Ecohealth perspectives: From Ecohealth theory to practice (case studies)ILRI
Presentation by Fred Unger at an FAO-APHCA/OIE/USDA regional workshop on prevention and control of neglected zoonoses in Asia, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan, 15-16 July 2015.
EcoHealth approach to control of zoonotic emerging infectious diseases in Sou...ILRI
Presented by Jeff Gilbert at the second scientific Asia and the Pacific symposium on "Sustainable diets: Human nutrition and livestock", Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 21 August 2013.
This is an invited session for public health specialist registrars which makes the case for increased use of sociology and social and behavioural sciences in public health
Ecohealth perspectives: From Ecohealth theory to practice (case studies)ILRI
Presentation by Fred Unger at an FAO-APHCA/OIE/USDA regional workshop on prevention and control of neglected zoonoses in Asia, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan, 15-16 July 2015.
EcoHealth approach to control of zoonotic emerging infectious diseases in Sou...ILRI
Presented by Jeff Gilbert at the second scientific Asia and the Pacific symposium on "Sustainable diets: Human nutrition and livestock", Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 21 August 2013.
This is an invited session for public health specialist registrars which makes the case for increased use of sociology and social and behavioural sciences in public health
Matching ecohealth and One Health attributes for emerging infectious diseases...ILRI
Poster by Theresa Burns, David Stephen, Manish Kakkar, Purvi Mehta-Bhatt, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Durgatt Joshi, Jennifer Dawson and Craig Stephen presented at the 5th biennial conference of the International Association for Ecology and Health (EcoHealth 2014), Montreal, Canada, 11−15 August 2014.
What is Global Health?: Miguel Ángel González BlockUWGlobalHealth
As proposed by the Declarations of the Alma Ata and challenged by the Millennium
Development Goals, action by players and stakeholders of diverse specialties and
backgrounds is required to achieve health for all. This assembled expert panel
drawn from different backgrounds will enrich the discussion with their own experiences.
The challenges of implementation of One Health/EcoHealth at project levelILRI
Presented by Jeffrey Gilbert at the Technical Training and Planning Workshop on Cross-border Coordinated Response to Infectious Diseases, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 31 May 2011.
This presentation describes what is new public health with adapted components from the previous eras of public health. Health promotion and evolution of public health is covered here.
EMPHNET-PHE course: Module03 ethical issues in surveillance, screening and ou...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This is a series of presentations I gave in the Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET)'s Public Health Ethics (PHE) that was held in Amman in June 2014.
This presentation outlines the ethical issues related to surveillance, screening, and outbreak investigation.
One Health-Ecohealth in Vietnam: The platform for networks for exchanging and...ILRI
Poster by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Pham Duc Phuc, Tung Xuan Dinh, Giang T.H. Pham, Luu Quoc Toan, Anh Le-Vu and Khong Nguyen-Viet presented at the 5th biennial conference of the International Association for Ecology and Health (EcoHealth 2014), Montreal, Canada, 11−15 August 2014.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution of health related events. It is concerned with epidemic of communicable disease, non communicable infectious disease, chronic disease,maternal-child health, occupational health, environment health etc.
Epidemiology is: a) a quantitative basic science based on a working knowledge of statistics, probability, and sound research methods; b) a causal reasoning method based on the development and testing of morbidity and mortality hypotheses; and c) a tool for promoting and protecting public health action based on science, causal reasoning, and practical common sense.
EMPHNET - PHE Course: Module 04 - Ethical issues in health promotionDr Ghaiath Hussein
Define the concepts and scope of health promotion
List the ethical principles that arise from health promotion activities
Discuss the ethical issues that arise from health promotion, and
Analyse and manage the ethical issues utilizing the ethical frameworks
The SDG process is searching for the ideal balance between ambition and feasibility. On sanitation, targets may only be achievable if a flexible context specific approach is taken that recognizes the realities of rapid urbanization and lack of infrastructure.
And we see questions on national buy-in and capacities to assess those indicators, while we also aim at global comparability.
Presented by Jeremy Bird
Matching ecohealth and One Health attributes for emerging infectious diseases...ILRI
Poster by Theresa Burns, David Stephen, Manish Kakkar, Purvi Mehta-Bhatt, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Durgatt Joshi, Jennifer Dawson and Craig Stephen presented at the 5th biennial conference of the International Association for Ecology and Health (EcoHealth 2014), Montreal, Canada, 11−15 August 2014.
