Since becoming a conversation analysis geek I've realised that it's really important and sometimes quite challenging to be able to explain this very distinctive methodology clearly to people who aren't familiar with it. I took the opportunity of giving a talk at Queen Mary's Computer Science and Electrical Engineering postgraduate conference to try and explain CA in 10 minutes or less with sufficiently clarity to give people a sense of what it's for and how it works.
it describes ethnomethodology as a method as well as a theory. This very concise and precise presentation helps one to understand the real meaning of ethnomethodology.
Since becoming a conversation analysis geek I've realised that it's really important and sometimes quite challenging to be able to explain this very distinctive methodology clearly to people who aren't familiar with it. I took the opportunity of giving a talk at Queen Mary's Computer Science and Electrical Engineering postgraduate conference to try and explain CA in 10 minutes or less with sufficiently clarity to give people a sense of what it's for and how it works.
it describes ethnomethodology as a method as well as a theory. This very concise and precise presentation helps one to understand the real meaning of ethnomethodology.
The notion of sequence organization is based on the premise that the central consideration for the organization of talk is that talk is a form of social action: that is, turns at talk are places in which the participants in a conversation perform actions through talk. Turns at talk cluster together in order for speakers to develop a course of action. This view maintains that the action being performed is a more important resource for understanding how conversation is organized. CA views the positioning of an utterance in the ongoing conversation as fundamental to the understanding of its meaning and to the analysis of its significance as a social action.
We notice that many turns at talk occur as pairs. A greeting is conventionally followed by another greeting, a farewell by a farewell, a question by an answer. Schegloff and Sacks (1973) called these sorts of paired utterances adjacency pairs and these adjacency pairs are the basic unit on which sequences in conversation are built.
Sequence expansion involves structures largely built through adjacency pairs. Pre - , insert and post - expansion sequences can be seen to be in the service of the base sequence in some key way, though these ways are quite diverse. Generic functions for pre- sequences include establishing that the conditions for proceeding to the base sequence are in place, indicating that the base sequence will involve a matter that is delicate in some way or highlighting the significance of something to come in the base first- p air part. Insert sequences are typically concerned with repairing some aspect of a first - pair part or can be concerned with contingencies on which a second - pair part might depend. Post sequences are concerned with repairing some aspect of a second- p air part, pursuing additional information or proposing sequence closure. As is clear from the discussion thus far, sequence expansion addresses a wide variety of interactional goals. It is for this reason that understanding how turns are organized into sequences, as well as how and when they are expanded, provides us with substantial analytic leverage on what it is that the participants are doing in and through interaction.
this powerpoint presentation is for better understanding of Ethnomethodology. In this presentation ethnomethodology is compared with phenomenology and mainstream social science .the criticism of mainstream sociology by ethnomethodologist is also a part of the presentation. the last slide consist of criticism of enthomethodology
APPROACHES USED IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS Qualit.docxjewisonantone
APPROACHES USED
IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGNS
Qualitative Research Designs
https://my.visme.co/render/1454625359/www.erau.edu
Slide 1 Transcript
This module will focus on qualitative research designs, which fall mostly into the nonexperimental category. Qualitative research is found in nearly all the academic disciplines. Often, this is
how a line of inquiry begins. When little is known about a subject, and variables are unknown or a related theory base is undeveloped, a qualitative study helps to identify what needs to be
studied that is important.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Designs Share
Two Things in Common
Five Designs
Commonly Used
May be arranged by
descriptive methodologies
Expect to Find Multiple
Layers or Facets
Studies complexity without
simplifying
Usually does not try to
manipulate any variables
Studied in natural settings
May use historical records
May involve meta-analysis
Slide 3 Transcript
Qualitative approaches share two things in common. The main interest is on phenomena that are happening now or previously, usually in real-world, or natural, settings. Another aspect is that
they attempt to capture and study the complexity of those phenomena. From the outset, qualitative researchers expect to find multilayered, multi-faceted observations and do not try to simplify,
or control for, them. So, it is essential that you know what qualitative research entails and what it sets out to accomplish. Typically, there are five recognized qualitative designs that are in use,
although the number varies depending on how writers arrange the approaches. For instance, they may separate approaches into descriptive designs, use existing or historical information, or work
with a meta-analysis which combines results from several studies.
Types of Qualitative Designs
Case Study
Content Analysis
Systematic examination of
material for patterns
Ethnography
Group with common cultureParticular person,
program, event
Phenomenology
Perceptions about
particular situation
Grounded Theory
Develop theory
Slide 5 Transcript
The names for the most used types of qualitative designs are the case study, which is also known as idiographic research, and studies a particular person, program, or event in depth
for a specified time period. An ethnography, which is where the researcher looks, not at an individual, but at a group that shares a common culture over time. A phenomenology
study seeks to understand perception among people about a particular situation. Grounded theory study begins with data collected in the field, not from literature, to develop a
theory. The final design in use is content analysis, probably one of the most used types of qualitative design, which identifies a body of material from several sources and performs a
systematic examination to determine patterns. Now, a closer consideration of the five design approaches helps to understand when a researcher may be served b.
