Este es uno de los varios trabajos realizados por los alumnos de 2º Eso bilingüe del centro C.P.E.B. Cabañaquinta Mario y Martin.
Puedes visitar nuestr blog de bilingüe en:
casadiellas.wordpress.com
Gracias por su atención.
Este es uno de los varios trabajos realizados por los alumnos de 2º Eso bilingüe del centro C.P.E.B. Cabañaquinta Lorena y Aida.
Puedes visitar nuestr blog de bilingüe en:
casadiellas.wordpress.com
Gracias por su atención.
Este es uno de los varios trabajos realizados por los alumnos de 2º Eso bilingüe del centro C.P.E.B. Cabañaquinta Mario y Martin.
Puedes visitar nuestr blog de bilingüe en:
casadiellas.wordpress.com
Gracias por su atención.
Este es uno de los varios trabajos realizados por los alumnos de 2º Eso bilingüe del centro C.P.E.B. Cabañaquinta Lorena y Aida.
Puedes visitar nuestr blog de bilingüe en:
casadiellas.wordpress.com
Gracias por su atención.
Its independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on May 9, 1877 and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia were annexed by the Kingdom of Romania.
The History of Romania spans three millennia, from the earliest Paleolithic cultures of ancient pre-Dacia until the present Republic of Romania.
Cycling Classic TOURS: Among Volcanoes by UTOPIC Bike TravelIban Mallorquí
Discover a unique volcanic zone in Europe, with great roads, amazing landscapes, exquisite gastronomy and plenty of historical places and charming villages. Cycling at its best.
Via plata salamanca_ingles_program_arceJesús Rubio
Presentación en inglés realizada por alumnos de 4º de ESO del IES Albarregas de Mérida, en el marco del Programa ARCE del Ministerio de Educación. Se trabaja la localidad de Salamanca.
If you want to do the french way of the Camino de Santiago from Leon, we have a complete itinerary and various charming hotels for this route. You can discover it in this catalog.
LUXURY VILLA ITALY
luxury villaThe palladian styled, Villa Moro Malipiero, now owned by the Rigoni Savioli noble family, was commissioned by Nicolò Malipiero in 1557. On the front there are four Ionic order semi-columns. On the ground floor there is a splendid cap vaulted cellar. The ball room, which once occupied both floors of the central part of the house, was divided after the French Revolution leaving the top half intact, while the bottom was divided into 5 portions. The property sits on 20,000 sq m of land with a garden, three orchards, a thermal water well, a Colombara tower, and various barns. Another architectural jewel is the still consecrated chapel. Many of the rooms contain frescoes by Gian Battista Zelotti, student of Veronese. The paladin floors are original Venetian with a single cast
Marialva, a remote medieval portuguese villageMario Ricca
Marialva is a walled historic granite village, declared heritage village, converted to a small jewel in a remote region close to the Portuguese border with Spain.
The Arroscia valley is between Piedmont and Liguria and is one of the most famous in Liguria.The valley is formed by many countries: Pieve di Teco, main town of the Arroscia valley, is a trade center always very important.
Facebook Timeline for Brands | Changes & Hidden ImplicationsOgilvy Consulting
On February 29, 2012, Facebook announced updates to Pages at their first ever Facebook Marketers Conference in New York City. The big story, as expected, was the roll out of Timeline for brands. And the corresponding big headline, as expected, was, "Brands are multimedia storytellers!"
But, there's much more to it. The brand world will soon be divided into those who fully "adopt" Timeline, and those who simply "migrate" their old strategy and ways of working to the new feature set. Brands looking to adopt must consider and prepare for the hidden implications of Timeline - reallocation of resources, increased creative involvement, a reset of content process, the new profile of community managers and more.
Check out this presentation for a summary of the Pages changes and the hidden implications of Facebook Timeline for brands.
Its independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on May 9, 1877 and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia were annexed by the Kingdom of Romania.
The History of Romania spans three millennia, from the earliest Paleolithic cultures of ancient pre-Dacia until the present Republic of Romania.
Cycling Classic TOURS: Among Volcanoes by UTOPIC Bike TravelIban Mallorquí
Discover a unique volcanic zone in Europe, with great roads, amazing landscapes, exquisite gastronomy and plenty of historical places and charming villages. Cycling at its best.
