The document describes the BITE 3 Battery Impedance Test Equipment, which determines the health of lead-acid battery cells up to 2000 Ah. It does so by measuring cell impedance, voltage, intercell connection resistance, and ripple current. The BITE 3 interfaces with ProActiv database management software to organize and analyze battery test data. Together, the BITE 3 and ProActiv provide battery testing, data analysis, and health monitoring in a quick and easy-to-use system.
Gauss-Seidel Method based Voltage Security Analysis of Distribution System IJECEIAES
Complexity of modern power network and Large disturbance results voltage collapse. So, voltage security analysis is important in power system. Indicators are helpful in voltage stability analysis, as they give information about the state of the system. In this paper a new indicator namely Distribution System Stability Indicator (DSSI) has been formulated using the information of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU).The proposed indicator (DSSI) is tested on standard IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system. The suggested indicator is also applicable to the equivalent two bus system of a multi-bus power system. The proposed indicator is calculated for different contingent conditions at different system load configurations. The result of DSSI is verified with the standard indicator (VSI) which proves applicability of the proposed indicator. The bus voltages of all the buses at base loading and at maximum loading are evaluated for base data and for tripping of most critical line.
This document outlines an electrical power training course that covers topics such as critical loads, power distribution, protection devices, power factor correction, harmonics, AC and DC conversion, uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems, batteries, maintenance, and hybrid power systems. The course is divided into multiple modules that range from 1 to 8 days and includes lessons on LV switchgear, power quality issues, rectifiers, chargers, inverters, troubleshooting, and electronic circuits.
FAULT DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF INDUCTION MACHINE WITH ON-LINE PARAMETER PR...Sheikh R Manihar Ahmed
1. The document discusses a fault detection and diagnosis system for induction machines. It includes a microcontroller, sensors, ADC, and LCD display.
2. The system works by setting threshold values for parameters like temperature and current. It then continuously monitors these parameters and compares them to the thresholds.
3. If a parameter exceeds its threshold, the system isolates the specific fault, displays it on the LCD, and triggers an alarm. The user can acknowledge the fault to stop the alarm.
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
Bridge monitoring systems can help detect deterioration in steel bridges to prevent expensive repairs or failures. These systems use sensors to monitor factors like strain, acceleration, and humidity that can indicate issues like cracking, scouring, or excessive impact loading. Consulting firms are offering bridge monitoring services using various sensor technologies, from wired systems to lower-cost wireless sensors. This document examines the services two consulting firms, URS and Intelligent Infrastructure Systems/Pennoni Associates, provide using bridge monitoring systems, including load rating evaluations, fatigue life assessment, and structural health monitoring.
Railway, bridge and track monitoring systems – smart monitoring solutionsSoldata Limited
Geotechnical instrumentation and monitoring systems are extensively used these days for monitoring and operations of manmade structures like bridges, dams, railways, roadways and more.
17 mse017 battery and battery management systempaneliya sagar
This document discusses batteries and battery management systems. It begins by introducing batteries and their use to store chemical energy for electrical output. It then discusses the main types of batteries - non-rechargeable primary batteries and rechargeable secondary batteries. The most commonly used batteries - lead-acid batteries for vehicles and lithium-ion batteries for electronics - are also mentioned. The document goes on to discuss battery banking, battery management systems, supercapacitors, and fuel cells.
The document discusses structural health monitoring (SHM). It begins with an introduction and literature review on SHM. The key components of SHM systems including sensors, data acquisition, management, and interpretation are described. Common SHM methods like visual inspection, ultrasonic testing, and use of smart sensors are explained. Case studies on SHM applications for bridges and railway infrastructure are presented. The document concludes that SHM helps improve structural safety and performance through long-term health monitoring and maintenance.
Gauss-Seidel Method based Voltage Security Analysis of Distribution System IJECEIAES
Complexity of modern power network and Large disturbance results voltage collapse. So, voltage security analysis is important in power system. Indicators are helpful in voltage stability analysis, as they give information about the state of the system. In this paper a new indicator namely Distribution System Stability Indicator (DSSI) has been formulated using the information of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU).The proposed indicator (DSSI) is tested on standard IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system. The suggested indicator is also applicable to the equivalent two bus system of a multi-bus power system. The proposed indicator is calculated for different contingent conditions at different system load configurations. The result of DSSI is verified with the standard indicator (VSI) which proves applicability of the proposed indicator. The bus voltages of all the buses at base loading and at maximum loading are evaluated for base data and for tripping of most critical line.
This document outlines an electrical power training course that covers topics such as critical loads, power distribution, protection devices, power factor correction, harmonics, AC and DC conversion, uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems, batteries, maintenance, and hybrid power systems. The course is divided into multiple modules that range from 1 to 8 days and includes lessons on LV switchgear, power quality issues, rectifiers, chargers, inverters, troubleshooting, and electronic circuits.
FAULT DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF INDUCTION MACHINE WITH ON-LINE PARAMETER PR...Sheikh R Manihar Ahmed
1. The document discusses a fault detection and diagnosis system for induction machines. It includes a microcontroller, sensors, ADC, and LCD display.
2. The system works by setting threshold values for parameters like temperature and current. It then continuously monitors these parameters and compares them to the thresholds.
3. If a parameter exceeds its threshold, the system isolates the specific fault, displays it on the LCD, and triggers an alarm. The user can acknowledge the fault to stop the alarm.
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
Bridge monitoring systems can help detect deterioration in steel bridges to prevent expensive repairs or failures. These systems use sensors to monitor factors like strain, acceleration, and humidity that can indicate issues like cracking, scouring, or excessive impact loading. Consulting firms are offering bridge monitoring services using various sensor technologies, from wired systems to lower-cost wireless sensors. This document examines the services two consulting firms, URS and Intelligent Infrastructure Systems/Pennoni Associates, provide using bridge monitoring systems, including load rating evaluations, fatigue life assessment, and structural health monitoring.
Railway, bridge and track monitoring systems – smart monitoring solutionsSoldata Limited
Geotechnical instrumentation and monitoring systems are extensively used these days for monitoring and operations of manmade structures like bridges, dams, railways, roadways and more.
