1) Calculating the total power requirements for a data center involves estimating the power needs for critical IT loads, future loads, UPS systems, lighting, and cooling equipment.
2) The process begins by determining the critical IT load based on equipment specifications and then accounting for future growth. UPS loads are estimated based on efficiency and battery charging needs.
3) Lighting and cooling loads are calculated based on data center size. The total power estimate is then used to size the electrical service and generator capacity while accounting for peak loads and safety factors.
This document discusses three key factors to consider when designing a data center's power distribution infrastructure: 1) the size of the system based on the data center's power needs, 2) the reliability architecture (tier level) which impacts redundancy requirements, and 3) the operational complexity depending on the reliability architecture. Understanding these three factors provides a foundation for designing an integrated electrical power distribution system suited to the data center's needs.
Overcoming Rack Power Limits with Virtual Power Systems Dynamic Redundancy an...Steve Houck
Summary
This paper describes how SourceMix, a dynamic redundancy technology from VPS, allows Intel® Rack Scale Design (Intel® RSD) customers to take full advantage of system composability and module upgradeability by extending the existing data center power infrastructure.
Smart energy is a trending concept in a field crowded with competing and complementary terms, technologies, and approaches – but has the business case yet been made? Andy Lawrence will share his views on where this technology segment is headed.
Virtual Power Systems - Intelligent Control of Energy (ICE) and Software Defi...Steve Houck
VPS provides a Software Defined Power solution using intelligent batteries and software to optimize power distribution in data centers. This allows data centers to increase power utilization from 20-60% to over 90% by peak shaving and dynamically allocating power budgets. It can generate 20-50% additional revenue and defer $10-15M/MW in CapEx and $1M/MW/yr in OpEx. The solution is deployed non-disruptively using VPS hardware and software to monitor and control power distribution.
The document discusses challenges facing data centers and introduces a new product called the GP100 that aims to address these challenges. It summarizes the issues of balancing electrical loads, gaining efficiencies, density limitations, and high power needs. The GP100 is presented as a revolutionary 3-phase power supply that delivers high power density in a compact 1RU form factor. It claims to eliminate the need for load balancing and allow for greater efficiencies, cost savings, and reliability compared to traditional power solutions. The document outlines how the GP100 could transform various industries by providing critical power needs in bandwidth-constrained environments.
Increasing Data Center Energy Efficiency By Monitoring And Targeting To Heati...TrendPoint Systems, LLC
Data center heat density has been increasing since the advent of the server. This has become
particularly problematic during the past few years as data center managers have struggled to
cope with heat and power intensity problems. These issues have resulted in enormous energy
bills and a rising carbon impact. The purpose of this paper is to examine the root cause of this
problem and then determine a logical course of action to minimize energy use and consequent
environmental effects of data center operations while maximizing processing throughput and
system uptime.
Power plant intelligent maintenance advisory systemIIT Kanpur
This document proposes a Power Plant Intelligent Maintenance System to analyze sensor data from power plants to predict equipment failures and recommend preventative maintenance. It will ingest structured data like temperature readings from sensors as well as weather data through APIs. The data will be stored in Google Cloud and analyzed with Apache Hadoop. This will help reduce power plant breakdowns and save costs from forced shutdowns. The estimated budget is $5.47 million per year per plant.
The document discusses five common UPS system design configurations: capacity, isolated redundant, parallel redundant, distributed redundant, and system plus system. It provides an overview of each configuration, including advantages and disadvantages. The configurations are ranked based on their level of availability, from lowest (capacity) to highest (system plus system). Higher availability configurations provide greater redundancy but also higher costs. Guidelines are provided for selecting the appropriate configuration based on a data center's criticality, risk tolerance, and budget.
This document discusses three key factors to consider when designing a data center's power distribution infrastructure: 1) the size of the system based on the data center's power needs, 2) the reliability architecture (tier level) which impacts redundancy requirements, and 3) the operational complexity depending on the reliability architecture. Understanding these three factors provides a foundation for designing an integrated electrical power distribution system suited to the data center's needs.
Overcoming Rack Power Limits with Virtual Power Systems Dynamic Redundancy an...Steve Houck
Summary
This paper describes how SourceMix, a dynamic redundancy technology from VPS, allows Intel® Rack Scale Design (Intel® RSD) customers to take full advantage of system composability and module upgradeability by extending the existing data center power infrastructure.
Smart energy is a trending concept in a field crowded with competing and complementary terms, technologies, and approaches – but has the business case yet been made? Andy Lawrence will share his views on where this technology segment is headed.
Virtual Power Systems - Intelligent Control of Energy (ICE) and Software Defi...Steve Houck
VPS provides a Software Defined Power solution using intelligent batteries and software to optimize power distribution in data centers. This allows data centers to increase power utilization from 20-60% to over 90% by peak shaving and dynamically allocating power budgets. It can generate 20-50% additional revenue and defer $10-15M/MW in CapEx and $1M/MW/yr in OpEx. The solution is deployed non-disruptively using VPS hardware and software to monitor and control power distribution.
The document discusses challenges facing data centers and introduces a new product called the GP100 that aims to address these challenges. It summarizes the issues of balancing electrical loads, gaining efficiencies, density limitations, and high power needs. The GP100 is presented as a revolutionary 3-phase power supply that delivers high power density in a compact 1RU form factor. It claims to eliminate the need for load balancing and allow for greater efficiencies, cost savings, and reliability compared to traditional power solutions. The document outlines how the GP100 could transform various industries by providing critical power needs in bandwidth-constrained environments.
Increasing Data Center Energy Efficiency By Monitoring And Targeting To Heati...TrendPoint Systems, LLC
Data center heat density has been increasing since the advent of the server. This has become
particularly problematic during the past few years as data center managers have struggled to
cope with heat and power intensity problems. These issues have resulted in enormous energy
bills and a rising carbon impact. The purpose of this paper is to examine the root cause of this
problem and then determine a logical course of action to minimize energy use and consequent
environmental effects of data center operations while maximizing processing throughput and
system uptime.
Power plant intelligent maintenance advisory systemIIT Kanpur
This document proposes a Power Plant Intelligent Maintenance System to analyze sensor data from power plants to predict equipment failures and recommend preventative maintenance. It will ingest structured data like temperature readings from sensors as well as weather data through APIs. The data will be stored in Google Cloud and analyzed with Apache Hadoop. This will help reduce power plant breakdowns and save costs from forced shutdowns. The estimated budget is $5.47 million per year per plant.
The document discusses five common UPS system design configurations: capacity, isolated redundant, parallel redundant, distributed redundant, and system plus system. It provides an overview of each configuration, including advantages and disadvantages. The configurations are ranked based on their level of availability, from lowest (capacity) to highest (system plus system). Higher availability configurations provide greater redundancy but also higher costs. Guidelines are provided for selecting the appropriate configuration based on a data center's criticality, risk tolerance, and budget.
