optimal utilization of resources, and the
best quality product demand a sound operations strategy.
6. Facility, capacity, and layout planning: - The location, layout, and
facilities creation for the production are the key decision areas for the
operations manager. These are critical for achieving the
competitiveness. The decision also influences the future expansion of
the plant. While evaluating the alternatives, the operations manager will
consider the availability of raw materials, access to market, etc.
Enormous capital requirement is required and the planning is always
long range. Here, the production process adopted and the technology
pursued dictates the volume, quality, and cost of production
In this presentation, we will discuss production planning system, factors determining production control procedure, role of production planning and control in operations management, scope of production planning and control, its phases and principles. We will also talk about framework for strategy formulations and task control, PPC limitations, effectiveness, PPC in different systems, requirement of an effective PPC in a system and make or buy analysis.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
Operations strategy for MBA, CA, CMA, B COM, M COM Bibek Prajapati
Product and Service Management. What good or service do we offer and what is the design of it?
Operations and Supply Chain Management. ...
Inventory Management. ...
Forecasting and Capacity Planning. ...
Operations Scheduling. ...
Management of Quality. ...
Facilities Planning and Management.Many historical milestones have shaped OM. Some of these are the Industrial Revolution, scientific management, the human relations movement, management science, and the computer age
OM is highly important function in today’s dynamic business environment. Among the trends with significant impact are just-in-time, TQM, reengineering, flexibility, time-based competition, SCM, global marketplace, and environmental issues
OM works closely with all other business functions
The operations strategy focuses on developing specific capabilities called competitive priorities.
There are four categories of competitive priorities: cost, quality, time, and flexibility
Technology can be sued by companies to gain a competitive advantage and should be acquired to support the company’s chosen competitive priorities
Productivity is a measure that indicates how efficiently an organization is using its resources
Productivity is computed as the ratio or organizational outputs divided by inputs
If the actual output of a piece of equipmentjohann11371
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
www.ops571help.com
1. Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street? Dividend payout ratio Receivable turnover Current ratio Financial leverage Earnings per share growth
2. An activity-system map is which of the following? A diagram that shows how a company's strategy is delivered to customers A timeline displaying major planned events A network guide to route airlines A facility layout schematic noting what is done where A listing of activities that make up a project
Understand what value can be gained by using simulation-based predictive analytics for supply chain, distribution center, logistics and warehouse design, operations, and improvement
Understand the value of simulation based predictive analytics for distribution center, supply chain, logistics, or warehouse design, operations and performance improvement
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2. 2
Capacity planning
Capacity is the maximum output rate of a facility
Capacity planning is the process of establishing the
output rate that can be achieved at a facility:
Capacity is usually purchased in “chunks”
Strategic issues: how much and when to spend
capital for additional facility & equipment
Tactical issues: workforce & inventory levels, &
day-to-day use of equipment
3. Capacity planning
Capacity planning is central to the long-term
success of an organization. Capacity plans are
made at two levels:
(i) Long-term capacity plans : which deal with
investments in new facilities and equipments
covering the requirements for at least two years
into the future and
(ii) Short-term capacity plans : which focus on
work-force size, overtime budgets, inventories etc.
3
4. Capacity planning
A long term strategic decision that establishes
a firm’s overall level resources.
Three major capacity decisions are:
i. How much capacity to be installed,
ii. When to increase capacity and
iii. How much to increase
4
5. TYPES OF CAPACITY
Production capacity: Maximum rate of
production or output of an organization. (e.g.,
100 cars per day etc .. )
Design capacity: The maximum output that
can possibly be attained.
Effective capacity: The maximum output given
a product mix, scheduling difficulties, machine
maintenance, quality factors, absenteeism etc.
Maximum capacity: The maximum output that
a facility can achieve under ideal conditions.
Also known as peak 5
6. DETERMINANTS OF EFFECTIVE CAPACITY
Many decisions about design of the production
system and operation of the production system
may have an impact on capacity.
The main factors relate to the following:
(i) Facilities,
(ii) Product or services,
(iii) Process
(iv) Human resource considerations,
(v) Operations and
(vi) External forces. 6
7. 7
Measuring Capacity Examples
There is no one best way to measure capacity
Output measures like kegs per day are easier to understand
With multiple products, inputs measures work better
Type of Business
Input Measures of
Capacity
Output Measures
of Capacity
Car manufacturer Labor hours Cars per shift
Hospital Available beds Patients per month
Pizza parlor Labor hours Pizzas per day
Retail store
Floor space in
square feet
Revenue per foot
8. 8
Measuring Available Capacity
Design capacity:
Maximum output rate under ideal conditions
A bakery can make 30 custom cakes per day
when pushed at holiday time
Effective capacity:
Maximum output rate under normal (realistic)
conditions
On the average this bakery can make 20
custom cakes per day
9. 9
Measuring Effectiveness of
Capacity Use
Measures how much of the available
capacity is actually being used:
Measures effectiveness
Use either effective or design capacity in
denominator
100%
capacity
rate
output
actual
n
Utilizatio
10. 10
Example of Computing Capacity Utilization: A bakery’s
design capacity is 30 custom cakes per day. Currently the bakery is
producing 28 cakes per day. What is the bakery’s capacity
utilization relative to both design and effective capacity?