17 mse017 battery and battery management systempaneliya sagar
This document discusses batteries and battery management systems. It begins by introducing batteries and their use to store chemical energy for electrical output. It then discusses the main types of batteries - non-rechargeable primary batteries and rechargeable secondary batteries. The most commonly used batteries - lead-acid batteries for vehicles and lithium-ion batteries for electronics - are also mentioned. The document goes on to discuss battery banking, battery management systems, supercapacitors, and fuel cells.
The document discusses structural health monitoring (SHM). It begins with an introduction and literature review on SHM. The key components of SHM systems including sensors, data acquisition, management, and interpretation are described. Common SHM methods like visual inspection, ultrasonic testing, and use of smart sensors are explained. Case studies on SHM applications for bridges and railway infrastructure are presented. The document concludes that SHM helps improve structural safety and performance through long-term health monitoring and maintenance.
This document summarizes the objectives and activities of a project aimed at promoting gender equality in Tajikistan through strategic litigation. The project's short-term goals are to increase awareness of women's legal rights and access to justice in rural areas, and to develop local lawyers' capacity to represent women in legal cases. Its long-term goals are to improve implementation of gender equality laws, especially in rural areas, and ensure continued legal services for women in those regions. The project provides legal aid clinics and representation in strategic litigation cases across three rural regions of Tajikistan, and trains local attorneys on relevant law and litigation skills.
Paul Bomberger is a multimedia communications and managerial professional with over 15 years of experience in journalism. He has strong skills in editing, writing, research, and managing teams to meet deadlines. Bomberger has held positions as Deputy Business Editor and Assistant Business Editor at major newspapers, where he oversaw business coverage and teams. He has received several awards for his reporting and editing work.
The English-language version of my presentation on behalf of ABA ROLI at the round table sponsored by UNIFEM, OSCE, OHCHR, and OSI in Dushanbe, Tajikistan on 24 November 2009, This presentation grew out of my analysis of and recommendations for the draft law on the protection against family violence in Tajikistan. The draft law was initially proposed and drafted in 2006, but has not yet been considered by the country’s parliament.
Crowdfunding, Angel Investors and other New Funding Stretegies to Grow your b...John Sechrest
This document provides information on alternative funding strategies for startups and small businesses, including crowdfunding, angel investors, and other options. It discusses the different stages of businesses and funding needs, and outlines sources of funding through revenue, debt, grants, and equity. Specific options covered include crowdfunding platforms, various types of loans, angel investors, venture capital, and new Washington state laws allowing non-accredited investor funding. The overall message is that businesses should understand their funding needs and consider multiple options at different stages of growth.
York edi, business objects and budget realitiesDennis Bonagura
The document discusses York Worldwide Technologies and the competing demands on IT resources between day-to-day operations, maintaining systems, projects, and innovation. It notes that managing EDI consumes significant resources and recommends York Worldwide Technologies' managed EDI services which provide expertise, secure systems, governance, and predictable costs to free up resources for strategic projects.
EDI processes should be managed to support business goals rather than just focus on technical success. Collecting and analyzing key data can provide real-time access to activities, processes, transactions, and results to help identify problems, opportunities, and make better informed decisions. DB Global Services offers a managed hybrid solution using SaaS and secure on-premise data to provide dashboards, reports, alerts and notifications across an organization to help run businesses on facts rather than instinct.
This document provides a beginner's guide for animating a character in Autodesk Maya. It discusses building a character by creating a skeleton with joints, adding geometry, and binding them. It also covers adding controls like IK handles and flexors. The guide explains how to prepare the character for animation through techniques like expressions, constraints, and character nodes. It then discusses animating the character through keyframing, non-linear animation, and the Trax editor. Finally, it briefly touches on animating cameras, lighting, texturing, and rendering the scene.
Design And Development of A Plug-In Type Wireless Data Logger for Energy Meas...IOSR Journals
This document describes the design and development of a plug-in type wireless data logger for energy measurement. The data logger is designed to accurately measure energy, voltage, current, and instantaneous power in real time for single-phase applications. It consists of hardware modules for energy measurement, data transmission, and reception. The energy measurement module uses a CS5460A chip to measure parameters. Data is transmitted wirelessly via Bluetooth and received on a computer interface. The system aims to provide low-cost real-time energy monitoring for appliances to encourage efficient energy usage.
The document discusses considerations for designing an embedded system to measure and estimate the state-of-charge (SOC) of an electric vehicle battery pack. It describes lithium-ion battery characteristics and sensors for measuring voltage, current, and temperature. It also provides an overview of current SOC estimation algorithms, including neural networks, multi-state techniques with Kalman filtering, and least squares support vector machines. Practical hardware and software issues for implementing such a system are also presented.
Development of a software solution for solar pv power systems sizing and moni...simeon Matthew
This document describes the development of a software solution called SolarHelper for sizing and monitoring solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems. SolarHelper can accurately simulate the required battery storage capacity and PV array size based on load demands for sizing. It also monitors and records vital system variables like voltage, current, temperature and light intensity to assess the performance and state of an existing solar PV installation. The software was developed using a microcontroller, monitoring circuitry, and a Java graphical user interface. Algorithms are presented for both the sizing and monitoring functions of the SolarHelper software.
1) The document discusses the design of a hardware battery management system (BMS) for electric vehicles and energy storage.
2) A BMS monitors and controls batteries by measuring voltage, current, and temperature to keep batteries safe, efficient, and reliable.
3) The proposed BMS design uses a microcontroller-based master board to communicate with battery monitoring and balancing boards via CANBUS, measuring cell voltages and temperatures to determine state of charge and health and enable thermal management.