ASHRAE TC9.9 - DATA CENTER STANDARD AND BEST PRACTICESglenioleonel
This document provides guidelines for power equipment used in data centers. It discusses how rising temperatures in data centers can affect power equipment, which typically has a longer lifespan than IT equipment. It categorizes power equipment by location, such as whether it is in a hot aisle or cold aisle. Recommendations are provided to improve thermal compatibility and reliability of power equipment as data center temperatures increase.
Wellmont Health System - Improving Data Center EfficiencyDarren Ramsey
In October of 2012, Wellmont Health System launched Project Odyssey - a multi-year, multi-million-dollar investment with electronic medical records leader Epic Systems. This project would result in a customized personal technology interface for Wellmont physicians, providers and patients. Re-architecting the health system’s data center was phase one.
Control and Implementation of a Standalone DG-SPV-BES micro-grid System using...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes a control method for a standalone solar photovoltaic (PV)-diesel-battery energy storage (BES) microgrid system using D-STATCOM to improve power quality.
2) An admittance-based control algorithm is used to control power flow, harmonic filtering, and reactive power compensation under nonlinear and unbalanced loads.
3) The proposed system and control method were simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and results showed improvements in power quality metrics like total harmonic distortion compared to other control methods.
What is data center availability modes slideLivin Jose
The document discusses various standards for data center availability modes and classifications. It describes Uptime Institute Tiers (I-IV), EN 50600 Availability classes (1-4), TIA 942-B Ratings (1-4), Syska Hennessy Criticality Levels, ANSI/BICSI Classes (F0-F4), and concepts of N, N+1, 2N, 2(N+1) redundancy. Higher tiers and classes generally have higher expected uptime through more redundant capacity components and distribution paths to minimize downtime from equipment failures or other incidents.
The document discusses implementing energy efficient data centers. It explains that electricity usage costs have become a large portion of total data center costs. Data centers can dramatically reduce electrical consumption through efficient infrastructure design and IT architecture. Specific methods are provided that can greatly lower power usage. For example, simple design choices in a new data center can save 20-50% on electricity bills over 10 years, and systematic efforts can achieve savings of up to 90%.
IRJET - Introduction of STATCOM in PV Grid SystemIRJET Journal
The document discusses introducing a STATCOM device in a photovoltaic (PV) grid system to improve power quality. A STATCOM, which is a type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device, is proposed to be connected at the point of common coupling (PCC) along with a battery energy storage system (BESS). This is aimed to mitigate power quality issues like voltage variations and harmonics that can arise from integrating a intermittent power source like PV into the grid. The STATCOM regulates voltage and provides reactive power support, while the BESS helps maintain real power flow. It is argued this system provides better performance than existing approaches and has smaller size and lower cost.
Data center power availability provisioningLivin Jose
Data center power availability provisioning, Power provision - Concurrently maintainable, Power provision - Fault tolerant, Power provision - Single Path, Power provision - Single path with resilience
Loss Reduction by Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on a Radial feederIDES Editor
Due to the increasing interest on renewable sources
in recent times, the studies on integration of distributed
generation to the power grid have rapidly increased. In order
to minimize line losses of power systems, it is crucially
important to define the location of local generation to be placed.
Proper location of DGs in power systems is important for
obtaining their maximum potential benefits. This paper
presents analytical approaches to determine the optimal
location to place a DG on radial systems to minimize the power
loss of the system. Simulation results are given to verify the
proposed analytical approaches.
A Brief Survey of Current Power Limiting StrategiesIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of current power limiting strategies used in computing systems. It begins with background on power capping capabilities in Intel processors using Running Average Power Limit (RAPL). The document then reviews over 15 strategies that directly limit power consumption while minimizing performance impact, including feedback controllers, dynamic voltage and frequency scaling, task scheduling policies, and power budgeting techniques. It concludes that power limiting has become important for maximizing exascale system performance within power constraints.
Evaluating the Opportunity for DC Power in the Data Centermmurrill
This document evaluates the opportunity for using DC power in data centers. It notes that data center managers are looking to increase efficiency while maintaining availability. The power system is difficult to optimize as efficiency and availability often conflict. DC power requires fewer conversions from grid to chip, improving efficiency. A new row-based DC power protection system, combined with 48V DC equipment, makes DC power suitable for optimizing small to midsize data centers. Emerson Network Power can help organizations evaluate if DC power is appropriate.
A data center is a facility that houses an organization's IT equipment and operations in a secure and effective manner. It contains components like routers, switches, servers, storage systems, and security devices that are critical to a company's continuous operations. Data centers must prioritize reliability, efficiency, security, and constant evolution. They have existed since the advent of computers and are defined by their space, power, cooling, and connectivity requirements. A typical data center building contains computer rooms, control rooms, office areas, entrance facilities, electrical and storage rooms, generator rooms, and delivery areas. The primary functions of a data center are to securely house computing, storage and networking devices and provide the necessary power, temperature control, connectivity, and support
Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generation Units Using Co-Evoluti...Radita Apriana
Today, with the increase of distributed generation sources in power systems, it’s important to
optimal location of these sources. Determine the number, location, size and type of distributed generation
(DG) on Power Systems, causes the reducing losses and improving reliability of the system. In this paper
is used Co-evolutionary particle swarm optimization algorithm (CPSO) to determine the optimal values of
the listed parameters. Obtained results through simulations are done in MATLAB software is presented in
the form of figure and table in this paper. These tables and figures, show how to changes the system
losses and improving reliability by changing parameters such as location, size, number and type of DG.
Finally, the results of this method are compared with the results of the Genetic algorithm (GA) method, to
determine the performance of each of these methods.
As the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years with the growth of electricity demand, integration of photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) to the distribution system is emerging to fulfil the demand. There are benefits and drawbacks to the distribution system due to the penetration of PVDG. This paper discussed and investigated the impacts of PVDG location and size on distribution power systems. The medium voltage distribution network is connected to the grid with the load being supplied by PVDG. Load flow and short circuit calculation are analyzed by using DigSILENT Power Factory Software. Comparisons have been made between the typical distribution system and the distribution system with the penetration of PVDG. Impacts in which PVDG location and size integrates with distribution system are investigated with the results given from the load flow and short circuit analysis. The results indicate positive impacts on the system interconnected with PVDG such as improving voltage profile, reducing power losses, releasing transmission and distribution grid capacity. It also shows that optimal locations and sizes of DGs are needed to minimize the system’s power losses. On the other hand, it shows that PVDG interconnection to the system can cause reverse power flow at improper DG size and location and increases short circuit level.