What is Global Health?: Miguel Ángel González BlockUWGlobalHealth
As proposed by the Declarations of the Alma Ata and challenged by the Millennium
Development Goals, action by players and stakeholders of diverse specialties and
backgrounds is required to achieve health for all. This assembled expert panel
drawn from different backgrounds will enrich the discussion with their own experiences.
The challenges of implementation of One Health/EcoHealth at project levelILRI
Presented by Jeffrey Gilbert at the Technical Training and Planning Workshop on Cross-border Coordinated Response to Infectious Diseases, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 31 May 2011.
This presentation describes what is new public health with adapted components from the previous eras of public health. Health promotion and evolution of public health is covered here.
EMPHNET-PHE course: Module03 ethical issues in surveillance, screening and ou...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This is a series of presentations I gave in the Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET)'s Public Health Ethics (PHE) that was held in Amman in June 2014.
This presentation outlines the ethical issues related to surveillance, screening, and outbreak investigation.
One Health-Ecohealth in Vietnam: The platform for networks for exchanging and...ILRI
Poster by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Pham Duc Phuc, Tung Xuan Dinh, Giang T.H. Pham, Luu Quoc Toan, Anh Le-Vu and Khong Nguyen-Viet presented at the 5th biennial conference of the International Association for Ecology and Health (EcoHealth 2014), Montreal, Canada, 11−15 August 2014.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution of health related events. It is concerned with epidemic of communicable disease, non communicable infectious disease, chronic disease,maternal-child health, occupational health, environment health etc.
Epidemiology is: a) a quantitative basic science based on a working knowledge of statistics, probability, and sound research methods; b) a causal reasoning method based on the development and testing of morbidity and mortality hypotheses; and c) a tool for promoting and protecting public health action based on science, causal reasoning, and practical common sense.
EMPHNET - PHE Course: Module 04 - Ethical issues in health promotionDr Ghaiath Hussein
Define the concepts and scope of health promotion
List the ethical principles that arise from health promotion activities
Discuss the ethical issues that arise from health promotion, and
Analyse and manage the ethical issues utilizing the ethical frameworks
The SDG process is searching for the ideal balance between ambition and feasibility. On sanitation, targets may only be achievable if a flexible context specific approach is taken that recognizes the realities of rapid urbanization and lack of infrastructure.
And we see questions on national buy-in and capacities to assess those indicators, while we also aim at global comparability.
Presented by Jeremy Bird
Capacity building in EcoHealth: Experiences and evaluation of training using ...ILRI
Presentation by Jeff Gilbert at the 14th international conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine (AITVM), Johannesburg, South Africa, 25-29 August 2013.
EcoHealth-One Health resource centres in Thailand and Indonesia: Establishmen...ILRI
Presentation by Fred Unger, Lertrak Srikitjakarn, Wayan T Artama, Tongkorn
Meeyam, Dyah Ayu Widiasih, Jeffrey Gilbert and Delia Grace at the Ecohealth 2014 conference, Montreal, Canada, 11-15 August 2014.
Capacity building on ‘ecohealth’ in Southeast Asia – successes and challengesILRI
To address current challenges related to disease emergences in livestock and humans, new integrated approaches are needed to promote collaboration between involved actors and groups towards more effective control. Southeast Asia is considered a hotspot for diseases emergence as demonstrated with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Such new approaches include the ‘ecohealth’ (EH) concept, an approach pioneered over the last decades by the International Development Research Centre, Canada (IDRC).
EcoHealth in action in Southeast Asia: Results and experiences from six trans...ILRI
Presentation by Jeff Gilbert, Fred Unger, Rainer Assé, Korapin Tohtubtian, Lucy Lapar, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Delia Grace and Purvi Mehta at the First African Regional Conference of the International Association on Ecology and Health (Africa 2013 Ecohealth), Grand Bassam , Côte d'Ivoire, 1-5 October 2013.