Design and Implementation of High Resolution Data Acquisition Systemijsrd.com
Fuel cell stacks containing hundreds of individual cells are capable of generating high voltage and current values needed for transportation, commercial, residential, portable and industrial power applications. Although majority of hydrogen produced today comes from reformulated natural gas generated through a process that creates a significant amount of carbon dioxide, fuel cell is still a viable energy source for the future electrical power applications. One of the hard cases of the fuel-cell power systems is proper monitoring, instrumentation and data acquisition of system parameters such as fuel flow into the system, AC and DC voltage values, load current, humidity, power, pressure, temperature, fuel utilization, overall system efficiency, noise, etc. Fuel cell test systems must precisely monitor and control the aforementioned hundreds of measurements in real-time. It is necessary to have an instrumentation system which is able to monitor and control fuel cell operation under varying conditions and accurately get information relating to real-time performance and operational characteristics to calculate fuel cell efficiency correctly. Instrumentation and interface systems must also provide flexible data acquisition, monitoring, and control capability to precisely control fuel cell operation. Therefore, a typical fuel cell test system requires high-resolution, high-voltage input, isolation, and waveform acquisition capability. The objective of this applied research project is design and implementation of a high-resolution data acquisition and interface module for a 500 W Hydrogen fuel cell power station using LabVIEW ™ PDS v8.20 software and field point based data acquisition modules.
Circuit breakers (CBs) are very important elements in the power system. They are used to switch other equipment in and out of service. Circuit breakers need to be reliable since their incorrect operation can cause major issues with power system protection and control. Today’s practice in monitoring circuit breaker operation and status in real time is reduced to the use of Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to assess CB status. More detailed information about the control circuit performance may be obtained by CB test equipment typically used for maintenance diagnostics. This paper addresses two important issues: a) how improved CB monitoring may be implemented in real-time, and b) what would be the benefits of such an implementation. The results reported in this paper are coming from two research projects, conducted using funding from Center Point Energy and DOE-CERTS aimed at development of software for automated analysis of CB data and the other covering development of the CB data acquisition unit respectively. The paper is devoted to description of a prototype implementation of a real-time CB monitoring system. The system consists of a new CB monitoring data acquisition IED that is located at circuit breaker and captures detailed information about its operation in real-time. The CB files are transferred to the concentrator PC where the application software performs automated analysis and makes an assessment about the operational status of the breaker. The software is based on signal processing and expert system processing. Application example using actual field data is discussed the paper ends with some conclusions, acknowledgments and a list of references.
Optimized design of an extreme low power datalogger for photovoltaic panels IJECEIAES
The paper focuses on the design and implementation of a low cost and compact data logger prototype using an extreme low power (XLP) and low pin count programmable interface controllers (PIC) microcontroller using its own flash memory for the periodic data acquisition storage, while many other works focus in the Arduino Eco-system. It is planned to pick four important analog measures from the photovoltaic system, and store them directly as 10-bit numerical counts, this yields to faster data acquisition and storage (no time consuming for mathematical computation to convert each numerical count of raw data to meaningful real-world data). Avoiding the use of any kind of display and keypad, and keeping the ratio run time over sleep time as low as possible, has a maximum impact on lowering the power consumption. This prototype can be serially linked to a personal computer (PC) to view the acquisition of measurements in real time, and to retrieve all collected data through a terminal application. The experimental results are stored in commaseparated values (CSV) files to ease post data analysis with any spread sheet software, for statistical calculations and graphs drawing, in order for instance, to find the faults of the photovoltaic system and optimize its management and its performance.
This document summarizes an IoT-based battery management system that monitors and controls batteries. The system uses sensors, microcontrollers, communication modules, and cloud-based servers to collect battery data like voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge. It analyzes the data and optimizes battery charging and discharging to extend battery life and reduce costs. Real-time monitoring and early warning of potential failures are provided. Users can access the battery data like state of charge and temperature remotely using smartphones or computers. The system aims to improve battery performance, increase reliability, and reduce environmental impact.
Analysis optimization and monitoring system slmnsvn
This document describes a load flow analysis of an electrical distribution network in Palestine. The analysis finds several issues with the maximum load case, including under voltage buses, overloaded transformers, and low power factors below 92%. To address these problems, the author proposes:
1) Changing transformer taps up to 5% to increase voltages.
2) Adding capacitor banks to improve power factors above 92% by reducing reactive power loads.
3) Locations for changed taps and added capacitors are provided in appendices. After implementing these changes, voltages are improved and power factor rises to 92.89%, addressing the identified issues.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes battery management systems. It discusses how battery management systems monitor lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles to measure state of charge, state of health, temperature, voltage and current. It describes how the research deployed a battery management system model on a Raspberry Pi microcontroller and tested it on a lithium-ion battery pack. Key results included determining state of charge based on open circuit voltage measurements and current measurements, and using a Kalman filter model to estimate state of charge from the two methods and output the best value.
1) Calculating the total power requirements for a data center involves estimating the power needs for critical IT loads, future loads, UPS systems, lighting, and cooling equipment.
2) The process begins by determining the critical IT load based on equipment specifications and then accounting for future growth. UPS loads are estimated based on efficiency and battery charging needs.
3) Lighting and cooling loads are calculated based on data center size. The total power estimate is then used to size the electrical service and generator capacity while accounting for peak loads and safety factors.
REAL-TIME APPLICATIONS OF PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNITS (PMU) FOR VISUALIZATION, ...Power System Operation
SECTION 1
BACKGROUND
Synchrophasors are precise grid measurement devices most often called phasor measurement units (PMU). These devices are capable of directly measuring frequency, voltage and current waveforms along with phase angle differences at high sampling rates and accuracies. They are prompting a revolution in power system operations as next generation measuring devices. With the smart grid investment grant demonstrations projects funded throughout the country, an additional 850 PMUs are going to be installed in the United States to bring the total to over 1,000 in the next three years. New York State expects about 40 new PMUs to be installed in the next three years, bringing its total to over 50 units.
This project was sponsored by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA). The project team worked with CHG&E, ConEd, DPS, LIPA, National Grid, NYISO, NYPA and NYSEG to develop the project objectives to demonstrate the following three technologies, related to PMU applications, in the New York State control area:
IoT Based smart Battery Management SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of an IoT-based smart battery management system for a 1s and 3s lithium-ion battery pack intended for e-bike applications. The system measures voltage, current, and temperature of each cell and transmits the data to the cloud for analysis to detect faulty cells. It also implements passive cell balancing. The system was tested on a 3-cell nickel manganese cobalt oxide battery pack and successfully identified faulty cells and performed balancing.