This research presents a method for reliability assessment considering the 23MVA, 230/15 kV
transformer through two 15 kV outgoing transmission lines at Debre Markos substation. It also goes further to
include 139 low voltage 15/0.4 kV distribution transformers. The total load connected to the 15 kV feeders are
varies between 0.33255 and 6.3185 MW. A composite system adequacy and security assessment is done using
Monte Carlo simulation. The basic data and the topology used in the analysis are based on the Institution of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Reliability Test System and distribution system for bus two of the IEEEReliability
Bus bar Test System. The reliability indices SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, EENS, AENS, ASAI, ASUI, and
expected interruption costs are being assessed and considered. Distribution system reliability information was
obtained from actual data for systems operating in Ethiopia Electric Utility office and Debre Markos substation
recorded data and online SCADA system.
This presentation discusses load scheduling and load shedding in power systems. Load scheduling involves estimating loads to prepare for equipment sizing and power studies. It should be done early in design. Load shedding controls load balancing by disconnecting circuits to prevent overloads. It prevents damage but causes loss of production and crime during blackouts. Utilities must increase capacity to meet rising demand.
This document discusses three key factors to consider when designing an electrical system for a datacenter: size, reliability, and complexity. It recommends calculating size based on floor area and power density or number of racks. Reliability is determined by the desired Tier level. Higher tiers require more redundant components and affect design. Complexity is influenced by size and reliability - more complex systems are more expensive. It provides examples of Cummins' work with datacenters, focusing on calculating needs based on these three factors.
Genetic Algorithm based Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation Reducing ...IDES Editor
This paper proposes a genetic algorithm
optimization technique for optimal placement of distributed
generation in a radial distribution system to minimize the total
power loss and to improve the voltage sag performance. Load
flow algorithm and three phase short circuit analysis are
combined appropriately with GA, till access to acceptable
results of this operation. The suggested method is programmed
under MATLAB software. The implementation of the algorithm
is illustrated on a 34-node radial distribution system. Placement
of two DGs with fixed capacity has been considered for example.
Only the three phase symmetrical faults are considered for sag
analysis though other fault types are more common.
A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTAT...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a neural network approach to optimize techniques for improving power quality using a DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator). It begins by introducing common power quality issues like voltage sags, swells, and harmonics. It then discusses different custom power devices used to address these issues, focusing on the DSTATCOM. The paper proposes a control algorithm using a backpropagation neural network to extract reference currents and control the DSTATCOM for reactive power compensation, load balancing, and voltage regulation. Simulation results showed the DSTATCOM was able to satisfactorily compensate for different types of loads using this neural network approach.
Data Center Power Infrastructure, Data Center Power Infrastructure explained, how is power distributed in the data center, what is the use of the generator in the data center
ENERGY EFFICIENT SCHEDULING FOR REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS WITH PRECEDENCE AN...IJCSEA Journal
Energy consumption is a critical design issue in real-time systems, especially in battery- operated systems. Maintaining high performance, while extending the battery life between charges is an interesting challenge for system designers. Dynamic Voltage Scaling and Dynamic Frequency Scaling allow us to adjust supply voltage and processor frequency to adapt to the workload demand for better energy management. Usually, higher processor voltage and frequency leads to higher system throughput while energy reduction can be obtained using lower voltage and frequency. Many real-time scheduling algorithms have been developed recently to reduce energy consumption in the portable devices that use voltage scalable processors. For a real-time application, comprising a set of real-time tasks with precedence and resource constraints executing on a distributed system, we propose a dynamic energy efficient scheduling algorithm with weighted First Come First Served (WFCFS) scheme. This also considers the run-time behaviour of tasks, to further explore the idle periods of processors for energy saving. Our algorithm is compared with the existing Modified Feedback Control Scheduling (MFCS), First Come First Served (FCFS), and Weighted scheduling (WS) algorithms that uses Service-Rate-Proportionate (SRP) Slack Distribution Technique. Our proposed algorithm achieves about 5 to 6 percent more energy savings and increased reliability over the existing ones.
The document discusses optimizing facility efficiency in federal mission-critical environments. It recommends taking a long-term approach to planning by understanding organizational goals and bridging IT and facilities. Key steps include assessing existing facilities, selecting efficient equipment, right-sizing capacity, and establishing monitoring, maintenance, and benchmarking programs to ensure optimization over time. Regular maintenance is emphasized as critical for sustained efficiency gains and reliability.
Practical Options for Deploying IT Equipment in Small Server Rooms and Branch...Schneider Electric
Small server rooms and branch offices are typically unorganized, unsecure, hot, unmonitored, and space constrained. These conditions can lead to system downtime or, at the very least, lead to “close calls” that get management’s attention. Practical experience with these problems reveals a short list of effective methods to improve the availability of IT operations within small server rooms and branch offices. This paper discusses making realistic improvements to power, cooling, racks, physical security, monitoring, and lighting. The focus of this paper is on small server rooms and branch offices with up to 10kW of IT load.
ASHRAE TC9.9 - DATA CENTER STANDARD AND BEST PRACTICESglenioleonel
This document provides guidelines for power equipment used in data centers. It discusses how rising temperatures in data centers can affect power equipment, which typically has a longer lifespan than IT equipment. It categorizes power equipment by location, such as whether it is in a hot aisle or cold aisle. Recommendations are provided to improve thermal compatibility and reliability of power equipment as data center temperatures increase.
Wellmont Health System - Improving Data Center EfficiencyDarren Ramsey
In October of 2012, Wellmont Health System launched Project Odyssey - a multi-year, multi-million-dollar investment with electronic medical records leader Epic Systems. This project would result in a customized personal technology interface for Wellmont physicians, providers and patients. Re-architecting the health system’s data center was phase one.
Control and Implementation of a Standalone DG-SPV-BES micro-grid System using...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes a control method for a standalone solar photovoltaic (PV)-diesel-battery energy storage (BES) microgrid system using D-STATCOM to improve power quality.
2) An admittance-based control algorithm is used to control power flow, harmonic filtering, and reactive power compensation under nonlinear and unbalanced loads.
3) The proposed system and control method were simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and results showed improvements in power quality metrics like total harmonic distortion compared to other control methods.
What is data center availability modes slideLivin Jose
The document discusses various standards for data center availability modes and classifications. It describes Uptime Institute Tiers (I-IV), EN 50600 Availability classes (1-4), TIA 942-B Ratings (1-4), Syska Hennessy Criticality Levels, ANSI/BICSI Classes (F0-F4), and concepts of N, N+1, 2N, 2(N+1) redundancy. Higher tiers and classes generally have higher expected uptime through more redundant capacity components and distribution paths to minimize downtime from equipment failures or other incidents.
The document discusses implementing energy efficient data centers. It explains that electricity usage costs have become a large portion of total data center costs. Data centers can dramatically reduce electrical consumption through efficient infrastructure design and IT architecture. Specific methods are provided that can greatly lower power usage. For example, simple design choices in a new data center can save 20-50% on electricity bills over 10 years, and systematic efforts can achieve savings of up to 90%.