Operations Research In MCH Programs: Measurement Challengesjehill3
Operations Research In MCH Programs: Measurement Challenges - How MCHIP is working to Support PVOs
Jennifer Luna, MCHIP
CORE Group Spring Meeting, April 28, 2010
EcoHealth-OneHealth Resource Centre Chiang Mai UniversityILRI
Presented by Lertrak Srikitjakarn (Chiang Mai University Resource Center) to the Progress Meeting on Ecosystem Approaches to the Better Management of Zoonotic Emerging Infectious Diseases in the South East Asian Region, Bangkok, 10-13 December 2011.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technology
A decade of capacity building on Ecohealth/One Health in Southeast Asia: Challenges and perspectives
1. A decade of capacity building on Ecohealth/One Health in
Southeast Asia: Challenges and perspectives
Fred Unger & Hung Nguyen-Viet
International Livestock Research Institute, Vietnam
CGIAR Vietnam Brown Bag Lunch Seminar No. 8
ILRI Hanoi, Vietnam, 22 April 2015
3. Introduction: Ecohealth Theory
• IDRC’s Ecohealth Program Initiative is based on three
methodological pillars (Lebel, 1994):
– transdisciplinarity, participation, and equity.
• More recently, Charron (2012) expanded on the three
pillars of Lebel, introducing six Key Principles of
EcoHealth. Three of Charron’s principles are
substantially similar to one of the pillars introduced by
Lebel:
– Systems thinking, Knowledge to action, Transdiciplinary,
Participation, Equity, Sustainability
Ecohealth Research in Practice: Innovative applications of an ecosystem approach to health
4. System Thinking
System thinking suggests that the way to understand a
system is to examining the linkages and interactions
between the elements that make up the system
•In contrast to reductism which looks more in details of each part
•Helps to apply some order to the complex reality of health related
to the social-ecological system
System perspective: scale is important
e.g. time scale: daily routines, seasons, climate change
Challenges:
•Define boundaries of the system
•Choices between inclusiveness and feasibility based on time skills
and capacity
•ILRI EcoZD/ComAcross: review objectives and activities
Modified after Charon
2012
5. Knowledge to action
Knowledge to action refers to the idea that knowledge
generated by research is then used to improve health and
well-being through an improved environment
•Fundamental for an Ecosystem approach
•What different groups are interested to change
•Approaches are different, community versus policy makers
•Ideally research becomes an ongoing intervention process
•Knowledge moves both ways
– Researchers pushing new knowledge into policies
– Policy is requesting new knowledge from researchers
– Collaborative exchange and knowledge platforms
•Generation of unintended (positive and negative effects)
– Examples from EcoZD
Modified after Charon
2012
6. Participation
• Aims to achieve consensus and cooperation within community and
scientific and decision-making groups
– Define on who should participate and what will be there role
– Mapping of potential actors, stakeholders or groups
– Helps to identify existing barriers to change
– Can provide option for negotiating concrete steps to move forward
Reality: Farmers are often the most disadvantaged group when facing
rigid control measures
– Large scale versus backyard
– E.g. Vietnam
• Policy against small scale slaughter slots or small scale farms in
communities
• Community have positive perception on local slaughterhouses
Modified after Charon
2012
7. Transdisciplinary research
• Inclusive vision of health problems by scientists from
multiple disciplines, community and policy actors
– Evolves the integration of research methodologies and tools
across disciplines including none academics perspectives
and (local) knowledge
– From the first idea until dissemination/publication
– Wide range of skills sets are needed which are usually not part
of academic training
• Consensus building
• Facilitation …
• Communication …
• Mediation skills
Modified after Charon
2012
8. Gender and social equity
• Involves analyzing the respective roles of men and women, and
various social groups;
– Gender
– Social cultural
– Economic class
– Age
– Ethnic minorities
– Marginalised groups
Why?
