This document provides an overview of key concepts related to motion, forces, and Newton's laws. It defines terms like speed, velocity, acceleration, mass, weight, and forces. It describes Newton's three laws of motion and concepts like inertia, gravity, circular motion, and satellites. Key examples are provided to illustrate these physics principles.

1. Chapter 2 Motion
2-1. Speed 2-8. Mass
2-2. Vectors 2-9. Second Law of Motion
2-3. Acceleration 2-10. Mass and Weight
2-4. Distance, Time, and 2-11. Third Law of Motion
Acceleration 2-12. Circular Motion
2-5. Free Fall System 2-13. Newton's Law of
2-6. Air Resistance Gravity
2-7. First Law of Motion 2-14. Artificial Satellites

2. 2-1. Speed
• Definitions:
– Speed
• The rate at which something moves a given distance.
• Faster speeds = greater distances
– General formula for speed:
• Speed = distance / time
• Abbreviations commonly used:
d = distance t = time v = speed
v = d/t

3. 2-1. Speed
Velocity
d 100m iles m iles
v 40 40m ph
t 2.5hours hour
Distance
d v t 30 miles 6hours 180miles
hour
Time
d 100m iles m iles
t 2.5 2.5hours
v 40m iles/ hour m iles/ hour

4. 2-1. Speed
Average speed is the total
distance traveled by an
object divided by the
time taken to travel that
distance.
Instantaneous speed is
an object's speed at a
given instant of time.

5. 2-2. Vectors
Magnitude of a quantity
tells how large the
quantity is.
Scalar quantities have
magnitude only.
Vector quantities have
both magnitude and
direction.

6. 2-2. Vectors
Velocity is a vector quantity that includes both speed and
direction.

7. 2-3. Acceleration
Acceleration of an object is the rate of change of its
velocity and is a vector quantity. For straight-line motion,
average acceleration is the rate of change of speed:
change in speed vf vi
Accelerati on a
time interval t

8. 2-3. Acceleration
3 Types of Acceleartion
Speeding Up
Slowing Down
Turning

9. 2- 4. Distance, Time and
Acceleration
(V1 + V2) (20mph + 60mph)
Vavg = = 40mph
2 2
d = vavg t 30mph 2hr = 60miles
d = ½at2 ½ 10m/s/s 52 = 125m

10. 2-5. Free Fall
The acceleration of
gravity (g) for objects
in free fall at the
earth's surface is 9.8
m/s2.
Galileo found that all
things fall at the same
rate.

11. 2-5. Free Fall
The rate of falling
increases by 9.8 m/s
every second.
Height = ½ gt2
For example:
½ (9.8 )12 = 4.9 m
½(9.8)22 = 19.6 m
½ (9.8)32 = 44.1 m
½ (9.8)42 = 78.4 m

12. 2-5. Free Fall
A ball thrown
horizontally
will fall at the
same rate as a
ball dropped
directly.

13. 2-5. Free Fall
A ball thrown into the
air will slow down, stop,
and then begin to fall
with the acceleration
due to gravity. When it
passes the thrower, it
will be traveling at the
same rate at which it
was thrown.

14. 2-5. Free Fall
An object thrown upward at an angle to
the ground follows a curved path called
a parabola.

15. 2-6. Air Resistance
• In air…
– A stone falls faster
than a feather
• Air resistance
affects stone less
• In a vacuum
– A stone and a
feather will fall at
the same speed.

16. 2-6. Air Resistance
• Free Fall
– A person in free
fall reaches a
terminal
velocity of
around 54 m/s
– With a
parachute,
terminal velocity
is only 6.3 m/s
• Allows a safe
landing

17. 2-6. Air Resistance
• Ideal angle for a projectile
– In a vacuum, maximum distance is at an angle of 45o
– With air resistance (real world), angle is less
• Baseball will go furthest hit at an angle of around 40o

18. 2-7. First Law of Motion
The first law of
motion states: If
no net force acts
on it, an object at
rest remains at
rest and an object
in motion remains
in motion at a
constant velocity.

19. Foucault Pendulum
Inertia keeps a pendulum
swinging in the same
direction regardless of the
motion of the earth. This
can be used to measure the
motion of the earth. As the
Foucault Pendulum swings
it appears to be rotating,
but it is the earth that is
rotating under it. To the
right is the Foucault
Pendulum at the Pantheon
in Paris, France.

20. Foucault Pendulum
Other Web sites that illustrate the Foucault Pendulum.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foucault-
rotz.gif
http://www.physclips.unsw.edu.au/jw/foucault_
pendulum.html
http://aspire.cosmic-
ray.org/labs/scientific_method/pendulum.swf
http://www.calacademy.org/products/pendulum/
page7.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nB2SXLYw
KkM

21. 2-8. Mass
Inertia is the apparent resistance
an object offers to any change in
its state of rest or motion.

22. 2-9. Second Law of Motion
Newton's second law
of motion states: The
net force on an object
equals the product of
the mass and the
acceleration of the
object. The direction of
the force is the same as
that of the acceleration.
F = Ma

23. 2-9. Second Law of Motion
A force is any
influence that
can cause an
object to be
accelerated.
The pound (lb) is
the unit of force
in the British
system of
measurement:
1 lb = 4.45 N (1 N 2
1 newton 1 N 1 (kg)(m/s )
= 0.225 lb)

24. 2-10. Mass and Weight
• Weight
Definition: The force with which an object is
attracted by the earth’s gravitational pull
• Example: A person weighing 160 lbs is being pulled
towards the earth with a force of 160 lbs (712 N).
– Near the earth’s surface, weight and mass are
essentially the same
Weight (mass)(acc
elerationof gravity)
w mg

25. 2-11. Third Law of Motion
The third law of
motion states:
When one object
exerts a force on a
second object, the
second object exerts
an equal force in the
opposite direction
on the first object.

26. 2-11. Third Law of Motion
Examples of the 3rd Law

27. 2-12. Circular Motion
Centripetal force is the inward force exerted on an object
to keep it moving in a curved path.
Centrifugal force is the outward force exerted on the
object that makes it want to fly off into space.

28. 2-12. Circular Motion

29. 2-12. Circular Motion
833 N is needed to make this turn.
If he goes too fast, which wheels are likely to
come off the ground first?

30. 2-13. Newton's Law of
Gravity
Gm1m2
Gravitatio nal force F 2
R
G = 6.67 x 10-11
N•m/kg2

31. 2-13. Newton's Law of
Gravity
• How can we determine the
mass of the earth using an
apple?
– This illustrates the way
scientists can use indirect
methods to perform
seemingly “impossible
tasks”

32. 2-13. Newton's Law of
Gravity
• How can we determine the mass of the
earth using an apple?
– This illustrates the way scientists can use
indirect methods to perform seemingly
“impossible tasks”
GmM = mg
Gravitational force on apple F
R2
gR 2 (9.8m / s 2 )(6.4 106 m) 2
M 6 1024 kg
G 6.67 10 11 N m2 / kg 2

33. 2-15. Artificial Satellites
• The world's first artificial
satellite was Sputnik I, launched
in 1957 by the Soviet Union.
GPS-Global Positioning
Satellite

34. 2-15. Artificial Satellites
The escape speed is the speed
required by an object to leave the
gravitational influence of an
astronomical body; for earth this
speed is about 40,000 km/h.

35. 2-15. Artificial Satellites
The escape speed is the speed
required by an object to leave the
gravitational influence of an
astronomical body; for earth this
speed is about 40,000 km/h.