IRJET - Introduction of STATCOM in PV Grid SystemIRJET Journal
The document discusses introducing a STATCOM device in a photovoltaic (PV) grid system to improve power quality. A STATCOM, which is a type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device, is proposed to be connected at the point of common coupling (PCC) along with a battery energy storage system (BESS). This is aimed to mitigate power quality issues like voltage variations and harmonics that can arise from integrating a intermittent power source like PV into the grid. The STATCOM regulates voltage and provides reactive power support, while the BESS helps maintain real power flow. It is argued this system provides better performance than existing approaches and has smaller size and lower cost.
Data center power availability provisioningLivin Jose
Data center power availability provisioning, Power provision - Concurrently maintainable, Power provision - Fault tolerant, Power provision - Single Path, Power provision - Single path with resilience
Loss Reduction by Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on a Radial feederIDES Editor
Due to the increasing interest on renewable sources
in recent times, the studies on integration of distributed
generation to the power grid have rapidly increased. In order
to minimize line losses of power systems, it is crucially
important to define the location of local generation to be placed.
Proper location of DGs in power systems is important for
obtaining their maximum potential benefits. This paper
presents analytical approaches to determine the optimal
location to place a DG on radial systems to minimize the power
loss of the system. Simulation results are given to verify the
proposed analytical approaches.
A Brief Survey of Current Power Limiting StrategiesIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of current power limiting strategies used in computing systems. It begins with background on power capping capabilities in Intel processors using Running Average Power Limit (RAPL). The document then reviews over 15 strategies that directly limit power consumption while minimizing performance impact, including feedback controllers, dynamic voltage and frequency scaling, task scheduling policies, and power budgeting techniques. It concludes that power limiting has become important for maximizing exascale system performance within power constraints.
Evaluating the Opportunity for DC Power in the Data Centermmurrill
This document evaluates the opportunity for using DC power in data centers. It notes that data center managers are looking to increase efficiency while maintaining availability. The power system is difficult to optimize as efficiency and availability often conflict. DC power requires fewer conversions from grid to chip, improving efficiency. A new row-based DC power protection system, combined with 48V DC equipment, makes DC power suitable for optimizing small to midsize data centers. Emerson Network Power can help organizations evaluate if DC power is appropriate.
A data center is a facility that houses an organization's IT equipment and operations in a secure and effective manner. It contains components like routers, switches, servers, storage systems, and security devices that are critical to a company's continuous operations. Data centers must prioritize reliability, efficiency, security, and constant evolution. They have existed since the advent of computers and are defined by their space, power, cooling, and connectivity requirements. A typical data center building contains computer rooms, control rooms, office areas, entrance facilities, electrical and storage rooms, generator rooms, and delivery areas. The primary functions of a data center are to securely house computing, storage and networking devices and provide the necessary power, temperature control, connectivity, and support
Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generation Units Using Co-Evoluti...Radita Apriana
Today, with the increase of distributed generation sources in power systems, it’s important to
optimal location of these sources. Determine the number, location, size and type of distributed generation
(DG) on Power Systems, causes the reducing losses and improving reliability of the system. In this paper
is used Co-evolutionary particle swarm optimization algorithm (CPSO) to determine the optimal values of
the listed parameters. Obtained results through simulations are done in MATLAB software is presented in
the form of figure and table in this paper. These tables and figures, show how to changes the system
losses and improving reliability by changing parameters such as location, size, number and type of DG.
Finally, the results of this method are compared with the results of the Genetic algorithm (GA) method, to
determine the performance of each of these methods.
As the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years with the growth of electricity demand, integration of photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) to the distribution system is emerging to fulfil the demand. There are benefits and drawbacks to the distribution system due to the penetration of PVDG. This paper discussed and investigated the impacts of PVDG location and size on distribution power systems. The medium voltage distribution network is connected to the grid with the load being supplied by PVDG. Load flow and short circuit calculation are analyzed by using DigSILENT Power Factory Software. Comparisons have been made between the typical distribution system and the distribution system with the penetration of PVDG. Impacts in which PVDG location and size integrates with distribution system are investigated with the results given from the load flow and short circuit analysis. The results indicate positive impacts on the system interconnected with PVDG such as improving voltage profile, reducing power losses, releasing transmission and distribution grid capacity. It also shows that optimal locations and sizes of DGs are needed to minimize the system’s power losses. On the other hand, it shows that PVDG interconnection to the system can cause reverse power flow at improper DG size and location and increases short circuit level.
This research presents a method for reliability assessment considering the 23MVA, 230/15 kV
transformer through two 15 kV outgoing transmission lines at Debre Markos substation. It also goes further to
include 139 low voltage 15/0.4 kV distribution transformers. The total load connected to the 15 kV feeders are
varies between 0.33255 and 6.3185 MW. A composite system adequacy and security assessment is done using
Monte Carlo simulation. The basic data and the topology used in the analysis are based on the Institution of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Reliability Test System and distribution system for bus two of the IEEEReliability
Bus bar Test System. The reliability indices SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, EENS, AENS, ASAI, ASUI, and
expected interruption costs are being assessed and considered. Distribution system reliability information was
obtained from actual data for systems operating in Ethiopia Electric Utility office and Debre Markos substation
recorded data and online SCADA system.
This presentation discusses load scheduling and load shedding in power systems. Load scheduling involves estimating loads to prepare for equipment sizing and power studies. It should be done early in design. Load shedding controls load balancing by disconnecting circuits to prevent overloads. It prevents damage but causes loss of production and crime during blackouts. Utilities must increase capacity to meet rising demand.
This document discusses three key factors to consider when designing an electrical system for a datacenter: size, reliability, and complexity. It recommends calculating size based on floor area and power density or number of racks. Reliability is determined by the desired Tier level. Higher tiers require more redundant components and affect design. Complexity is influenced by size and reliability - more complex systems are more expensive. It provides examples of Cummins' work with datacenters, focusing on calculating needs based on these three factors.
Genetic Algorithm based Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation Reducing ...IDES Editor
This paper proposes a genetic algorithm
optimization technique for optimal placement of distributed
generation in a radial distribution system to minimize the total
power loss and to improve the voltage sag performance. Load
flow algorithm and three phase short circuit analysis are
combined appropriately with GA, till access to acceptable
results of this operation. The suggested method is programmed
under MATLAB software. The implementation of the algorithm
is illustrated on a 34-node radial distribution system. Placement
of two DGs with fixed capacity has been considered for example.
Only the three phase symmetrical faults are considered for sag
analysis though other fault types are more common.
A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTAT...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a neural network approach to optimize techniques for improving power quality using a DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator). It begins by introducing common power quality issues like voltage sags, swells, and harmonics. It then discusses different custom power devices used to address these issues, focusing on the DSTATCOM. The paper proposes a control algorithm using a backpropagation neural network to extract reference currents and control the DSTATCOM for reactive power compensation, load balancing, and voltage regulation. Simulation results showed the DSTATCOM was able to satisfactorily compensate for different types of loads using this neural network approach.