• Inequity in access to health care
• Woman held major responsibility for health of their families
• Anyhow, often little power on decisions how the HH income is used
• There is a need for more gender and social analysis in EH research
Modified after Charon
2012
9. Sustainability
• As research for development EH research aims to make
ethical positive long lasting changes
• Sustainability implies that changes are environmentally
sound and socially durable
• What will remain after the lifetime of the project
• Short term needs might be not consistent with long term
process for improvement of helth
Modified after Charon
2012
10. GHGI
Ecosystem Approaches to the Better Management of
Zoonotic Emerging Infectious Diseases in Southeast Asia
(EcoZD)
2007 – 2013 (++)
6 countries:
•Thailand
•Vietnam
•Cambodia
•Indonesia
•Laos
•China (Yunnan)
11. Overview
General objective:
Increase the EcoHealth capacity in SE Asia targeting the risks
and impacts of Zoonotic Emerging Infectious Diseases
(ZEIDs) and how feasible options can be best implemented
Appraisal & Consultative Process
Scoping Study
EcoHealth Uptake, Outcome Mapping,
(ILRI – Teams & Teams to boundary partners)
• Balanced set of case studies and capacity built
• Networking
12. Summary of outputs/outcomes
Outcome Theme Output
Capacity
building
EcoHealth research:
learning by doing
Over 100 researchers in SE Asia involved
in 9 projects in 6 countries
Training courses 3 major EcoHealth courses
Short courses & lectures More than 20 lectures given
Graduate fellows PHD (1) and MSc (4)
Training in research
methodologies
Participatory learning; FGD; outcome
mapping; risk analysis
Research
disseminated
Peer-reviewed articles 6 published in international journals
5 under preparation
Presentations at
conferences
>60 presentations/posters at 14
conferences (Kunming, Maastricht ect)
Sustainable
EcoHealth
in the region
Regional institutions 2 EHRC and CENPHER supported
Training manuals Two EcoHealth training manuals
Policy
influenced
National 5 teams engaged national policy makers,
4 sets of policy briefs
Regional and international Regional symposium for policy makers
Engagement in FAO, WHO, OIE initiatives
13. Eco ZD - EH story
With the focus on zoonotic diseases initial meetings were
conducted with actors from MOH or MOA most of them not a
focus of previous EcoHealth initiatives
Introducing learning by doing EcoHealth approach
It was easier to achieve early success with partners already
experienced in EH e.g. Cambodia. More difficult but perhaps
more significant, was this with teams with almost no previous
exposure to multi-disciplinary approaches (e.g. China)
Extended period of consultation with teams of what
EcoHealth involves and how to approach research
14. Eco ZD - EH story
• Project did not come with pre-determined research
questions, there was room for adaptation in the proposal
• Our emphasis on capacity building - an approach where
teams made key research decisions and were supported in
analysis and write-up.
• Multi-year process of inter-personal relationship-building
• Mid 2010 - critically reviewed the objectives (and outcomes)
Amendments were made based on own but also reflections
of partners – 2 EHRC established
15. Start up challenges
• Identification of research teams
– Initial contacts were made with MOA & MOH due to focus
on zoonoses. Most of actors, partners had doubts on the
added value of EH.
– Easier for teams with previous EH experience
– More difficult for teams from countries with rigid top-down
institutional environment (e.g. China and South Vietnam)
Approach: Repeated consultations, sufficient time allocation,
sometimes build up on previous linkages
16. Start up challenges
Identification of a common research interest
– Often a painful and time consuming process
– Entirely left with teams, only focus on zoonoses was crucial
– Most critical in South Vietnam and China, classical silo thinking
– Who will lead & sharing of budgets
Approach: Various consultations and mentoring, EH training,
sufficient time window, ILRI facilitated the process
Indonesia: Call for proposal, submitted proposals were evaluated
by an independent expert group
CRA were processed after agreement on topic was achieved
17. Challenges
Recognition of the added value of other “none medical expertise”
(e.g. social science or socio economic)
– Teams were led by MD’s or Vets with mainly biometric background
– To work with social scientist was new for most of them
Easier: Indonesia and Thailand, as interdisciplinary collaboration
existed already
e.g. CMU Vet Fac (Thailand); or UGM-KKN, CIVAS
More challenging : China and Laos
Approach: Specific and continued mentoring by EH champions,
Training (EH, research methods, participatory tools,
outcome mapping)
18. Continued challenges
EH incorporation in the case studies – reality check
– All teams conducted research with some elements of EcoHealth
though for some it was more a bio-medical One-Health approach
– Others branded their research as EcoHealth but without major
differences from conventional veterinary public health projects
Contributing factors to challenges:
– Lack of standard definitions of EcoHealth and One-Health led
to unnecessary confusion.