93%
(100%)
30
28
(100%)
capacity
design
output
actual
n
Utilizatio
140%
(100%)
20
28
(100%)
capacity
effective
output
actual
n
Utilizatio
design
effective
The current utilization is only slightly below its design
capacity and considerably above its effective capacity
The bakery can only operate at this level for a short period
of time
11. 11
Capacity Considerations
The Best Operating Level is the output that results in
the lowest average unit cost
Economies of Scale:
Where the cost per unit of output drops as volume of output
increases
Spread the fixed costs of buildings & equipment over multiple
units, allow bulk purchasing & handling of material
Diseconomies of Scale:
Where the cost per unit rises as volume increases
Often caused by congestion (overwhelming the process with too
much work-in-process) and scheduling complexity
12. 12
Best Operating Level and Size
Alternative 1: Purchase one large facility, requiring one large
initial investment
Alternative 2: Add capacity incrementally in smaller chunks as
needed
13. 13
Other Capacity Considerations
Focused factories:
Small, specialized facilities with limited
objectives
Plant within a plant (PWP):
Segmenting larger operations into smaller
operating units with focused objectives
Subcontractor networks:
Outsource non-core items to free up
capacity for what you do well
14. 14
Making Capacity Planning
Decisions
The three-step procedure for making
capacity planning decisions is as
follows:
1. Identify Capacity Requirements
2. Develop Capacity Alternatives
3. Evaluate Capacity Alternatives
15. 15
Identifying capacity
requirements
Forecasting Capacity:
Long-term capacity requirements based on future demand
Identifying future demand based on forecasting
Forecasting, at this level, relies on qualitative forecast models
Executive opinion
Delphi method
Forecast and capacity decision must included strategic implications
Capacity cushions
Plan to underutilize capacity to provide flexibility
Strategic Implications
How much capacity a competitor might have
Potential for overcapacity in industry a possible hazard
16. 16
Developing & Evaluating Capacity
Alternatives
Capacity alternatives include
Could do nothing,
expand large now (may included
capacity cushion), or
expand small now with option to add
later
Use decision support aids to evaluate
decisions (decision tree most popular)
17. 17
Decision trees
Diagramming technique which uses
Decision points – points in time when decisions
are made, squares called nodes
Decision alternatives – branches of the tree off
the decision nodes
Chance events – events that could affect a
decision, branches or arrows leaving circular
chance nodes
Outcomes – each possible alternative listed
18. 18
Decision tree diagrams
Decision trees developed by
Drawing from left to right
Use squares to indicate decision points
Use circles to indicate chance events
Write the probability of each chance by the
chance (sum of associated chances = 100%)
Write each alternative outcome in the right
margin
19. 19
Example Using Decision Trees: A restaurant owner has
determined that she needs to expand her facility. The alternatives
are to expand large now and risk smaller demand, or expand on a
smaller scale now knowing that she might need to expand again in
three years. Which alternative would be most attractive? (see notes)
20. 20
Evaluating the Decision Tree
Decision tree analysis utilizes expected value
analysis (EVA)
EVA is a weighted average of the chance events
Probability of occurrence * chance event outcome
Refer to previous slide
At decision point 2, choose to expand to maximize
profits ($200,000 > $150,000)
Calculate expected value of small expansion:
EVsmall = 0.30($80,000) + 0.70($200,000) = $164,000
21. 21
Evaluating the Decision
Tree con’t
Calculate expected value of large expansion:
EVlarge = 0.30($50,000) + 0.70($300,000) =
$225,000
At decision point 1, compare alternatives &
choose the large expansion to maximize the
expected profit:
$225,000 > $164,000
Choose large expansion despite the fact that
there is a 30% chance it’s the worst decision:
Take the calculated risk!
22. 22
Location Analysis
Three most important factors in real estate:
1. Location
2. Location
3. Location
Facility location is the process of identifying
the best geographic location for a service
or production facility
23. 23
Factors Affecting Location
Decisions
Proximity to source of supply:
Reduce transportation costs of perishable or bulky
raw materials
Proximity to customers:
High population areas, close to JIT partners
Proximity to labor:
Local wage rates, attitude toward unions,
availability of special skills (silicon valley)
24. 24
More Location Factors
Community considerations:
Local community’s attitude toward the facility (prisons,
utility plants, etc.)
Site considerations:
Local zoning & taxes, access to utilities, etc.