Data Center Power Infrastructure, Data Center Power Infrastructure explained, how is power distributed in the data center, what is the use of the generator in the data center
ENERGY EFFICIENT SCHEDULING FOR REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS WITH PRECEDENCE AN...IJCSEA Journal
Energy consumption is a critical design issue in real-time systems, especially in battery- operated systems. Maintaining high performance, while extending the battery life between charges is an interesting challenge for system designers. Dynamic Voltage Scaling and Dynamic Frequency Scaling allow us to adjust supply voltage and processor frequency to adapt to the workload demand for better energy management. Usually, higher processor voltage and frequency leads to higher system throughput while energy reduction can be obtained using lower voltage and frequency. Many real-time scheduling algorithms have been developed recently to reduce energy consumption in the portable devices that use voltage scalable processors. For a real-time application, comprising a set of real-time tasks with precedence and resource constraints executing on a distributed system, we propose a dynamic energy efficient scheduling algorithm with weighted First Come First Served (WFCFS) scheme. This also considers the run-time behaviour of tasks, to further explore the idle periods of processors for energy saving. Our algorithm is compared with the existing Modified Feedback Control Scheduling (MFCS), First Come First Served (FCFS), and Weighted scheduling (WS) algorithms that uses Service-Rate-Proportionate (SRP) Slack Distribution Technique. Our proposed algorithm achieves about 5 to 6 percent more energy savings and increased reliability over the existing ones.
The document discusses optimizing facility efficiency in federal mission-critical environments. It recommends taking a long-term approach to planning by understanding organizational goals and bridging IT and facilities. Key steps include assessing existing facilities, selecting efficient equipment, right-sizing capacity, and establishing monitoring, maintenance, and benchmarking programs to ensure optimization over time. Regular maintenance is emphasized as critical for sustained efficiency gains and reliability.
Practical Options for Deploying IT Equipment in Small Server Rooms and Branch...Schneider Electric
Small server rooms and branch offices are typically unorganized, unsecure, hot, unmonitored, and space constrained. These conditions can lead to system downtime or, at the very least, lead to “close calls” that get management’s attention. Practical experience with these problems reveals a short list of effective methods to improve the availability of IT operations within small server rooms and branch offices. This paper discusses making realistic improvements to power, cooling, racks, physical security, monitoring, and lighting. The focus of this paper is on small server rooms and branch offices with up to 10kW of IT load.
Energy Efficient Data Center
source : http://hightech.lbl.gov/presentations/6-23-05_PGE_Workshop.ppt&ei=BVxPVIy_Bse68gWwy4HAAw&usg=AFQjCNGHU_rSwcF4BMo2A6KnFfSZglP2UA&sig2=wZlTGXORD_HOUDJi-a2uAA&bvm=bv.77880786,d.dGc
Scenarios for Specifying an Uninterruptible Power Supply for Industrial Appli...Classic Controls, Inc.
For a number of years, some industries have used UPSs as a matter of course in applications requiring
uninterrupted process control. These include power-generation facilities, both fossil and nuclear, and petrochemical
plants and refineries.
Recently, other types of industrial companies (pulp and paper mills, steel mills, pharmaceutical manufacturing and
cogeneration facilities) have created a need for UPSs by incorporating DCSs into their plants to control their
processes. Additional control equipment, such as supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems,
energy management systems (EMSs), boiler-control and microprocessor-based instrumentation, give power
protection an even more important role in industry.
The document describes the NetSure ITM row-based, scalable 48V DC UPS system. It provides highly efficient and reliable DC power protection for IT equipment through a modular design that can be scaled from 70kW to 280kW. Key features include high system efficiency of up to 98% through its energy optimization mode, scalability to add expansion modules without interruption, and high reliability through its redundant configuration and hot-swappable power conversion units. It offers benefits such as reduced total cost of ownership, ease of deployment and maintenance, and a compact footprint.
This document discusses considerations for planning data center facilities systems. It covers key issues like capacity planning, reliability, budget, and aesthetics that facilities managers should keep in mind. The planning process requires collaboration between business, IT, and facilities teams to develop an integrated solution that meets business needs. Factors like tier levels, standards, and power requirements are also discussed to ensure the facilities infrastructure can support operations now and grow over time.
This document discusses how to design data centers for maximum energy efficiency. It identifies the main culprits of inefficiency as power equipment, cooling equipment, lighting, oversized equipment, and poor configuration. It recommends 8 characteristics of highly efficient data centers, including using scalable power and cooling, row-based cooling, high-efficiency UPS, high voltage distribution, variable speed drives, capacity management tools, and room layout tools. The document outlines 7 key elements of efficient data center design that incorporate these characteristics and can save up to 40% on energy costs.
ASHRAE TC9.9 - DATA CENTER STANDARD AND BEST PRACTICESglenioleonel
This document provides guidelines for power equipment used in data centers. It discusses how rising temperatures in data centers can affect power equipment, which typically has a longer lifespan than IT equipment. It categorizes power equipment by location, such as whether it is in a hot aisle or cold aisle. Recommendations are provided to improve thermal compatibility and reliability of power equipment as data center temperatures increase.
Do you think how big companies like google, facebook , adobe, ...etc, are store millians of data and also how they secure all those data. Please watch to know all these actual reality.
This document discusses Intel's Intelligent Power Node Manager solution for managing power usage in data centers. It notes that power and cooling costs are a major challenge as data needs increase exponentially. The Power Node Manager allows data center managers to set a power budget or "cap" for each server to better utilize existing power capacity and increase compute density. It provides real-time power monitoring and enables power capping to maintain performance within the set limit or adjust if the limit is exceeded. This allows data centers to squeeze more performance from their existing power infrastructure.
The document discusses different types of electrical meters used in data centers. It describes four levels of metering from the whole building level down to specific equipment. Meters can be either temporary or permanent depending on how long data needs to be collected. Common types of permanent meters use current transformers and potential transformers to measure attributes like power, energy, voltage, harmonics and power quality to provide insights into infrastructure operations and energy use.
Energy Logic: Reducing Data Center Energy Consumption by Creating Savings tha...Knurr USA
The document discusses an analysis of data center energy consumption and a proposed approach called "Energy Logic" to reduce consumption by 50% or more. Key points:
- Computing equipment accounts for 52% of energy usage in a typical data center, with supporting systems making up the rest.
- Energy Logic is a 10-step approach that starts with more efficient IT equipment and works through infrastructure improvements. Savings cascade across systems.
- Applying Energy Logic reduced the model data center's energy consumption by 52% while freeing up two-thirds of floor space, one-third of UPS capacity, and 40% of cooling capacity.
This slide is an introductory part of the course Computer Application in Power system. it will describe the basic tasks of a computer and different computer application areas.
