Cancer results from a series of molecular events that fundamentally alter the normal properties of cells. In cancer cells the normal control systems that prevent cell overgrowth and the invasion of other tissues are disabled.
Cancer is disease where cells grows out of control and invade, erode and destroy normal tissues
Normal body cells grow, divide and die in orderly fashion
Cancer cell does not obey this path
Cancer cells don't die (Immortality). They just continue to grow and divide in disorderly fashion
This makes it hard for the body to work the way it should
Cancer is disease where cells grows out of control and invade, erode and destroy normal tissues
Normal body cells grow, divide and die in orderly fashion
Cancer cell does not obey this path
Cancer cells don't die (Immortality). They just continue to grow and divide in disorderly fashion
This makes it hard for the body to work the way it should
Glass laminated solar panels' introductions | juguangneng solar2015Solar Simon
Glass laminated solar panels introductions with products images from Juguangneng solar, which is a professional manufacturer that specializes in various solar panels ranged from 0.1W to 300W with 20-year solar panels' production experiences.
Also you can learn more about our factory via visiting our official website: http://www.chinajgn.com/?company/factory.html Thank you!
LECTURE 11 CANCER DRUGS, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY and CHEMOCHEMISTRY.docxmanningchassidy
LECTURE 11 CANCER: DRUGS, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY and CHEMOCHEMISTRY
A dividing breast cancer cell.
Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues.
Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.
When cancer develops, this orderly process breaks down. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors.
Many cancers form solid tumors, which are masses of tissue. Cancers of the blood, such as leukemia, generally do not form solid tumors.
Cancerous tumors are malignant, which means they can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. In addition, as these tumors grow, some cancer cells can break off and travel to distant places in the body through the blood or the lymph system and form new tumors far from the original tumor.
Unlike malignant tumors, benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. When removed, they usually don’t grow back, whereas malignant tumors sometimes do. Unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life threatening.
What are the differences between cancer cells and normal cells?
Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways that allow them to grow out of control and become invasive. One important difference is that cancer cells are less specialized than normal cells. That is, whereas normal cells mature into very distinct cell types with specific functions, cancer cells do not. This is one reason that, unlike normal cells, cancer cells continue to divide without stopping.
In addition, cancer cells are able to ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or that begin a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which the body uses to get rid of unneeded cells.
Cancer cells may be able to influence the normal cells, molecules, and blood vessels that surround and feed a tumor, an area known as the microenvironment. For instance, cancer cells can induce nearby normal cells to form blood vessels that supply tumors with oxygen and nutrients, which they need to grow. These blood vessels also remove waste products from tumors.
Cancer cells are also often able to evade the immune system, a network of organs, tissues, and specialized cells that protects the body from infections and other conditions. Although the immune system normally removes damaged or abnormal cells from the body, some cancer cells are able to “hide” from the immune system.
Tumors can also use the immune system to stay alive and grow. For example, with.
Dengue fever is a viral illness caused by infection with 1 of 4 types of the dengue virus. When a person recovers from dengue infection they develop a long term (not always lifetime) immunity to that type, but not the other 3 types.
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in both men and women (not counting skin cancer), and is by far the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women.
Healthy eating habits & diet results in improvement of overall health. Healthy diets provides essential nutrients to the body like fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, calories & amino acids.
Common colds are mild infections of the nose and throat, which are very common in young children and are caused by many different viruses. Usually the viral illness causes some combination of stuffy nose, runny nose, sore throat, cough, runny eyes, ear fluid and fever.
Common colds are mild infections of the nose and throat, which are very common in young children and are caused by many different viruses. Usually the viral illness causes some combination of stuffy nose, runny nose, sore throat, cough, runny eyes, ear fluid and fever.
Typhoid fever is a disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi, while paratyphoid fever is caused by Salmonella Paratyphi. They are both known as ‘enteric fevers’ and are common in some developing countries.
Malaria is a disease that is transmitted by the bite of a particular kind of mosquito. There are four main strains of malaria. The most serious of these is the falciparum. This form can be fatal. The other three forms, vivax, ovale and malariae are usually less serious, but still need to be prevented and treated promptly.
Viral hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by one of the five hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E . While all of these viruses cause liver disease, they vary significantly in terms of epidemiology, natural history, prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
Asthma is a disease that affects your lungs. It is the most common long-term disease of children, but adults have asthma, too. Asthma causes repeated episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and nighttime or early morning coughing.
Hair Structure:- Hair is mostly made up of keratin, which is also found in the skin and nails. Each strand of hair is comprised of three distinct layers:
Cuticle – the outermost protective layer of the hair shaft.
Cortex – mainly composed of keratin, this layer gives the hair its strength, color, shape, elasticity, and texture.
Medulla – the innermost or core layer is usually only present in coarse hair, and absent in fine strands.
Hair Growth Cycle:- Hair follicles grow in repetitive cycles, which include three phases:
Anagen - growth phase, which typically continues for 150 weeks on the scalp.
Diarrhea is caused by a virus, parasite, or bacterium. It can spread quickly from person-to-person, especially in daycare centers. Some of the causes of infectious diarrhea, such as Campylobacteriosis, shiga-toxin producing E. coli, giardiasis, salmonellosis and shigellosis, are discussed in their own fact sheets found in this document.
It is a defect in the body’s ability to convert glucose (sugar) to energy. Glucose is the main source of fuel for our body. When food is digested it is changed into fats, protein, or carbohydrates.
Hygiene is a practice performed for the preservation of health. In popular culture it is also known as ‘Cleanliness’, hygiene in its fullest & original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances & practices. Lifestyles issue, premises & commodities that engender a safe & healthy environment.