IoT Based smart Battery Management SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an IoT-based smart battery management system (BMS) for an e-bike application. The system measures the voltage, current, and temperature of each cell in a 3-cell lithium-ion battery pack. An Arduino microcontroller sends this data via a BOLT IoT module to a cloud server for analysis. The cloud analytics can detect faulty cells and notify the user. The BMS also performs passive cell balancing to efficiently and safely charge the battery pack over long periods. Hardware and software designs are presented, along with simulation and testing results demonstrating monitoring of battery parameters and cloud-based fault detection.
DESIGN OF A RELIABLE AND PERFORMANCE FOCUSED ELECTRIC MOTORCYCLEIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an electric motorcycle. It aims to create a reliable and high-performance electric motorcycle that overcomes issues with previous electric vehicles like limited range. The document outlines the key components of the proposed electric motorcycle design, including the chassis, swing arm, steering, suspension system, brushless DC hub motor, wheels, motor controller, brakes, battery and battery management system. It provides details on the specifications and technical requirements for these components. The goal is to develop an electric motorcycle with high efficiency that maintains performance even when battery power is low.
This document summarizes the objectives and activities of a project aimed at promoting gender equality in Tajikistan through strategic litigation. The project's short-term goals are to increase awareness of women's legal rights and access to justice in rural areas, and to develop local lawyers' capacity to represent women in legal cases. Its long-term goals are to improve implementation of gender equality laws, especially in rural areas, and ensure continued legal services for women in those regions. The project provides legal aid clinics and representation in strategic litigation cases across three rural regions of Tajikistan, and trains local attorneys on relevant law and litigation skills.
Paul Bomberger is a multimedia communications and managerial professional with over 15 years of experience in journalism. He has strong skills in editing, writing, research, and managing teams to meet deadlines. Bomberger has held positions as Deputy Business Editor and Assistant Business Editor at major newspapers, where he oversaw business coverage and teams. He has received several awards for his reporting and editing work.
The English-language version of my presentation on behalf of ABA ROLI at the round table sponsored by UNIFEM, OSCE, OHCHR, and OSI in Dushanbe, Tajikistan on 24 November 2009, This presentation grew out of my analysis of and recommendations for the draft law on the protection against family violence in Tajikistan. The draft law was initially proposed and drafted in 2006, but has not yet been considered by the country’s parliament.
Crowdfunding, Angel Investors and other New Funding Stretegies to Grow your b...John Sechrest
This document provides information on alternative funding strategies for startups and small businesses, including crowdfunding, angel investors, and other options. It discusses the different stages of businesses and funding needs, and outlines sources of funding through revenue, debt, grants, and equity. Specific options covered include crowdfunding platforms, various types of loans, angel investors, venture capital, and new Washington state laws allowing non-accredited investor funding. The overall message is that businesses should understand their funding needs and consider multiple options at different stages of growth.
York edi, business objects and budget realitiesDennis Bonagura
The document discusses York Worldwide Technologies and the competing demands on IT resources between day-to-day operations, maintaining systems, projects, and innovation. It notes that managing EDI consumes significant resources and recommends York Worldwide Technologies' managed EDI services which provide expertise, secure systems, governance, and predictable costs to free up resources for strategic projects.
EDI processes should be managed to support business goals rather than just focus on technical success. Collecting and analyzing key data can provide real-time access to activities, processes, transactions, and results to help identify problems, opportunities, and make better informed decisions. DB Global Services offers a managed hybrid solution using SaaS and secure on-premise data to provide dashboards, reports, alerts and notifications across an organization to help run businesses on facts rather than instinct.
This document provides a beginner's guide for animating a character in Autodesk Maya. It discusses building a character by creating a skeleton with joints, adding geometry, and binding them. It also covers adding controls like IK handles and flexors. The guide explains how to prepare the character for animation through techniques like expressions, constraints, and character nodes. It then discusses animating the character through keyframing, non-linear animation, and the Trax editor. Finally, it briefly touches on animating cameras, lighting, texturing, and rendering the scene.
Design And Development of A Plug-In Type Wireless Data Logger for Energy Meas...IOSR Journals
This document describes the design and development of a plug-in type wireless data logger for energy measurement. The data logger is designed to accurately measure energy, voltage, current, and instantaneous power in real time for single-phase applications. It consists of hardware modules for energy measurement, data transmission, and reception. The energy measurement module uses a CS5460A chip to measure parameters. Data is transmitted wirelessly via Bluetooth and received on a computer interface. The system aims to provide low-cost real-time energy monitoring for appliances to encourage efficient energy usage.
The document discusses considerations for designing an embedded system to measure and estimate the state-of-charge (SOC) of an electric vehicle battery pack. It describes lithium-ion battery characteristics and sensors for measuring voltage, current, and temperature. It also provides an overview of current SOC estimation algorithms, including neural networks, multi-state techniques with Kalman filtering, and least squares support vector machines. Practical hardware and software issues for implementing such a system are also presented.
Development of a software solution for solar pv power systems sizing and moni...simeon Matthew
This document describes the development of a software solution called SolarHelper for sizing and monitoring solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems. SolarHelper can accurately simulate the required battery storage capacity and PV array size based on load demands for sizing. It also monitors and records vital system variables like voltage, current, temperature and light intensity to assess the performance and state of an existing solar PV installation. The software was developed using a microcontroller, monitoring circuitry, and a Java graphical user interface. Algorithms are presented for both the sizing and monitoring functions of the SolarHelper software.
1) The document discusses the design of a hardware battery management system (BMS) for electric vehicles and energy storage.
2) A BMS monitors and controls batteries by measuring voltage, current, and temperature to keep batteries safe, efficient, and reliable.
3) The proposed BMS design uses a microcontroller-based master board to communicate with battery monitoring and balancing boards via CANBUS, measuring cell voltages and temperatures to determine state of charge and health and enable thermal management.