The document describes the BITE 3 Battery Impedance Test Equipment, which determines the health of lead-acid battery cells up to 2000 Ah. It does so by measuring cell impedance, voltage, intercell connection resistance, and ripple current. The BITE 3 interfaces with ProActiv database management software to organize and analyze battery test data. Together, the BITE 3 and ProActiv provide battery testing, data analysis, and health monitoring in a quick and easy-to-use system.
As the electrical grid becomes more advance and additional control systems are being implemented on the distribution system, more advanced study methodologies must be deployed.
These deployed systems can be active or passive. An active system receives feedback of current system conditions, usually to a centralized intelligence system, and make decisions based upon current system configuration. In a passive system the control system does not receive live feedback on actual system conditions and control parameters are set using a specific set of static conditions. These are studied and designed for a certain system conditions and operating outside these static conditions can produce unknown results.
POWER Engineers has been performing Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) studies on Puget Sound Energy’s (PSE) medium voltage system using Synergi Electric distribution models. CVR systems provide energy reduction to end-customers by reducing the voltage across the distribution system. This energy reduction is achieved by delivering voltage closer to the rated voltage that equipment is designed to utilize, thus allowing it to run more efficiently
IRJET- The Next Generation Green Data Center:Multi-Facetapproach to Reduc...IRJET Journal
This document discusses reducing the energy consumption of modern data centers and supercomputers. It begins by outlining how data centers are a major source of power usage and greenhouse gas emissions. The rest of the document then provides details on:
1) The structure and components of typical data centers, including servers, storage, networking equipment, cooling systems, and backup power supplies.
2) Describing the fastest supercomputer in India called "Pratyush" located at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, which has a maximum speed of 4 petaflops but high energy usage of around 1.4 megawatts.
3) Stating the research objectives to study energy consumption patterns of data centers
Seminar on load scheduling and load sheddingBIJAY NAYAK
This document discusses load scheduling and load shedding in power systems. It defines electrical load and explains that load scheduling is important for optimal system operation as loads increase. It describes the need for load scheduling to estimate instantaneous loads and guide equipment sizing. Load shedding is defined as disconnecting part of the load to balance demand with capacity during excess load situations, preventing overloads and instability. The document outlines methodologies for load scheduling and procedures for planned load shedding, and discusses advantages like preventing damage but also disadvantages like loss of production.
Electricity usage costs have become an increasing fraction of the total cost of ownership (TCO) for data centers. It is possible to dramatically reduce the electrical consumption of typical data centers through appropriate design of the data center physical infrastructure and through the design of the IT architecture. This paper explains how to quantify the electricity savings and provides examples of methods that can greatly reduce electrical power consumption.
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
2. Executive Summary
Part of data center planning and design is to align the power and cooling requirements of
the IT equipment with the capacity of infrastructure equipment to provide it. This paper
presents methods for calculating power and cooling requirements and provides guidelines
for determining the total electrical power capacity needed to support the data center,
including IT equipment, cooling equipment, lighting, and power backup.
2004 American Power Conversion. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used, reproduced, photocopied, transmitted, or 2
stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the written permission of the copyright owner. www.apc.com Rev 2004-0
3. Introduction
With the adoption of scalable “pay as you grow” UPS architectures, its becoming easier to install these
systems. It allows the data center manager to simply add modules as the needs of the data center grow.
However, it is easy to lose sight of the future electrical needs of the data center or data room within a larger
facility.
Sizing the electrical service for a data center or data room requires an understanding of the amount of
electricity required by the cooling system, the UPS system, and the critical IT loads. The power
requirements of these elements may vary substantially from each other, but can be accurately estimated
using simple rules once the power requirements of the planned IT load are determined. In addition to
estimating the size of the electrical service, these elements can be used to estimate the power output
capacity of a standby generator system, if one is required for the data center loads.
Needs Assessment
Any initiative to improve the capabilities of a data center environment, no matter the size or scale, must
begin with a needs assessment. The needs assessment essentially establishes the availability needs of the
business applications being processed by the IT equipment. A business process that is not time sensitive,
or is batch process driven may dictate power and air conditioning for the load in an “N” configuration, with no
internal redundancies to increase availability. More time sensitive sites may require a degree of redundancy
in key component systems and have configurations of an “N+1” topology. Every key system element would
have a redundant piece of equipment so that if one of the units fails, the system could still maintain its
function for the IT critical load. The most critical data center applications requiring total availability (7x24)
would have a 2N topology where critical systems would be completely redundant. One critical system could
fail, but another would maintain operational loads. This also provides for a degree of concurrent
maintainability whereby maintenance could be performed on one system while another supplies the load.
For more information on the different types of system configurations see APC White Paper #75, “Comparing
UPS System Design Configurations”.
No matter what the actual UPS system design configuration is (N, N+1, 2N), the core issue of providing
sufficient power to the critical load and keeping it cool is the same, and must be carefully addressed.
Underestimating the required capacity may result in future power disruptions when forced to increase
capacity, and over estimating leads to excessive initial installation costs and higher ongoing maintenance
expenses.
2004 American Power Conversion. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used, reproduced, photocopied, transmitted, or 3
stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the written permission of the copyright owner. www.apc.com Rev 2004-0
4. Determining the Electrical Power Capacity Needed to
Support a Data Center
Most data centers are part of a larger building. The steps in determining the electrical capacity described
below will assist in estimating the capacity required for that portion of the building dedicated to the data
center or data room. The difference between the steady state power and the peak power is important when
calculating power capacity requirements and is noted throughout this paper. For more information on why
power variations exist read APC White Paper #43, “Dynamic Power Variations in Data Centers and Network
Rooms”. For installations where critical components like air conditioning, chillers, or standby generators are
shared and used to supply other loads beyond the data center, the sizing of the system requires a more
complete and complex analysis by a consulting engineer.
Figure 1 illustrates a typical breakdown of how the electrical capacity is divided among the various loads in a
data center. This breakdown assumes 5,000 ft2, (465 m2) data center with an initial steady state critical load
of 50kW, plus a future steady state load of 50kW. The cooling system is assumed to be direct expansion
(DX) and the utility voltage is 480 volts AC.
