The document summarizes Mozarabic, Mudejar, and Romanesque art in Spain. Some key characteristics of Mozarabic art include the horseshoe arch and decorated capitals showing Muslim influence. Mudejar art was a mix of Muslim and Christian techniques. The main elements of Romanesque architecture were floor plans in the shape of a Latin cross, barrel vaults, and buttresses. Paintings from this period often depicted religious scenes and daily life. The Camino de Santiago pilgrimage route became important in the 11th century.
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
Decline of Roman Empire lead to building of large churches called cathedrals in a big way with the spread of organized monasteries called order.
Monastic orders include orders such as the Benedictine order (teachers), Augustinian order (preachers), the Cistercian order (farmers), the Clunaic order (artists), and Carthusian order (Ascetics).
The monks used a simplified Roman style with thick load bearing walls stout columns, small window openings and semi circular arches that came to be known as the “Romanesque” style.
Expansion of Romanesque architecture was linked with pilgrimage to Santiago, expansion of orders, crusades and development of feudal system.
The style can be discovered throughout Europe with its regional variations.
CHARACTERISTICS
Harmonious proportions
Thick and heavy walls and pillars
Small windows
Round arches supporting the roof.
Round blind arches for decoration
Sculptured decorations on portals, capitals and other surfaces.
Painted decorations
Plan: Retains basic plan of Early Christian Basilica ( Long three aisled nave intercepted by a transept and terminating in a semicircular apse crowned by a half dome ).
Support arches are the combination of half segments of large hollow columns or a clustered group of small shafts.
Cruciform in shape masonry and square or rectangle in section.
Barrel Vault:
The simplest type of vaulted roof
Single arched surfaces extend from wall to wall, the length of the space to be vaulted.
Barrel Vault requires strong support from solid walls.
Groin Vault: Intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles.
Ribbed Vault: In a ribbed vault, not only are the ribs spanning the vaulted area transversely but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs.
Pointed arch Vault:
In Late Romanesque period, another solution came into use from regulating the height of diagonal and traverse ribs.
Salvaged Columns
In Italy, during this period, a great number of antique Roman columns were salvaged and reused in the interiors and on the porticos of churches.
The marble columns are most durable and have stone horizontally bedded.
Majority are vertically bedded and are sometimes of a variety of colors.
They have retained the original roman capitals, of the Corinthian or Roman Composite style.
Salvaged columns
Drum Columns
Hollow core columns
Alteration of piers and columns.
Building materials
Brick – Italy, Poland , much Germany and parts of the Netherland.
Limestone, granite – other areas
Building stone – small and irregular pieces, bedded in thick mortar.
Architectonical Typology - Church, Monastery, Castle.
Italian Romanesque - Pisa complex
French Romanesque -Abbey aux Hommes
English Romanesque - White tower
EVOLUTION OF ROMANESQUE TO GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
“With its twin Baroque towers soaring over the Praza do Obradoiro, this monument to St James is a majestic sight, as befits one of the great shrines of Christendom. The core of the present building dates from the 11-13C and stands on the site of the 9C basilica built by Alfonso II, Behind the Baroque façade and through the original Portico da Gloria is the same interior that met pilgrims in medieval times.” Eyewitness”
“The grand heart of Santiago, the cathedral soars above the city in a splendid jumble of spires and sculpture. Built piecemeal over several centuries, its beauty is a mix of the original Romanesque structure (constructed between 1075 and 1211) and later Gothic and baroque flourishes. The tomb of Santiago beneath the main altar is a magnet for all who come here. The cathedral's artistic high point is the Pórtico de la Gloria inside the west entrance, featuring 200 masterly Romanesque sculptures.” Lonely Planet
1. MOZARABIC ART
The principal characteristics that
define the Mozarabic architecture
are the following:
2. • Use of the horseshoe arch
• Use of the column as support, crowned by a
capital decorated with very stylized vegetable
elements.
• These features shows the Muslim influence
4. MUDEJAR ART
• The Mudejars had a rich artistic culture and
their artistic style had a strong influence on
Christian Gothic style
• The Mudéjar style is a mix of techniques and
ways of understanding architecture resulting
from Muslim and Christian cultures living
side by side.
7. ARCHITECTURE
• Romanesque art first appeared on the Iberian
Peninsula along the new pilgrim routes going
to Santiago the Compostela.
• The main elements of Romanesque churches
were:
- Floor plan in the shape of a Latin cross
- barrel vault and
- buttresses.
8. ROMANESQUE FLOOR PLAN
crossing
Side aisles
Main
entrance apse
ambulatory
Central nave transept
22. The Camino the Santiago
• Alfonso II, king of Asturias, ordered a church
to be built were legend says St. James, s tomb
lay.
• From the 11th century, this church became a
mayor pilgrimage site for Christians.
• The route that the pilgrims took became
known as St. James, s Way or Camino de
Santiago
23.
24. PILGRIM
Shell
Gourd symbolizing
(calabaza) for St James
carrying water Way
Bag for food
Walking stick