Via plata salamanca_ingles_program_arceJesús Rubio
Presentación en inglés realizada por alumnos de 4º de ESO del IES Albarregas de Mérida, en el marco del Programa ARCE del Ministerio de Educación. Se trabaja la localidad de Salamanca.
If you want to do the french way of the Camino de Santiago from Leon, we have a complete itinerary and various charming hotels for this route. You can discover it in this catalog.
LUXURY VILLA ITALY
luxury villaThe palladian styled, Villa Moro Malipiero, now owned by the Rigoni Savioli noble family, was commissioned by Nicolò Malipiero in 1557. On the front there are four Ionic order semi-columns. On the ground floor there is a splendid cap vaulted cellar. The ball room, which once occupied both floors of the central part of the house, was divided after the French Revolution leaving the top half intact, while the bottom was divided into 5 portions. The property sits on 20,000 sq m of land with a garden, three orchards, a thermal water well, a Colombara tower, and various barns. Another architectural jewel is the still consecrated chapel. Many of the rooms contain frescoes by Gian Battista Zelotti, student of Veronese. The paladin floors are original Venetian with a single cast
Marialva, a remote medieval portuguese villageMario Ricca
Marialva is a walled historic granite village, declared heritage village, converted to a small jewel in a remote region close to the Portuguese border with Spain.
The Arroscia valley is between Piedmont and Liguria and is one of the most famous in Liguria.The valley is formed by many countries: Pieve di Teco, main town of the Arroscia valley, is a trade center always very important.
Facebook Timeline for Brands | Changes & Hidden ImplicationsOgilvy Consulting
On February 29, 2012, Facebook announced updates to Pages at their first ever Facebook Marketers Conference in New York City. The big story, as expected, was the roll out of Timeline for brands. And the corresponding big headline, as expected, was, "Brands are multimedia storytellers!"
But, there's much more to it. The brand world will soon be divided into those who fully "adopt" Timeline, and those who simply "migrate" their old strategy and ways of working to the new feature set. Brands looking to adopt must consider and prepare for the hidden implications of Timeline - reallocation of resources, increased creative involvement, a reset of content process, the new profile of community managers and more.
Check out this presentation for a summary of the Pages changes and the hidden implications of Facebook Timeline for brands.
In this talk we discuss the results of the survey of software ecosystems researchers conducted in October-December 2014. Researchers have been asked to identify the current trends in ecosystems’ research as well as the challenges the research community has to address in the coming years. We augment discussion of the trends identified by the community by the review of some of the recent results on software ecosystems.
14 years ago we saw the launch of Google AdWords which started with just 350 advertisers! In 2013, Google surpassed $50 billion in total advertising revenue which equates to a little over 85% of their total revenue figures for that year making AdWords their main source of revenue.
Google place a big emphasis on their users and the how important the customer journey is to them. This is becoming more and more evident as the years go on and website owners really need to embrace this if they want to compete in this competitive advertising space.
We are seeing more and more organic algorithm updates being launched, with many sites being hit by manual and algorithmic penalties. Googles stance on this is that they are trying to make the SERPs better and deliver more relevant results for their customers. Some would say that this is true, but the cynic in me believes that this is also being done to line Google’s pockets with more ££££. As sites get hit with penalties and their rankings and traffic diminishes, they need to change tact and step up their paid search marketing campaigns to recoup some of the lost traffic and revenue.
In this presentation, Samantha looks at why SEO’s need to pay attention to PPC and why PPCs need to pay attention to SEO. The two marketing channels should work in harmony together. At the end of the presentation you will understand how you can capitalise on some of the latest paid search initiatives and get an insight into some predictions on where paid search is heading in the coming years.
software ecosystem, google, amazon, apple, microsoft, software ecosystem about googl, software ecosystem about amazon, software ecosystem about apple, software ecosystem about microsoft, history present and future about google, history present and future about apple, history present and future about amazon, history present and future about microsoft
In this presentation on Facebook Timeline, we cover all of the management features, and design features which can help you build a real personality for your brand with Facebook Timeline.
My final paper for my MBA Capstone class, based on "Google's Strategy in 2012" by John E. Gamble. Includes a SWOT analysis and suggestions on how Google can move forward.