Figure 1 – Breakdown of data center electrical requirements
Lighting
3% UPS ineffiency /
battery charging
11%
DX cooling system
50%
Critical loads
36%
Critical loads
A proper planning exercise in developing a data center, from a single rack sized environment to a full scale
data center begins with determining the size of the critical load that must be served and protected. The
critical load is all of the IT hardware components that make up the IT business architecture: servers,
routers, computers, storage devices, telecommunications equipment, etc., as well as the security systems,
fire and monitoring systems that protect them. This process begins with a list of all such devices, with their
nameplate power rating, their voltage requirements, and whether they are single phase or three phase
devices. The nameplate information must then be adjusted to reflect the true anticipated load. The
nameplate power requirements are the worst-case power consumption numbers required by Underwriter’s
2004 American Power Conversion. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used, reproduced, photocopied, transmitted, or 4
stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the written permission of the copyright owner. www.apc.com Rev 2004-0
5. Laboratory and in almost all cases, are well above the expected operating power level. Studies conducted
by reputable consulting engineering firms and power supply manufacturers indicate that the nameplate rating
of most IT devices is well in excess of the actual running load by a factor of at least 33%. The U.S. National
Electrical Code (NEC) and similar worldwide regulatory bodies also recognize this fact and allow electrical
system planners to add up nameplate data for anticipated loads and multiply by a diversity factor,
anticipating that not all devices are running at full load 100% of the time. Alternatively, an advanced sizing
calculator may be used such as the one found at the website below. Calculators such as this one gather
power consumption data from a wide range of manufactures and further specify various equipment
configurations.
www.apcc.com / template / size / apc / index.cfm
At this site an IT professional can configure a representative rack’s worth of servers based on “brand-name”
ingredients. This tool works behind the scenes to add up the known power requirements of each component
within a given server’s configuration. For example, when a user specifies a server, they will also be asked to
record the quantity of CPU and other details within the box. Given the user’s inputs, the UPS Selector will
calculate the total power required for the rack. (The power will be stated in volt amps or VA) Also included
in the tool are important facts about the manufacturers intended input voltage and power plug.
With the list of anticipated components comprising the critical load, the base load can be established by
using a sizing calculator. For IT equipment unlisted in calculators as well as the power requirement for fire,
security and monitoring systems, the following process should be used:
A. Add up the nameplate power of the anticipated loads. If the wattage is not listed on the device, it
can be determined by multiplying the current (amps) by the voltage of the device to get the VA,
which approximates the amount of watts the device will consume.
B. Multiply the anticipated VA number by 0.67 to estimate the actual power, in watts, that the critical
load will represent.
C. Divide the number by 1000 to establish the Kilowatt (kW) load level of the anticipated critical load.
Future loads
Data Center loads are not static. Once built or established, the IT equipment will be under an almost
constant state of change during the lifetime of the data center. IT “refreshes” will, at a minimum, have a 3
year cycle where new, more powerful or efficient devices will be installed with, or replace the devices on the
initial planning list. A realistic assessment of the scope and timing of future changes and upgrades should
be developed by the IT organization to allow proper planning for the initial determination of power
requirements. The “downstream” elements of the electrical power and distribution system can be scaled, or
adjusted to known loads and future loading (See APC White Paper #37, “Avoiding Costs from Oversizing
Data Center and Network Room Infrastructure”), but the electrical power service supplying the NCPI
2004 American Power Conversion. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used, reproduced, photocopied, transmitted, or 5
stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the written permission of the copyright owner. www.apc.com Rev 2004-0
6. components has to be sufficiently sized to carry the known load at start-up and future loads, or provision has
to be made for installing additional capacity without incurring excessive downtime that would adversely affect
the availability expected by the IT customer.
Once an estimate is made for the amount of future loading, it is added to the base loading information
developed above to establish the electrical critical load number in kW.
UPS loads
Assuming that the availability determination in the needs assessment, explained above, requires the
inclusion of UPS power (in almost all cases this is true), the total electrical load power must include a factor
for the inefficiency of the UPS system as well as the additional power required for battery charging.
UPS efficiency varies between product models and varies dramatically depending on the loading of the UPS.
UPS are rarely run at the operating points where their advertised efficiency is provided. A realistic and
sufficiently accurate value for UPS efficiency in a typical installation is 88%.
Battery charging is a significant but intermittent power consumer. Under normal operation with a charged
battery the battery charging load is negligible. However, when a battery has been partially or completely
discharged the battery charging power can be on the order of 20% of the rated UPS load. Although this load
only rarely occurs, the generator and service entrance must be sized for this load.
Lighting loads
Lighting loads account for all the lighting in the data center portion of the building and are a function of the
data center floor area. A good rule of thumb for this type of load is 2 watts per square foot or 21.5 watts per
square meter.
Cooling loads
Refer to APC White Paper #25, “Calculating Total Cooling Requirements for Data Centers”, for a detailed
discussion of heat loads in data center environments. The paper provides tables to help calculate the
cooling required for the heat generated by the IT equipment. It also allows the planner to establish the
amount of cooling required to support a planned critical load. Cooling systems vary widely in efficiency but
can be broken down into chilled water systems and direct expansion systems. Chilled water systems are
generally more efficient and a rule of thumb for power consumption is 70% of the total peak load being
supported. Direct expansion systems require about 100% of the total peak load being supported. Note that
cooling loads have startup peak loads that exceed the steady state values which are accounted for in this
calculation. Table 1 of this paper estimates the electrical power requirement of the cooling system using
these rules. This will help establish the size of the electrical distribution system required to support the entire
data center.
2004 American Power Conversion. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used, reproduced, photocopied, transmitted, or 6
stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the written permission of the copyright owner. www.apc.com Rev 2004-0
7. Sizing the electrical power system
Two important numbers have been determined that will assist in estimating the size of the electrical system
that will power the data center environment: the Total Critical Load and the Total Cooling Load. In general,
the electrical supply must be large enough to support the sum of these two numbers, plus the related data
center lighting loads.
The steady-state power consumption of the loads within a data center establishes the power consumption for
purposes of determining electrical costs. However, the Electrical Service and the Generator power sources
that provide power to the data center cannot be sized to the steady state values. These sources must be
sized to the peak power consumption of the loads, plus any derating or oversizing margins required by code
or standard engineering practice. In practice, this causes the electrical service and generator sizing to be
substantially larger than might be expected, as will be illustrated in the next section.
Final Electrical Capacity Computation
Once the total electrical capacity is estimated in Kilowatts from the process described above, two critical
determinations can be made: the first is an estimate of the electrical service needed to supply the data
center, and the second is the size of any standby power generator capacity that may be needed to achieve
the desired availability.
Sizing of the Electrical Service
The electrical service can be calculated as follows:
1. Take the total electrical capacity required in Kilowatts and multiply by 125% to meet the requirements
of the National Electrical Code and similar regulatory bodies.
2. Determine the three phase AC voltage of the service entrance to be supplied by the utility company.
Typically this is 480 Volts AC in the United States and 230 Volts AC in most other parts of the world.
3. Use the following formula to determine the electrical service size to supply the data center, in Amps:
Amps = (kW x1000) / (Volts x 1.73)
This provides an estimate of the electrical service capacity required to support the critical load, cooling, and
the building functions for a data center. Using the assumptions of Figure1, Figure 2 emphasizes the
important distinction between rated (peak) power and steady state power by comparing the electrical service
requirements for both. It must be noted that this is only an estimate, and that the final determination of the
service size is highly dependent on accurate site specific information. It is strongly recommended that the
services of a qualified professional consulting engineer be retained to verify the initial estimate and develop
the final data center electrical supply design. Table 1, located at the end of the paper, can be used as a
worksheet that assists in summarizing the discussion above.