– Concerns on translation of terms e.g. ‘transdisciplinary’ or
“equity” – retaining of original meaning after translation to local
languages
– Gender aspects were not recognised as important for most of the
teams, again reflecting the predominance of biomedical thinking
19. Continued challenges
Approach to address challenges:
– EH mentoring - balanced between external EH support
(experts) and recruitment of national or regional experts
– Experts covered: EH, policy translation, social science &
gender, risk assessment
– EH training courses (at least one per year)
– Monitoring of EH uptake & outcome mapping
20. EH uptake - example
Factors for succesful EH uptake
Final year of project, each team was evaluated (combined with OM)
1. Managing use of social science - for systems thinking via synthetic
interpretation of research findings
Low ability is characterized by:
limited integration of social science; limited integration of systems thinking;
minimal linkages with practice…
High ability is characterized by:
high integration of social science/ systems thinking, good transdisciplinary
integration of research studies; significant linkages with practice; …
2. Managing knowledge exchange & decision-making
3. Managing project administration – for time & resource allocation
4. Managing organizational culture & host institute norms
Evaluation: L-, L+, M-, M+, H-, H+
21. Continued challenges
• Deficits in generic research facilitation skills for some teams
– Proposal writing, analysis, budgeting, publications
• Synthesis
– Synthesize quantitative and qualitative results
– Interdisciplinary data base, not achieved!
• Policy engagement
– Mentoring by policy expert from IFPRI, 5 policy briefs
– Some teams strong in engagement of policy makers
e.g. Thailand slaughterhouse
• EH report
– Required from donor
– Document team changes in aspiration of EcoHealth, less technical
– Sometimes hard for the teams but useful to keep EH spirit in mind
23. Country Zoonoses Tool Expertise Challenge Approach
Cambodia
MOA,MOH,
NGO,
University
Diarrhea in
human and
animals
FGD, IDI,
QX, Review,
biological
sampling
MD, Vet, Socio
Econ, Social-
Science,
villagers
Disease
prioritization
Risk analysis
EH
champion
Consultant
Vietnam
2 institutes
1university
Lepto in
human and
animals
FGD, IDI,
QX, Review,
biol
sampling
MD, Vet, Socio
Econ, Social-
Science
Villagers
Disease
prioritization
Mentoring
ILRI Hanoi
Country teams & case studies
24. Country Topic Tool Expertise Challenge Solution
THL/VN
DLD, MOH,
MARD,
NIVR,
University,
Hygiene in
small scale
chicken SH
FGD, IDI,
QX,
biological
sampling
MD, Vet, Socio
Econ, Social
Science
Initial proposal
very biometric
EH
mentoring
(Fred, CMU)
Laos
DLF, PH,
University
Pig
zoonoses &
prod.
Diseases
QX,
biological
sampling
Socio Econ,
MD, Vet,
Villagers
Aligned to
another
project
(ACIAR)
Disease
prioritization
Various
consultations
(Jeff G at
CIAT Laos)
Country teams & case studies
25. Eco ZD case study:
Brucellosis/Toxoplasmosis in Yunnan
”
26. Brucellosis & Toxoplasmosis
in Yunnan
1. Identification of common research topic
•Researchers from 4 different institutions with different research
priorities, e.g. AI, toxoplasmosis, brucellosis, M. bovis, hepatitis DHF
etc.
Approach:
•Various meetings including stakeholders but also community visits,
some with ILRI others not
•Allocation of sufficient time (6-9 month)
•Facilitation and consensus building skills, toxoplasmosis and
brucellosis selected (our choice would have been probably different)
27. Brucellosis & Toxoplasmosis
in Yunnan
2. Limited or no experience with an EH approach
• Strong silo-thinking and biometric driven research team
• Focus was on biological sampling
– Team went even to the field and collected samples before the CRA was
signed, unclear sample design and research question
• No experience with qualitative methods
Approach: Frequent visit of ILRI scientist and support by an EH
champion (Fang Jing)
Training on FGD and IDI tools
Relationship and trust building
Gained ownership by local authorities
28. Brucellosis & Toxoplasmosis
in Yunnan
3. Synthesising qualitative and quantitative research results
• Focus was on collection and analysis of biological samples and
quantitative data
• No experience with qualitative analysis
Approach: EH champion provided repeated training
First part of analysis strongly guided/done by EH
champion e.g. In depth interviews in village doctors
Further analysis done jointly (IDI, butchers)
All others done by team (IDI, village Vets) and FGD
29. Brucellosis & Toxoplasmosis
in Yunnan
Other challenges:
•Hierarchical differences between researchers
•Unfortunately the most “EH open” researcher was the
youngest and also facing EN language difficulties
•Strong deficits in paper writing (mainly due to language