In-Cul.Tu.Re. Project - Cycle itinerary n.2 - From Grecìa to the sea by bikeZoom Cultura
The itinerary will take you through four different towns (Corigliano d’Otranto, Melpignano, Castrignano de’ Greci e Carpignano Salentino) and you will end up at the seaside, where you have two options: relaxation at Sant'Andrea or fascination with archaic Roca.
Una de les missions de REGIRAROCS és ajudar a joves investigadors acompanyant-los en les seves recerques sobre qualsevol tipus de temàtica pirinenca. Recolzar-los i ajudar-los a difondre els seus resultats és una premissa indispensable en la nostra empresa.
Amb aquesta voluntat, REGIRAROCS ha establert una xarxa de col•laboradors tot integrant en les seves files professionals de les ciències socials i naturals per a formar un equip pluridisciplinari que amb l’excel•lència del treball vocacional vol contribuir a la prosperitat del Pirineu i preservar el seu llegat.
És en aquest marc que avui fem difusió d’un article publicat pel nostre company d’equip a REGIRAROCS i doctor en arqueologia medieval Martin Locker. El text, aparegut l’any 2012 a la revista Word Current Archaeology, dona a conèixer al món anglosaxó l’arqueologia del Principat d’Andorra.
Gràcies Martin per fer difusió d’aquestes valls pirinenques més enllà de les nostres contrades.
Presentación realizada por alumnos de 4º de ESO del IES Albarregas de Mérida en el marco del Programa ARCE del Ministerio de Educación. Se trabaja la localidad de Cáceres.
Cycling Classic TOURS: Girona mountains by UTOPIC Bike TravelIban Mallorquí
A challenge for the fittest. A demanding tour, with high grade mountain passes and spectacular roads, but with time to enjoy the excellent local cuisine.
Pedro de Atarrabia News (June 2012) is a school magazine made by ESL secondary school students at Pedro de Atarrabia Junior High School in Villava, Spain, as part of their learning process. Here they write about the activities they have shared with their partners in Poland, or about some school contests or their participation in international ones. Then there is a large section where they write about their school and teachers.
This issue includes the interview made to Irene Villa (victim of terrorism, journalist, screenwriter and mother) for the “My Dream Contest” organized by the WAN (World Association of Newspapers). It was selected among 63 to represent Spain in the world contest.
We hope you like these 28 pages of our everyday life stories and, should you be interested in learning more about us, you can get in contact with us by mail: pedroatarrabia@gmail.com
All the best and remember, whatever you do: BE HAPPY!
Ibaialde News 19 (June 2011) is the last issue of this school magazine published at IES Ibaialde-Burlada High School in Spain.
After almost twenty years, we end its publication and next year we will continue with a new project at Pedro de Atarrabia in Villava.
In this last issue we offer you, as usual, all the information about the school and some awards (eTwinning European Medal especially) won by ESL students at Ibaialde. Besides, there is also a large number of articles which includes interviews, trips, …
We hope you like these 28 pages of our everyday life stories and, should you be interested in learning more about us, you can get in contact with us by mail: jjbaile@gmail.com
All the best and remember, whatever you do: BE HAPPY!
Ibaialde News 18 (June 2010) is a school magazine made by ESL secondary school students at Ibaialde-Burlada High School in Spain, as part of their learning process. Here they write about the activities they have shared with their partners in Poland, or about some school contests or their participation the eTwinning Project. Then there is a large section where they write about their school and teachers.
We hope you like these 24 pages of our everyday life stories and, should you be interested in learning more about us, you can get in contact with us by mail: jjbaile@gmail.com
All the best and remember, whatever you do: BE HAPPY!
Students' presentation of this activity made after studying the Camino de Santiago in class. We rode the last few kms before Pamplona and met different pilgrims and visited the shelters there.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Pilgrim's Way to Santiago
The Way of St. James or St. James' Way (Galician: O Camiño de Santiago; Spanish; French:
Chemin de St-Jacques; German: Jakobsweg) is the pilgrimage to the Cathedral of Santiago de
Compostela in Galicia in northwestern Spain, where tradition says the remains of the apostle Saint
James are buried.
The Way of St James has existed for over a thousand years. It was one of the most important
Christian pilgrimages during medieval times. Tradition holds that St. James's remains were carried
by boat from Jerusalem to northern Spain where he was buried on the site of what is now the city of
Santiago de Compostela.