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8. Figure 2 – Rated vs. steady-state electrical service power for a typical 100kW critical load.
Electrical service rating is almost 4X the steady state critical load value
400
350
300
250
Air Conditioner Load
kW
200 Air Conditioner Load
150
UPS Load
UPS Load
100
50 Critical Load Critical Load
0
Electric Service Rated Electric Service Steady State
Critical Load Lighting Load UPS Load
Air Conditioner Load Electrial Service Derating
Sizing of Generator Standby Power Systems
Once the size of the electrical service has been determined, consideration can be given to sizing of an
appropriate standby power generator, which will provide power in the event of a utility failure and increase
the availability of the data center. A typical generator installation is illustrated in Figure 3 below:
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9. Figure 3 – Typical generator system
Utility Generator
Transfer Switch
Emergency Bus
Mechanical Loads Other Loads
UPS (Air Conditioning) (Lighting, etc.)
Critical IT Load
The first thing to note on the diagram above is the assumption that the data center is the only load, and that
it is to be fully protected by standby power. The “utility” supply may be only a part of a standard commercial
electrical distribution system, so this diagram would be part of a subset of a much larger electrical system.
This subset is the data center portion that supplies the critical IT loads.
To estimate the size of the generator required for the critical loads, use the calculation at the bottom of Table
1. However, there has to be consideration of the electrical characteristics of the loads to be attached to the
generator through the transfer switch. Mechanical loads, for example, require high starting currents and
impose harmonic currents that pose problems to a generator’s ability to supply the power needed. The UPS
itself may contribute to this problem if it does not operate at a high input power factor, and may cause
generator failure if it imposes a leading power factor on the generator.
The selection of a UPS system with operating characteristics favorable to reliable generator operation is an
extensive discussion, not covered in this white paper. It is sufficient to note that the UPS must be chosen
carefully to achieve end-to-end reliability. A UPS system that exhibits highly capacitive characteristics under
low load conditions is to be avoided. Certain UPS topologies, such as the delta conversion, are ideal for
generator supplied systems and will not produce the undesirable operating characteristics of traditional
double conversion systems with input filter capacitors. This choice alone in the selection of the UPS can
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10. influence the required generator size greatly, frequently by a factor of 3 (the generator would have to be 1.75
to 3 times larger for a typical double conversion UPS than a Delta Conversion UPS). As in the case of
electrical service power, Figure 4 emphasizes the important distinction between rated (peak) power and
steady state power by comparing the electrical generator requirements for both.
When selecting a generator, base the choice on the kW rating of the generator for purposes of simplicity, but
be aware that generators are designed to operate loads at a lower power factor than 1.0, typically 0.8. This
means that the current and voltage will be slightly out of phase and that the generator must withstand that
difference. A 1000 kW generator, designed to operate loads having a power factor of 0.8 will be rated at
1200 kVA. Do not confuse the kVA rating with the true power capacity of the generator, which is always in
kW. For more information on power factor see APC White Paper #15, “Watts and Volt-Amps: Powerful
Confusion”.
Figure 4 – Rated vs. Steady-State electrical generator power for a typical 100KW critical load.
Electrical service rating is over 4X the steady state critical load value
450
400
350
300
250
kW
Air Conditioner Load
200 Air Conditioner Load
150 UP S Lo ad
UP S Lo ad
100
50 Critical Load Critical Load
0
Generator Rated Generator Steady State
Critical Load Lighting Load
UPS Load Air Conditioner Load
Oversizing due to Critical loads Oversizing due to Cooling loads
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11. Table 1 – Data center power requirement estimate calculation worksheet
Item Data Required Calculation Subtotal kW
Power Requirement – Electrical
Critical load- sizing calculator ( Calculator total in VA x 0.67 ) /
Rating of each IT device
value from APC website 1000 # 1 ____________kW
For equipment not listed in
Subtotal VA (include fire,
the sizing calculator, critical ( Subtotal VA x 0.67 ) / 1000
security and monitoring systems)
load – nameplate # 2 ____________kW
VA of nameplate of each [ (Add VA rating of future
Future loads
anticipated IT device devices) x 0.67 ] / 1000 # 3 ____________kW
Peak power draw due to Total steady state critical load
( # 1 + # 2 + # 3 ) x 1.05
variation in critical loads power draw # 4 ____________kW
UPS inefficiency and battery Actual Load + Future Loads
( # 1 + # 2 + # 3 ) x 0.32
charging (In kW) # 5 ____________kW
Total floor area associated with 0.002 x floor area (sq ft), or
Lighting
the data center 0.0215 x floor area (sq m) # 6 ____________kW
Total power to support Total from # 4, # 5 and # 6
#4 + #5 + #6
electrical demands above # 7 ____________kW
Power Requirement - Cooling
Total power to support For Chiller systems # 7 x 0.7
Total from # 7 above
cooling demands For DX systems # 7 x 1.0 # 8 ____________kW
Total Power Requirement
Total power to support
electrical and cooling Total from # 7 and # 8 above #7 + #8
demands # 9 ____________kW
Size of Electrical Service Estimate
Requirements to meet NEC
Total from # 9 above # 9 x 1.25
and other regulators # 10 ____________kW
Three phase AC voltage
AC voltage
provided at service entrance # 11 ___________VAC
Electrical service required
Total from # 10 and AC voltage
from utility company in ( # 10 x 1000 ) / ( # 11 x 1.73 )
in # 11
Amps _______________Amps
Size of Standby Generator Estimate (If applicable)
Critical loads requiring
Total from # 7 above # 7 x 1.3*
generator back up # 12 ___________kW
Cooling loads requiring
Total from # 8 above # 8 x 1.5
generator back up # 13 ___________kW
Size of generator needed Total from # 12 and # 13 above # 12 + # 13 _______________kW
*WARNING: The 1.3 variable applies to fully power factor corrected UPS. A 3.0 multiplier must be used when using
traditional double conversion UPS with input harmonic filters.
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12. Conclusions
Assessing the electrical power required to support and cool the critical loads within the data center is
essential in planning for the development of a facility that will meet the end user’s availability expectations.
By employing the process described above, a reasonable estimate of the power requirements can be made.
This will help specify the size of the Network-Critical Physical Infrastructure components that will achieve the
availability determined by the needs assessment. Once the sizing determination is made, conceptual and
detailed planning can go forward with the assistance of a competent NCPI systems supplier or, in the case of
larger scale data centers, a consulting engineer. Cost estimation can then be made based on the size and
reliability configuration determined from the power needs assessment process described above.
About the Author:
Richard L. Sawyer is a Sr. Systems Application Engineer for APC. He has 25 years of experience in large
scale data center construction and operations for Fortune 100 companies. He is on the Board of Directors,
AFCOM.
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stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the written permission of the copyright owner. www.apc.com Rev 2004-0