This topic is included in the paper of physical sciences in the curriculum of B.Ed.
Basic understanding of what observational techniques, their types and description of it is covered in this presentation.
2. Conversation Analysis a research tradition that grew out of ethnomethodology originated by Harvey Sack, Emanuel A. Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson in the late 1960s and early 1970s has become an established force in sociology, anthropology, linguistics, speech-communication and psychology particularly influential in interactional sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and discursive psychology studies the social organization of ‘conversation’ or ‘talk-in-interaction’, by a detailed inspection of audio or video recordings
3. The Conversation Analyst believes that interaction is responsible for determining the nature of the relationship between people believes that social distance and power are not fixed properties but are negotiated through interaction believes that conversation/ talk-in-interaction is orderly
4. The main principles of conversation Conversation is a kind of activity with which people bring order to the world This activity is made up of a sequence of orderly actions (utterances) These actions as governed by rules or sets of expectations which people share with one another These rules determine things like how we begin and end conversations, who gets to talk about what and when, and how we know when it is our turn to talk and when it is not
5. Model of Conversation by Sack Speaker-change recurs, or at least occurs Overwhelmingly, one party speaks at a time Occurrences of more than one speaker at a time are common, but brief Transitions (from one turn to the next) with no gap and no overlap are common. Together with transitions characterized by slight gap or slight overlap, they make up the vast majority of transitions.
6. Model of Conversation by Sack Turn order is not fixed, but varies; Turn size is not fixed but varies; Length of conversation is not fixed in advance; Relative distribution of turns is not specified in advance; What parties say is not specified in advance. Number of parties can vary;
7. Model of Conversation by Sack Talk can be continuous or discontinuous; Turn allocation techniques are used. A current speaker may select a next speaker (as when he addresses a question to another party); or parties may self-select in starting a talk; Various turn-constructional units are employed; e.g. turns can be as short as a single word; and Repair mechanisms exist for dealing with turn-taking errors and violations; e.g. if two parties find themselves talking at the same time, one of them will stop prematurely, thus the trouble is repaired.
8. The central goal of CA research the description and explication of competencies that ordinary speakers use and rely on in intelligible, socially organized interaction
9. Methodological Issues Most CA practitioners tend to refrain from extensive theoretical and methodological discussion. CA papers tend to be exclusively devoted to an empirically based discussion of specific analytic issues. It is an unusual species of scientific work. It is methodologically ‘impure’ but it works
10. Methodological Issues does not generally have an a priori discussion of the literature to formulate hypotheses hardly any detail about research situations or subjects researched. no description of sampling techniques or coding procedures No testing No statistics
11. Methodological Issues Data: Recorded naturally occurring, non experimental, ordinary everyday conversation or institutional talk Data should be free from too much a product of the researcher's or informant's manipulation, selection, or reconstruction, based on preconceived notions of what is probable or important Recorded data, instead, are indefinitely rich in empirical detail, which could never be produced by the imagination of anybody.
12. Methodological Issues The use of recorded data serves as a control on the limitations and fallibilities of intuition and recollection The availability of an audio or video record enables repeated and detailed examination of particular events in interaction and hence greatly enhances the range and precision of the observations that can be made
13. Methodological Issues The use of such materials has the additional advantage of providing hearers and, to a lesser extent, readers of research reports with direct access to the data about which analytic claims are being made, thereby making them available for public scrutiny in a way that further minimizes the influence of individual preconception.
14. Methodological Issues The transcriptions made after these are to be seen as a convenient form to represent the recorded material in written form By making a transcription, the researcher is forced to attend to details of the interaction that would escape the ordinary listener. Transcripts provide the researcher with a quick access to a wide range of interactional episodes, that can be inspected for comparative purposes.
15. Methodological Issues Transcriptions should not be made with a specific research problem or hypothesis in mind. The ideal would be to have a large corpus of very detailed transcripts that can be used to locate and analyze specific phenomena. For reporting purposes one could then use selected simplified transcripts.
16. The CA Report a clear statement of the research issues a description of the research site, participants, procedures for ensuring participant anonymity, and data collection strategies an empirically based description of a clear and salient organization of patterns found through data analysis–including representative examples, not anecdotal information interpretations in which you trace the underlying organization of patterns across all contexts in which they are embedded a discussion of how the data analyzed in the study connect with and shed light on current theoretical and practical issues in the acquisition and use of English as an L2