Design and Implementation of High Resolution Data Acquisition Systemijsrd.com
Fuel cell stacks containing hundreds of individual cells are capable of generating high voltage and current values needed for transportation, commercial, residential, portable and industrial power applications. Although majority of hydrogen produced today comes from reformulated natural gas generated through a process that creates a significant amount of carbon dioxide, fuel cell is still a viable energy source for the future electrical power applications. One of the hard cases of the fuel-cell power systems is proper monitoring, instrumentation and data acquisition of system parameters such as fuel flow into the system, AC and DC voltage values, load current, humidity, power, pressure, temperature, fuel utilization, overall system efficiency, noise, etc. Fuel cell test systems must precisely monitor and control the aforementioned hundreds of measurements in real-time. It is necessary to have an instrumentation system which is able to monitor and control fuel cell operation under varying conditions and accurately get information relating to real-time performance and operational characteristics to calculate fuel cell efficiency correctly. Instrumentation and interface systems must also provide flexible data acquisition, monitoring, and control capability to precisely control fuel cell operation. Therefore, a typical fuel cell test system requires high-resolution, high-voltage input, isolation, and waveform acquisition capability. The objective of this applied research project is design and implementation of a high-resolution data acquisition and interface module for a 500 W Hydrogen fuel cell power station using LabVIEW ™ PDS v8.20 software and field point based data acquisition modules.
Circuit breakers (CBs) are very important elements in the power system. They are used to switch other equipment in and out of service. Circuit breakers need to be reliable since their incorrect operation can cause major issues with power system protection and control. Today’s practice in monitoring circuit breaker operation and status in real time is reduced to the use of Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to assess CB status. More detailed information about the control circuit performance may be obtained by CB test equipment typically used for maintenance diagnostics. This paper addresses two important issues: a) how improved CB monitoring may be implemented in real-time, and b) what would be the benefits of such an implementation. The results reported in this paper are coming from two research projects, conducted using funding from Center Point Energy and DOE-CERTS aimed at development of software for automated analysis of CB data and the other covering development of the CB data acquisition unit respectively. The paper is devoted to description of a prototype implementation of a real-time CB monitoring system. The system consists of a new CB monitoring data acquisition IED that is located at circuit breaker and captures detailed information about its operation in real-time. The CB files are transferred to the concentrator PC where the application software performs automated analysis and makes an assessment about the operational status of the breaker. The software is based on signal processing and expert system processing. Application example using actual field data is discussed the paper ends with some conclusions, acknowledgments and a list of references.
Optimized design of an extreme low power datalogger for photovoltaic panels IJECEIAES
The paper focuses on the design and implementation of a low cost and compact data logger prototype using an extreme low power (XLP) and low pin count programmable interface controllers (PIC) microcontroller using its own flash memory for the periodic data acquisition storage, while many other works focus in the Arduino Eco-system. It is planned to pick four important analog measures from the photovoltaic system, and store them directly as 10-bit numerical counts, this yields to faster data acquisition and storage (no time consuming for mathematical computation to convert each numerical count of raw data to meaningful real-world data). Avoiding the use of any kind of display and keypad, and keeping the ratio run time over sleep time as low as possible, has a maximum impact on lowering the power consumption. This prototype can be serially linked to a personal computer (PC) to view the acquisition of measurements in real time, and to retrieve all collected data through a terminal application. The experimental results are stored in commaseparated values (CSV) files to ease post data analysis with any spread sheet software, for statistical calculations and graphs drawing, in order for instance, to find the faults of the photovoltaic system and optimize its management and its performance.
This document summarizes an IoT-based battery management system that monitors and controls batteries. The system uses sensors, microcontrollers, communication modules, and cloud-based servers to collect battery data like voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge. It analyzes the data and optimizes battery charging and discharging to extend battery life and reduce costs. Real-time monitoring and early warning of potential failures are provided. Users can access the battery data like state of charge and temperature remotely using smartphones or computers. The system aims to improve battery performance, increase reliability, and reduce environmental impact.
Analysis optimization and monitoring system slmnsvn
This document describes a load flow analysis of an electrical distribution network in Palestine. The analysis finds several issues with the maximum load case, including under voltage buses, overloaded transformers, and low power factors below 92%. To address these problems, the author proposes:
1) Changing transformer taps up to 5% to increase voltages.
2) Adding capacitor banks to improve power factors above 92% by reducing reactive power loads.
3) Locations for changed taps and added capacitors are provided in appendices. After implementing these changes, voltages are improved and power factor rises to 92.89%, addressing the identified issues.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes battery management systems. It discusses how battery management systems monitor lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles to measure state of charge, state of health, temperature, voltage and current. It describes how the research deployed a battery management system model on a Raspberry Pi microcontroller and tested it on a lithium-ion battery pack. Key results included determining state of charge based on open circuit voltage measurements and current measurements, and using a Kalman filter model to estimate state of charge from the two methods and output the best value.
1) Calculating the total power requirements for a data center involves estimating the power needs for critical IT loads, future loads, UPS systems, lighting, and cooling equipment.
2) The process begins by determining the critical IT load based on equipment specifications and then accounting for future growth. UPS loads are estimated based on efficiency and battery charging needs.
3) Lighting and cooling loads are calculated based on data center size. The total power estimate is then used to size the electrical service and generator capacity while accounting for peak loads and safety factors.
REAL-TIME APPLICATIONS OF PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNITS (PMU) FOR VISUALIZATION, ...Power System Operation
SECTION 1
BACKGROUND
Synchrophasors are precise grid measurement devices most often called phasor measurement units (PMU). These devices are capable of directly measuring frequency, voltage and current waveforms along with phase angle differences at high sampling rates and accuracies. They are prompting a revolution in power system operations as next generation measuring devices. With the smart grid investment grant demonstrations projects funded throughout the country, an additional 850 PMUs are going to be installed in the United States to bring the total to over 1,000 in the next three years. New York State expects about 40 new PMUs to be installed in the next three years, bringing its total to over 50 units.