The Way can take one of any number of pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela. Traditionally,
as with most pilgrimages, the Way of Saint James began at one's home and ended at the pilgrimage
site. However a few of the routes are considered main ones. During the Middle Ages, the route was
highly traveled. However, the Black Plague, the Protestant Reformation and political unrest in 16th-
century Europe led to its decline. By the 1980s, only a few pilgrims arrived in Santiago annually.
Since then however the route has
attracted a growing number of
modern-day pilgrims from around
the globe. The route was declared
the first European Cultural Route
by the Council of Europe in
October 1987; it was also named
one of UNESCO's World Heritage
Sites.
Whenever St James's day (25 July)
falls on a Sunday, the cathedral
declares a Holy or Jubilee Year.
Depending on leap years, Holy
Years occur in cycles of 6, 5, 6 and
11 year intervals. The most recent
have been 1982, 1993, 1999, 2004
and this year, 2010.The next will be 2021, 2027 and 2032.(Taken from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_of_St._James)
The Pilgrims' Way in Navarre
Navarre cannot be fully understood without considering the impact of the Pilgrim's Way to
Santiago, which has left innumerable churches, monasteries and hospitals that initially attended to
pilgrims following the route. It was initially promoted by King Sancho III 'el Mayor' in the 11th
century. The official route was later established as the so-called 'French Route'.
Two great routes cross the Kingdom of Navarre: the one that enters at the legendary
Orreaga/Roncesvalles (Roncesvaux) and continues on to Pamplona, and the other from the
Pyrenees of Aragon, which passes through Sangüesa. The two routes come together at Puente la
Reina and continue on towards Estella. The last stop on the Pilgrim's Way in Navarre is Viana, from
where it passes into La Rioja. There are other, less important, routes in the region: the Camino
Baztanés (Baztan route) and the Ruta del Ebro (Ebro route).
Navarre is the entry point of the Pilgrim's Way to Santiago from Europe. One of the best ways to
discover Navarre is by following the French Route through endless natural and monumental
attractions along approximately 200 kilometres of the Way in the region. This route was the most
2. important of all the routes to Santiago de Compostela; King Sancho III 'el Mayor' helped to
consolidate it as the main route in the 12th century. Of the four routes through France, three of
them join up at St. Jean Pied-of-Port and cross the Pyrenees as a single route at
Orreaga/Roncesvalles in Navarre. The fourth enters Spain via the Somport pass and
continues down to Jaca, then crosses Aragon until it enters Navarre through the city of Sangüesa.
Both branches of the French Route join up at Puente la Reina and continue on as one towards La
Rioja.
Some of the most emblematic places along the French route as it crosses navarre are:
A) Roncesvalles
The visitor is greeted by the superb landscape around Orreaga/Roncesvalles, where each piece of
the earth can tell a tale that awakens the senses and one's interest in discovering the entire Pilgrim's
Way.
At present, the best-known and most recommended access point of the French Route is the one that
From Saint Jean Pied de Port enters Navarre at Luzaide/Varcarlos, a town rich in history and
legend and surrounded by typical Pyrenean scenery. The town owes its name in Spanish to
Carlomagno (Charlemagne) in memory of the battle of Roncesvalles (Roncesvaux), in which
Roldán (Roland) and the cream of the French nobles were defeated by (?). This event gave rise to
the epic poem 'Chanson de Roland', which was written in the 12th century.
After climbing up to the mountain pass of Ibañeta Orreaga/Roncesvalles emerges from the mists.
It is one of the most important places on the Pilgrim's Way to Santiago in Spain. History tells us that
it has always been a place of transit. Today, however, it invites us to relax a while and let yourself
fall under the spell of the surroundings to discover the buildings created to serve pilgrims centuries
ago, such as the beautiful Collegiate Church, which is one of the best examples of French Gothic
architecture in the Iberian Peninsula.
Following the route, it is worth stopping off in Auritz/Burguete and Aurizberri/Espinal, two
typical villages that grew to provide services to pilgrims. Both villages are located in the some of
the wildest and most unique territory in the Pyrenees. They are also home to excellent cuisine such
as trout or wild mushrooms, particularly the beltza variety, and deep-rooted traditions. A good
example is the Basque sport of pelota.
The Pilgrim's Way goes through a gentle green mountain landscape until it crosses the Mezquiritz
pass and reaches Erro, a small village with an interesting Late Romanesque church. Erro stands at
the bottom of a mountain pass of the same name lined with beech trees, and the road drops down
between umbrella pine woods.