Quality-of-life issues:
Climate, cultural attractions, commuting time, etc.
Other considerations:
Options for future expansion, local competition, etc.
25. 25
Globalization –
Should Firm Go Global?
Globalization is the process of locating facilities
around the world
Potential advantages:
Inside track to foreign markets, avoid trade barriers, gain access
to cheaper labor
Potential disadvantages:
Political risks may increase, loss of control of proprietary
technology, local infrastructure (roads & utilities) may be
inadequate, high inflation
Other issues to consider:
Language barriers, different laws & regulations, different
business cultures
26. 26
Making Location Decisions
Analysis should follow 3 step process:
1. Identify dominant location factors
2. Develop location alternatives
3. Evaluate locations alternatives
Procedures for evaluation location alternatives
include
Factor rating method
Load-distance model
Center of gravity approach
Break-even analysis
Transportation method
28. 28
A Load-Distance Model Example: Matrix Manufacturing is
considering where to locate its warehouse in order to service its four
Ohio stores located in Cleveland, Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton. Two
sites are being considered; Mansfield and Springfield, Ohio. Use the
load-distance model to make the decision.
Calculate the rectilinear distance:
Multiply by the number of loads between each site and the four cities
miles
45
15
40
10
30
dAB
29. 29
Calculating the Load-Distance Score
for Springfield vs. Mansfield
The load-distance score for Mansfield is higher than for
Springfield. The warehouse should be located in Springfield.
Computing the Load-Distance Score for Springfield
City Load Distance ld
Cleveland 15 20.5 307.5
Columbus 10 4.5 45
Cincinnati 12 7.5 90
Dayton 4 3.5 14
Total Load-Distance Score(456.5)
Computing the Load-Distance Score for Mansfield
City Load Distance ld
Cleveland 15 8 120
Columbus 10 8 80
Cincinnati 12 20 240
Dayton 4 16 64
Total Load-Distance Score(504)
30. 30
The Center of Gravity Approach
This approach requires that the analyst find the center of
gravity of the geographic area being considered
Computing the Center of Gravity for Matrix Manufacturing
Is there another possible warehouse location closer to the C.G. that
should be considered?? Why?
10.6
41
436
l
Y
l
Y
;
7.9
41
325
l
X
l
X
i
i
i
c.g.
i
i
i
c.g.
Computing the Center of Gravity for Matrix Manufacturing
Coordinates Load
Location (X,Y) (li) lixi liyi
Cleveland (11,22) 15 165 330
Columbus (10,7) 10 165 70
Cincinnati (4,1) 12 165 12
Dayton (3,6) 4 165 24
Total 41 325 436
31. 31
Break-Even Analysis
Break-even analysis computes the amount of goods required
to be sold to just cover costs
Break-even analysis includes fixed and variable costs
Break-even analysis can be used for location analysis
especially when the costs of each location are known
Step 1: For each location, determine the fixed and
variable costs
Step 2: Plot the total costs for each location on one graph
Step 3: Identify ranges of output for which each location
has the lowest total cost
Step 4: Solve algebraically for the break-even points
over the identified ranges
32. 32
Break-Even Analysis
Remember the break even equations used for calculation total
cost of each location and for calculating the breakeven
quantity Q.
Total cost = F + cQ
Total revenue = pQ
Break-even is where Total Revenue = Total Cost
Q = F/(p-c)
Q = break-even quantity
p = price/unit
c = variable cost/unit
F = fixed cost
33. 33
Example using Break-even Analysis: Clean-Clothes
Cleaners is considering four possible sites for its new
operation. They expect to clean 10,000 garments. The
table and graph below are used for the analysis.
Example9.6UsingBreak-EvenAnalysis
Location FixedCost VariableCost TotalCost
A $350,000 $5(10,000) $400,000
B $170,000 $25(10,000) $420,000
C $100,000 $40(10,000) $500,000
D $250,000 $20(10,000) $450,000
34. 34
The Transportation Method
Can be used to solve specific location problems
Is discussed in detail in the supplement to this text
Could be used to evaluate the cost impact of
adding potential location sites to the network of
existing facilities
Could also be used to evaluate adding multiple
new sites or completely redesigning the network
35. 35
Capacity Planning & Facility
Location within OM
Decisions about capacity and location are highly
dependent on forecasts of demand (Ch 8).
Capacity is also affected by operations strategy (Ch
2), as size of capacity is a key element of
organizational structure.
Other operations decisions that are affected by
capacity and location are issues of job design and
labor skills (Ch 11), choice on the mix of labor and
technology, as well as choices on technology and
automation (Ch 3).
36. 36
Capacity Planning and Facility
Location Across the Organization
Capacity planning and location analysis
affect operations management and are
important to many others
Finance provides input to finalize capacity
decisions
Marketing impacted by the organizational
capacity and location to customers