This project was sponsored by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA). The project team worked with CHG&E, ConEd, DPS, LIPA, National Grid, NYISO, NYPA and NYSEG to develop the project objectives to demonstrate the following three technologies, related to PMU applications, in the New York State control area:
IoT Based smart Battery Management SystemIRJET Journal
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1. BITE®
3
Battery Impedance Test Equipment
■ Determines health of lead-acid cells up
to 2000 Ah
■ On-line testing with Pass/Warning/Fail
calculations
■ Measures impedance, interconnection
resistance and cell voltage
■ Windows CE operating system with
32 MB of memory
■ Measures float and ripple currents
■ Includes ProActiv™
Database Management
Software
BITE®
3
Battery Impedance Test Equipment
DESCRIPTION
The Megger BITE 3 Battery Impedance Test Equipment
determines the health of lead-acid cells up to 2000 Ah by
taking measurements of the most important battery
parameters. The BITE 3 measures cell impedance, an
internal ohmic test, cell voltage, intercell connection
resistance and ripple current. And, for the first time in a
battery instrument, the BITE 3 measures float current and
the harmonic content of the ripple current. There is even a
built-in spectrum analyzer to show the harmonic content
of the ripple current. It has firmware that can be upgraded
through the Internet and supports multiple languages.
The BITE 3 is one of the easiest instruments to use. Its
measurements, along with temperature, specific gravity and
other battery data, can provide the best basis for
evaluating the overall health of batteries from terminal
plate to terminal plate and to a lesser extent, the charger
(from ripple current and its harmonic content.) Megger
recommends that the BITE 3 be made part of a
comprehensive battery maintenance program with readings
taken and recorded semi-annually for flooded, lead-acid
cells and quarterly for VRLA.
Unlike load-cycle testing which is expensive, non-
predictive and time-consuming (but does provide actual
capacity data), the BITE 3 is quick, reliable and easy to
use. With a rapid test time, one person can easily, quickly
and precisely measure cell and string parameters without
taking the system off line. Furthermore, in as little as four
keystrokes, the instrument is ready to take battery
measurements (five, if the power button is included). The
processor of the BITE 3 uses a Windows®
CE Operating
System and can store more than 1 million cells’ data in any
string configuration. It is menu-driven that is easy to
navigate. Its unique data analysis screens provide
immediate feedback on the status of cell impedance, (see
Figure 1, Battery Analysis Report). The first part of the
report is the numerical data. The second part is the
impedance deviation graph and the third part is the
impedance deviation graph but in ascending impedance
order. The ascending impedance graph groups the weakest
cells together for easier analysis. With the optional printer,
this report can be printed by the user and left at the site as
a record for future reference.
PROACTIV DATABASE MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
The first of its kind, ProActiv is a powerful software
package that organizes and analyzes battery data in an MS
Access database. Used in conjunction with the BITE 3,
ProActiv manages the transferred test data from the BITE 3
by organizing it according to your needs and displaying it
in an extremely useful manner. Once the database is
configured to your liking and test data are transferred from
the BITE 3, it provides red, yellow and green bands that
coincide with user entered pass, warning and failure limits.
ProActiv allows the user to organize and manage battery
data such as voltages, impedance, intercell connection
resistance, ripple current, and specific gravity. ProActiv
even has a place for IR thermographs, diagrams and
graphics to store with the battery data. It is an all-
encompassing battery database management tool.
Having such a tool becomes even more important when
you consider the following: battery testing is crucial to
ensure a battery system provides standby and emergency
power to operate devices such as emergency lighting, UPS
99 Washington Street
Melrose, MA 02176
Fax 781-665-0780
TestEquipmentDepot.com
2. Figure 1: Battery Analysis Report
BITE®
3
Battery Impedance Test Equipment
systems, operating controls, switchgear components,
protective relays and continuous process systems. Failure
of a battery system within environments such as utilities,
hospitals and manufacturing plants can result in
operational failure of the devices connected to it. ProActiv
assists the user to avoid battery failures, budget for future
battery string and cell replacements, and plan battery
changeouts in an orderly manner.
The BITE 3 along with ProActiv software offer the most
comprehensive data analysis system to provide confident
and reliable evaluation of batteries in the dc network.
Together, they combine to make the most powerful battery
health analyzer available on the market today.
APPLICATIONS
It is known that impedance is correlated to battery
capacity and there has been a long-standing question as to
when a user should replace a cell. See Figure 2. Recent
studies by EPRI* and other organizations indicate that
when the impedance of a sealed battery increases by
about 50% from its baseline value, the cell has degraded to
less than about 70% capacity. BITE 3 and ProActiv allow
the user to trend data and to enter baseline values for
comparison purposes and to make decisions whether on-
site or in the office. Both the BITE 3’s impedance
deviation graph and the trend graph in ProActiv clearly
show the status of a cell which helps users to decide what
action needs to be taken to ensure battery back up
reliability based on users’ criteria.
A battery’s internal impedance increases as its capacity
decreases due to various factors such as age, ambient
temperature, discharge history, etc. The BITE 3 measures
internal impedance and dc voltage for lead-acid cells up to
2000 Ah in capacity. It also measures intercell connection
resistance, float current and ripple current and the
harmonic content of the ripple current to provide a much
better evaluation than any other single instrument.
Impedance finds electrical path problems due to plate
sulphation, post-seal corrosion, dry-out (loss of
compression), poor intracell welds and intercell
connections and more. These data let the user determine
maintenance needs such as:
■ Cell replacement criteria based on impedance trends
■ Jumper out a cell or two
■ Clean and/or retighten intercell connectors
■ Shorten the maintenance interval, etc.,
■ Evaluate float current and ripple current effects
Typical installations that can be tested using the BITE 3
include:
■ Electrical power generation plants
■ Substations — utility, railroad, industrial
■ Telecommunications facilities — OSP, Wireless, POPs,
MTSOs, Fiber Regens
■ UPS systems — standard and cabinetized batteries
■ Railroad — Signals and Communications, CTC
■ Aircraft power supplies
■ Marine and military
*Stationary Battery Monitoring by Internal Ohmic Measurements
EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2002. 1002925
Test Equipment Depot - 800.517.8431 - 99 Washington Street Melrose, MA 02176
FAX 781.665.0780 - TestEquipmentDepot.com
3. drop of the intercell connector to calculate the resistance
of the intercell connector. Then, it measures the strap
again without the instrument current. A mathematical
calculation is performed to determine float and ripple
currents and the intercell connection resistance.