LASIK involves the use of a laser to permanently change the shape of the cornea, the clear covering of the front of the eye. LASIK is a quick and often painless procedure, and for the majority of patients, the surgery improves vision and reduces the need for corrective eyewear.
Heart surgery is done to treat complications of ischemic heart disease, correct congenital heart disease from various causes including endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease. It also includes heart transplantation.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
2. Medicity Hospital is a top tier multispecialty hospital &
Super specialty hospital in Navi Mumbai (Kharghar).
It has wide range of medical & super specialties including
intervention & dignoistics and is well equipped with latest &
modern state of art equipments for immediate & advanced
medical care & best Gynaecologists and joint replacement in
Navi Mumbai.
Located at Kharghar, sector7, Aum Sai CHS, Plot no-C/23,
next to Royal Tulip Hotel.
3. Cancer results from a series of molecular events that
fundamentally alter the normal properties of cells. In cancer
cells the normal control systems that prevent cell overgrowth
and the invasion of other tissues are disabled. These altered
cells divide and grow in the presence of signals that
normally inhibit cell growth; therefore, they no longer
require special signals to induce cell growth and division.
As these cells grow they develop new characteristics,
including changes in cell structure, decreased cell adhesion,
and production of new enzymes.
4. These heritable changes allow the cell and its progeny to
divide and grow, even in the presence of normal cells that
typically inhibit the growth of nearby cells. Such changes
allow the cancer cells to spread and invade other tissues.
This enhanced growth describes most cancer cells, which
have gained functions repressed in the normal, healthy cells.
As long as these cells remain in their original location, they
are considered benign; if they become invasive, they are
considered malignant. Cancer cells in malignant tumors can
often metastasize, sending cancer cells to distant sites in the
body where new tumors may form.
5. Approximately 35,000 genes in the human genome have
been associated with cancer. Alterations in the same gene
often are associated with different forms of cancer. These
malfunctioning genes can be broadly classified into three
groups:-
The 1st group, called proto-oncogenes, produces protein
products that normally enhance cell division or inhibit
normal cell death. The mutated forms of these genes are
called oncogenes.
The 2nd group, called tumor suppressors, makes proteins
that normally prevent cell division or cause cell death.
6. The 3rd group contains DNA repair genes, which help
prevent mutations that lead to cancer.
Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes work much
like the accelerator and brakes of a car, respectively. The
normal speed of a car can be maintained by controlled use of
both the accelerator and the brake.
Mutations that produce oncogenes accelerate growth while
those that affect tumor suppressors prevent the normal
inhibition of growth. In either case, uncontrolled cell growth
occurs.
7. • The prevailing model for cancer development is that
mutations in genes for tumor suppressors and oncogenes
lead to cancer. However, some scientists challenge this view
as too simple, arguing that it fails to explain the genetic
diversity among cells within a single tumor and does not
adequately explain many chromosomal aberrations typical of
cancer cells.
• An alternate model suggests that there are “master
genes” controlling cell division. A mutation in a master
gene leads to abnormal replication of chromosomes,
causing whole sections of chromosomes to be missing
or duplicated.
8. This leads to a change in gene dosage, so cells produce too
little or too much of a specific protein. If the chromosomal
aberrations affect the amount of one or more proteins
controlling the cell cycle, such as growth factors or tumor
suppressors, the result may be cancer.
There may be multiple mechanisms leading to the
development of cancer.
9. Cancer cells behave as independent cells, growing without
control to form tumors. Tumors grow in a series of steps.
The 1st step is a hyperplasia, meaning that there are too
many cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division. These
cells appear normal, but changes have occurred that result in
some loss of control of growth.
The 2nd step is dysplasia, resulting from further growth,
accompanied by abnormal changes to the cells.
The 3rd step requires additional changes, which result in
cells that are even more abnormal and can now spread over a
wider area of tissue. These cells begin to lose their original
function; such cells are called anaplastic.
10. The last step occurs when the cells in the tumor metastasize,
which means that they can invade surrounding tissue,
including the bloodstream, and spread to other locations.
This is the most serious type of tumor, but not all tumors
progress to this point. Non-invasive tumors are said to be
benign.
11. Carcinomas result from altered epithelial cells, which cover
the surface of our skin and internal organs. Most cancers are
carcinomas.
Sarcomas result from changes in muscle, bone, fat, or
connective tissue.
Leukemia results from malignant white blood cells.
Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system cells that
derive from bone marrow.
Myelomas are cancers of specialized white blood cells that
make antibodies.
12. Many viruses infect humans but only a few viruses are
known to promote human cancer. These include both DNA
viruses and retroviruses, a type of RNA virus.
Viruses associated with cancer include human
papillomavirus (genital carcinomas), hepatitis B (liver
carcinoma), Epstein-Barr virus (Burkitt’s lymphoma and
nasopharyngeal carcinoma), human T-cell leukemia virus (T-
cell lymphoma); and, probably, a herpes virus called KSHV
(Kaposi’s sarcoma and some B cell lymphomas).
The viral form of this gene is an oncogene called v-SIS.
Cells infected with the virus that has v-SIS overproduce the
growth factor, leading to high levels of cell growth and
possible tumor cells.
13. Techniques for detecting cancer are imaging techniques
such as MRI, X-rays (such as mammograms), CT, and
ultrasound, which can provide an image of a tumor.
Endoscopy allows a physician to insert a lighted instrument
to look for tumors in organs such as the stomach, colon, and
lungs.
Most of these techniques are used to detect visible tumors,
which must then be removed by biopsy and examined
microscopically by a pathologist. The pathologist looks for
abnormalities in the cells in terms of their shape, size, and
structure, especially the nucleus.