After a winding descent, the road reaches Zubiri, named after its Gothic bridge ('zubia' means
'bridge' in Basque), which is worth a visit. According to popular tradition, the remains of Santa
Quiteria, the curer of rabies, are buried in one of the bridge's pillars.
3. Then, 13 kms. later, the visitor comes across the Trinidad de
Arre, an ancient pilgrims' hospice located at a spot beside
the rushing water of the river Arga over rocks. The route
continues along the main street of Villava, carries on via
Burlada until it crosses the N-121 and continues along a
tree-lined pathway (initially) and then along the edge of a
narrow road until it reaches the Magdalena Bridge – the
gateway to Pamplona.
This route towards Pamplona goes along a relaxing riverside
walk. A little further on you reach the emblematic Gothic
bridge of La Magdalena, the pilgrim's entry point to the city. Going through the Portal de Francia
(French Gate) and walking up the Calle del Carmen, an ancient Pilgrim's street, Pamplona reveals
its colourful old quarter, inviting you to stroll. You can choose to follow the route of the Encierro
(Bull Run) of the fiesta of San Fermín, or (why not?) sample the pinchos (tapas) in the city's bars to
try this cuisine in miniature, washed down with a good Navarra designation of origin wine. Do not
miss the extraordinary Gothic cloister of the Cathedral, marvel at the fortress-churches of San
Nicolás and San Saturnino, or follow the history of the region in the Museo de Navarra. If you
prefer to relax, take a stroll along the riverside park of the Arga, through the Taconera gardens or
the walled Citadel.
We leave Pamplona and set off towards Puente la Reina. Before arriving there, two places are worth
a stop along the way: Gazólaz and the El Perdón mountain range. The landscape has changed.
The Pamplona basin has a gentle landscape that is full of cereal fields that turn green in spring and
an intense yellow in summer. The church at Gazólaz, dedicated to Our Lady of the Purification, is
one of the best examples of a porched church in Navarre. Its construction dates back to the 13th
century.
The Sierra del Perdón, crowned by imposing wind turbines, provides excellent views over the
Pamplona basin to the north and Tierra Estella to the south and west. At the top of the pass a
monument to the pilgrim stands firm in the strong winds, reminding visitors that thousands of
pilgrims have crossed these lands to reach the hermitage on El Perdón, from where they descend to
Puente la Reina, another of the important enclaves on the Pilgrim's Way in Navarre.
The two branches of the French Route come together in Puente la Reina: the route that comes
down from Orreaga/Roncesvalles and the other from Sangüesa. The town is surrounded by a
landscape of transition, in which the mountains gradually give way to the plains of La Ribera (the
south) of Navarre, where market gardens and vineyards give the land its colour and fill the region's
tables with delicious roast peppers, menestra (a kind of vegetable stew), exquisite beans, and the
excellent wines of Navarre. Puente la Reina has a rich artistic heritage in a beautiful setting. The
highlights are the churches of the Crucifix, of Santiago and San Pedro, and its superb Romanesque
bridge over the river Arga, built in the 11th century to make it easier for pilgrims to leave the town
and continue their journey.
The Pilgrim's Way continues towards Cirauqui, high up on a hill, where the beautiful church of San
Román and its multi-lobed façade anticipate the style of San Pedro de la Rúa in Estella.
Estella captivates the visitor. Its monuments have led to it being called the 'Toledo of the North' and
the beauty of the surrounding countryside make it an ideal starting point for excursions to the
Urbasa-Andía Natural Park with its caves and potholes, beech woods and large meadows where the
local latxa sheep graze. Their milk is used to make Idiazabal designation of origin cheese, an ideal
dessert after eating fresh asparagus or roast suckling pig, both typical dishes from the area.
A little further on we come to Los Arcos, a town that was founded in the Middle Ages. Its gates
reveal its origin, and its most interesting monument is the church of Santa María, originally built in
4. the 12th century and finished off in the Baroque style.
Half-way between Los Arcos and Viana, Torres del Río is worth a stop to see the church of the
Holy Sepulchre, one of the treasures of Romanesque church architecture in Navarre. It has been
closely linked to the Pilgrim's Way and has a delightful dome of Mozarabic origin.