The optional CT can be used with short strings in parallel
configurations to measure “escape current.” Other
techniques do not measure the current and can overstate
the health of batteries in these types of configurations. By
using a CT to measure the actual current in the cell being
tested, better results are obtained.
ProActiv can download string header info (with baselines
and limits) into the BITE 3 along with the most recent data
(even if measured by a different BITE). See Figure 3. Then
using the menus, simply scroll to the site and string and
start taking readings. When finished, close the test and
continue to the next string. At the conclusion of the test,
simply download to a PC for further data analysis and
long-term trending. Its versatility allows comments to be
added about the string. These comments will be uploaded
with the battery data. Additional comments about the site,
string and/or cell such as ambient and pilot cell
temperature can be stored by using the keypad to enter
them.
DATA ANALYSIS
The interface between BITE 3 and ProActiv is an
advanced, state-of-the-art feature that ensures that
everyone has access to the latest information and data on
which to base intelligent battery decisions. Not only can
emergency cell replacement criteria be developed but also
budgetary planning for string replacements can now
become part of the fiscal planning process.
ProActiv has the ability to download site and string
information and data as well as firmware updates to the
BITE 3. The data downloaded into the BITE 3 gives access
to the most recent data for the strings being tested during
the upcoming week or month.
BITE®
3
Battery Impedance Test Equipment
FEATURES AND BENEFITS
■ Calculates impedance automatically
and stores results for on-site review to
make immediate decisions.
■ Serial connector for uploading stored
data to a personal computer and to
download data from ProActiv.
■ Measures lead-acid cells up to 2000 Ah
to test a wide range of batteries.
■ On-line testing requiring no downtime
and introduces less risk to battery
testing compared to load testing and
other techniques.
■ Stores more than 1 million cells’ data
in any string configuration – no need
to stop, download, delete and continue.
■ Firmware and software updates are fast and easy for
ProActiv and the BITE 3 through the Internet.
■ No programming skills required. ProActiv is an easy to
use, fully functional battery database capable of storing
as much information and data as your hard drive (or
network) has memory to store.
■ ProActiv has the ability to import images such as IR
thermographs, diagrams or photographs. This helps to
document visual inspections, string configurations,
installation techniques, or other aspects of battery
systems. Images and data are stored together, providing
convenient and easy access.
■ The BITE 3 and ProActiv accommodate multiple
languages.
TEST PROCEDURE
The BITE 3 works by placing the lead set at the cell
terminals to measure the voltage drop of the ac current
signal applied by the instrument to the cell while it is
on-line. During each measurement, impedance is
calculated following Ohm’s Law, displayed on the LCD,
and stored. It also measures, displays and records dc
voltage, interconnection (strap) resistance, float and ripple
currents. Float and ripple current measurements are
performed separately at the start of the test. This is
because current is the same everywhere in the series
connection of the string in accordance with Kirchhoff’s
law. All of these data together help determine the overall
health of the entire battery string’s electrical path from
terminal plate to terminal plate and to a lesser extent, the
charger (by measuring ripple current and its harmonic
content).
An innovative, patent-pending measuring technique is
being employed so that a clamp-on current sensor is no
longer necessary. It is well-recognized that the best way to
measure current is with a shunt. Since the battery has
many straps, simply by determining a strap’s resistance, it
can be used as a shunt to determine float and ripple
currents. First, while across an intercell connector, the
instrument applies a current and measures the voltage
Figure 2: Ascending impedance compared to load test
4. BITE®
3
Battery Impedance Test Equipment
With previous data loaded, better
analysis can be performed simply by
comparing the last result to the most
recent result. Any cell that changes
by more than a few percent suggests
that further investigation is
warranted.
On-Site Interpretation
Impedance readings for individual
cells can be used to compare to the
string average. Individual cells with
deviations of more than ±15% for
flooded and ±35% for VRLA typically
indicate a problem with that cell.
The Battery Analysis Report clearly
shows the cells that are weakest
when compared to the string average
and the other cells in the string. It is
typically the one or two weak cells
that can take the string off line. By
comparing each cell to the string average, it is possible to
determine which cell is the weakest in the string and by
how much.
If previous data were downloaded through ProActiv, then
a comparison of each cell to its previous reading (%C) can
provide additional information about each cell. The
Battery Analysis Report is designed to provide as much
information as possible on which to make decisions while
on site; decisions to ensure that the string will properly
support the load.
Trending Analysis
Impedance readings can be used for trending to determine
replacement criteria. Battery cell impedance values should
be recorded and compared to previous readings to
determine the position of the cell on the curve of
impedance versus cell life. Based on experience, a
variation of ±20% from baseline of a flooded lead-acid and
±50% for VRLA cells indicate significant change in the
electrical path to warrant serious evaluation of the health
of the battery system. Megger maintains a database of
impedance values by some manufacturers and battery
size/type. The BITE 3 with baseline values entered can be
used as a trending tool while on site. Trending is the best
method available to know the most about the health of
batteries.
Configuring the ProActiv Database
There are three basic steps to setting up ProActiv:
■ Configuring battery manufacturers, models, sites, and
strings including baselines and limits
■ Entering data from previous BITE downloads, manually
or directly from the BITE 3
■ Performing data analysis
ProActiv is configured by entering and setting up each
battery manufacturer and battery model type used in a dc
network. Optionally, other information such as sales
contact names, purchase order numbers or technical
support contact names may be added. Extensive model
information may be entered including model type,
plate count, rating, charger type, baseline impedance
value as well as warning and fail percentages. Limits
on other parameters can also be set such as upper and
lower float voltage limits and specific gravity limits.
All of the individual battery cell information can then
be configured under a specific site name, string ID,
battery model, installation date, and charger
information. If a cell needs to be replaced, but the
same model is not available, ProActiv will allow it to
be replaced with another manufacturer or model.
ProActiv keeps track of cell-level information and data
and this is reflected when viewing information and
data for that string. In instances where there is such a
large installed battery base and a string is replaced,
some of the better cells may be used in other strings to
replace weak cells. ProActiv allows the user to keep
track of these movements.