barriers)
Approach: As mentioned before & identification of incentives,
paper write shop (last week)
30. Brucellosis & Toxoplasmosis
in Yunnan
Contributing factors for success:
•Highest motivated team, use of qualitative exited the team
•Invitation to national and international meetings – strong
incentive (EH researchers)
•Upcoming publication (international journal)
•Extended networking (CMU, VPHCAP, PE)
After all one of the best teams together with the Indonesian
team
31. Case studies: Yunnan team
EH principles + - Evaluation Comments
Transdisciplinary
research
Some changes within
the research team
Still biometric,
PH driven **
Participation Various actors,
groups & tools ** EH champion,
team highly
motivated
Equity/gender Ethnic minorities Gender
perspective
weak
*
Knowledge to
action
Policy brief
Policy meetings ** Sometimes lost
track as in
Chinese
System thinking EH framework Not fully
applied * Continuous
challenge
Sustainability Enhanced exchange
at village level (Vet,
PH, village heads,
party committee)
Networking
** Positive side
effects (village
toilets)
* L ** M ***H
33. Framework for China study
33
The problem:
Brucellosis &
Toxoplasmo
sis in
Yunnan
Public health authorities
(hospitals and local) (IDI)
•Review of existing information
•General Z knowledge
•Specific action B & T patients
•Collaboration with PH
Vet officers/stations (IDI)
•Review of existing
information
•General Z knowledge
•Specific action B & T
•Control
•Collaboration with PH
Farmers (QX)
• Production data
•AH and disease prevention
•Reproductive disorders
•Zoonoses and OH
Past unit, milk vendors (FGD):
•Zoonoses knowledge
•Quality control
•Sanitation
•Inspection by authorities
Villagers (with/without
livestock) (FGD)
• Animal husbandry
•Zoonoses
•Risk factors
•AH services
•PH services
•Source of information
Butchers (IDI)
•General Z knowledge
•Specific knowledge B & Toxo
•Health check and status
•Hygiene and training
•Waste management
Hospital case review:
•Clinical cases
Literature review
Survey:
•Dairy farms (milk)
•People at risk (serum)
34. Case studies: added value of Eco health
Optimizing Rabies Control in Bali: An Ecohealth Approach.”
35. Case studies: Indonesia
Optimizing Rabies Control in Bali: An Ecohealth Approach.”
Identification of a common research topic:
• Lead by team (CIVAS) and based on a call for proposals
• Rabies is an emerging zoonoses since its introduction
• Conventional control measures show limited success
Objective:
to help the government of Bali in controlling rabies in dogs
through better understanding of the dog population, dog
behavior in Bali and its relationship with the local community
Various stakeholders and groups involved:
MD, Vets, Social Science, Communities, Environment sector,
tourist sector, media, schools, village cadres, private sector,
political perspectives
36. Case studies: added value of Eco health
Optimizing Rabies Control in Bali: An Ecohealth Approach
Eco Health story:
• EH changed the way the team planned research and
dissemination.
• Boundary partners (rabies cadres and heads of village)
incorporated the rabies control programme in their village
traditional law, and showed willingness to continue this
model of Village Rabies Working Group (VRWG) by their
own fundraising programmes after EcoZD.
• Provincial Livestock Service Office were convinced to
support an island-wide training programme for VRWG of
two people from each village (covering the 723 villages.
37. Case studies: Rabies in Bali
EH principles + - Evaluation Comments
Transdisciplinary
research
Changes within the
research team **
Participation Various groups and
participatory tools,
song, video
*** Strongest
community
involvement
Equity/gender Gender
perspective **
Knowledge to
action
Policy brief Policy
meetings ** Supported by
consultant
System thinking EH framework Not fully
applied **
Sustainability Expansion of
involvement of
village cadres
Involvement in new
EH initiatives
** Publications,
schools
38. Lessons learned
• Keep room and time to adapt approaches
• Allocate sufficient time to expected changes of teams operations
(EH) & boundary partners
• Identify & engage potential EH champions
• Trust building & incentives
• Continued mentoring on how to best incorporate EH in the
proposals, field work and analysis
– Balanced use of external & national experts
• Develop and use an evaluation system
• EH stories should be developed and documented
• Perhaps use a specific EH reporting format which encourages the
team to report not technical as usual
39. The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is
given to ILRI.
better lives through livestock
ilri.org
Special thanks to the former EcoZD team and its partners
In particular: J Gilbert, H Nguyen, R Asse, P Mehta, K. Tohtubtiang, L Lapar, D Grace