The next stop on the route is Viana, which stands on a hill surrounded by cereal fields, vineyards
and almond and olive groves. The town has an interesting history as a defensive bastion against
Castile and was a regular seat of the Court of Navarre in the Middle Ages. A stroll through its
streets reveals noble houses and palaces and the spectacular Renaissance façade of the church of
Santa María. Let yourself be seduced here by the history, customs and cuisine of Navarre for the
last time, because Viana is where the Pilgrim's Way to Santiago leaves Navarre and enters La Rioja.
There are good views over the plains, and your view gets lost in the horizon, following the pilgrims
who continue on towards the lands of La Rioja with a firm step.
Dress
In the early days, the pilgrims used to wear similar clothes to all other travellers. Their
clothing gradually took the form of a short overcoat that did not interfere with leg movements,
a leather esclavina or pelerina (short cape) that gives protection against the cold and the rain,
a round hat with a wide rim and a bordón (staff) above head height with an iron tip. A
pumpkin that also serves as a water bottle hangs
from the staff. On returning home, the pilgrims
kept their clothes, hats and staffs as a pious
souvenir and an example for their descendants,
or they gave them to a church as a votive
offering and sign of gratitude for having been
able to return unharmed from the hazards of the
journey.
Nowadays travellers have changed the bag for a
backpack and the brown tones of the clothing for
multi-coloured combinations of T-shirts and
raincoats, comfortable shorts and sports shoes or
mountain walking boots. They also like to carry,
however, a pilgrim's shell, either sown onto their belongings or hanging on a chain around the
neck.
The shell: this is not any old shell but the so-called pecten
jacobeus in Latin. It is commonly found in the seas of Galicia,
and was fastened to the clothing to verify the pilgrim's stay in
Santiago de Compostela for the way home; it soon became the
main insignia of the pilgrims.
Documentation
La Compostela: a document from the Cabildo Catedralicio
(Chapter) of Santiago that certifies that the pilgrim has
completed the route. It is written in Latin. To get it you have to
present the stamped credential. You should have arrived in
Santiago after 100 kilometres on foot or 200 by bicycle, as a
minimum requirement.
5. The credential: a document that provides
evidence that the holder has the status of
pilgrim. You can get in the associations,
guilds and shelters appointed by the church
of Santiago. Its price is symbolic, around 1
euro. It does not give you any rights to
anything, but it does indicate that you are a
pilgrim. It should be stamped twice a day
in the places along the Pilgrim's Way;
indeed, some guesthouses only accept
pilgrims with the credential. If you cannot
get it, you can put the stamps in a diary
alongside the dates you stopped in places
along the way.
Care for the pilgrims
"The door is open to all, the sick and the healthy. To Catholics, pagans, Jews, heretics, idlers
and the vain". This is how 13th-century hospitality was expressed on a sign in Roncesvalles.
Travellers could expect a bed and food for three days, just enough time to get one's strength
back after an exhausting journey. The hospice had different rooms for men and women and
offered foot washing, haircuts and beard trimming, new shoes for those who needed them, and
even a bath if requested. Roncesvalles was the paradigm for the best attention to travellers.
Monasteries were initially the main providers of hospitality, for example Leyre and Irache and
Pamplona Cathedral. Other, more humble, hospitals were the Trinidad de Arre, the Church of
the Crucifix in Puente la Reina and that of Larrasoaña. The food offered usually consisted of
soup or broth, a piece of bread and wine plus a portion of vegetables, pulses, meat or fish.
They also provided a good bed, a fire and spiritual care. The inns along the Way have
inherited that spirit of hospitality and give shelter to pilgrims on their journey which, although
less dangerous now, is still hard.
El año santo (Holy year)
The years in which the Apostle's Day (25th July) coincides with a Sunday are declared Año
Santo Jacobeo (Holy Year of St James). It is a year in which the Church grants special grace
to the faithful. The year (also known as Año Jubilar - Jubilee Year) starts with the opening of
the Puerta Santa (Holy Door) of Santiago Cathedral on December 31st of the preceding year.
The Archbishop of Santiago knocks down a wall that covers the Puerta Santa after knocking
on it three times. This entrance remains open until the next December 31st, when it is walled
up again.
The end of the pilgrimage
The Pilgrim's Way ends once the tomb of the Apostle St James (Santiago) is reached. It is
located inside the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.