Entering Data
Data entry is easy with the Data Entry Wizard: direct
import of test data from a BITE, manual entry, via
browsing for a file. When uploading from a BITE 3,
ProActiv can automatically create a site and string for a
new site that hasn’t been prevoulsy configured in
ProActiv. Digital photographs and IR thermographs can
be imported also into ProActiv to document the health
and condition of the battery.
Performing Data Analysis
The last step is “analyze.” Using both numerical data
displays and graphs, the user can see how the batteries
in the dc network are performing based on the user-
entered limits for each parameter. Graphs can be
printed and saved as bitmaps to export to other
programs for written reports. A summary report may be
printed which lists all cells' data and each cell's status.
The graph shown in Figure 4 clearly shows which cells
are in the pass (green), warning (yellow) and fail (red)
bands. It is possible to select and graph one cell and
verify its entire history.
Figure 3: ProActiv to BITE 3 download screen
Test Equipment Depot - 800.517.8431 - 99 Washington Street Melrose, MA 02176
FAX 781.665.0780 - TestEquipmentDepot.com
5. BITE®
3
Battery Impedance Test Equipment
ACCESSORIES
The BITE 3 has many accessories that enhance its
versatility. There are several lead sets, a printer,
lighted probe extensions and a CT.
The lead set family contains:
■ AMP/Burndy lead set for small telco batteries
■ Quick Disconnect lead set for ELU systems, security
systems, etc.
■ Kelvin Clip lead set for other types of batteries
The CT is for measuring escape current in short
strings in parallel configurations. The lighted probe
extensions are ideal for measuring batteries in (dark)
cabinets. The extensions eliminate the need to take
the battery off line and can be tested during normal
working hours, saving time and money. As with
previous BITEs, it is a one person job since the
batteries need not be removed from the cabinet.
SPECIFICATIONS
BITE 3 Instrument
Impedance Range and Resolution
0.05 to 1.000 mΩ 1 µΩ resolution
1 to 10.00 mΩ 10 µΩ resolution
10 to 100.0 mΩ 0.1 mΩ resolution
Voltage Range and Resolution
1 to 30 V dc across probes
1 to 8.0 V dc 1 mV resolution
8.0 to 30.00 V dc 10 mV resolution
Current Range and Resolution
0.5 — 9.99 A ac/dc 0.01 A resolution
10.0 — 99.9 A ac/dc 0.1 A resolution
Accuracy
dc voltage: ±(1% rdg +1 lsd)
ac impedance: ±(5% of rdg +1 lsd)
ac/dc current: ±(5% rdg +0.5 A)
Precision
Better than 0.5% one sigma
Source Output Current
1/2 A rms
Display
1/4 VGA LCD
Settling Time per Reading
3 seconds maximum
Battery Pack
2 to 4 hours continuous
4.8 V dc, 7000 mAh, quick charge NiMH battery pack
Temperature
Operating: 32° to 105° F (0° to +40° C)
Storage: -5° to 130° F (-20° to +55° C)
Humidity: 20 to 90% RH, noncondensing
Safety
Designed to meet IEC 61010-1 specifications
Dimensions
8.6 x 4 x 9.5 in.
220 x 100 x 237 mm
Weight
5.7 lbs (2.6 kg)
Charger
Supply Voltage
100 to 130 V, 50/60 Hz, 14 VA
210 to 250 V, 50/60 Hz, 14 VA
Output
6.50 V dc at 1.10 A dc charging (max.)
Optional Printer
Thermal, with 4-1/4 in. (110 mm) printing width
Figure 4: ProActiv ascending impedance graph with Pass/Warning/Fail bands
6. BITE 3, 110/230 V ac, 50/60 Hz, CE-marked BITE 3
Included Accessories
ProActiv™ software BI-90001
Canvas carrying case 35788
RS-232 null modem cable 33533-1
Line charger EV6280-333
Battery EV6121-492
Dual-point lead set BI-10002
Tip kit BI-10017
Operating manual AVTMBITE3
ORDERING INFORMATION
ISO STATEMENT
Registered to ISO 9001:1994 Reg no. Q 09250
Registered to ISO 14001 Reg no. EMS 61597
BITE®
3
Battery Impedance Test Equipment
ProActiv System Requirements
Processor
300 MHz Pentium II or better
Operating System
Windows 98
Windows Me
Windows NT 4.0 (SP6a required)
Windows 2000 (SP2 recommended)
Windows XP
Note:Windows 95 is not supported
Software
Microsoft® Internet Explorer 5 or later
Microsoft .Net Framework
Will be automatically installed by ProActiv if it is not already
installed on your computer. For additional information about
Microsoft .Net Framework please visit: www.microsoft.com/net
Hard Drive Space
100 MB
System Memory (RAM)
64 MB (128 MB recommended)
Other Drives
CD-ROM (used only for installation)
Communications Port
COM (used only for importing data from test equipment or to
download information to the BITE 3)
Monitor/Display
True color, 800 x 600 resolution
Additional Information
For improved usage, an internet connection will make it easy to
get automatic ProActiv software updates.
The user should have Microsoft Excel 9.0, or later, to import
AVOLink or COMLink files into ProActiv.
Optional Accessories
Printer, battery-operated, 110 V ac 35755-3
Printer, battery-operated, 220 V ac 35755-4
Printer paper, 1 roll 26999
AMP/Burndy lead set BI-10004
Kelvin clip lead set BI-10005
Quick Disconnect lead set BI-10006
Cigarette lighter charger EV6280-332
Current transformer kit 35873
USB-serial adapter 35871
Probe extensions, lighted 35865
Hard-sided carrying case 35890
Standard transit case 35915
Field test shunt, 0.01 Ω, current rating 10 A 249003
Field test shunt, 0.001 Ω, current rating 100 A 249004
Field test shunt, 0.0001 Ω, current rating 500 A 249005
Item Cat. No. Item Cat. No.
Test Equipment Depot - 800.517.8431 - 99 Washington Street Melrose, MA 02176
FAX 781.665.0780 - TestEquipmentDepot.com