The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
ABSTRACT- Invasive fungal infections have become a major source of morbidity and mortality in post operative
patients. Critically ill patients after extended surgical procedure are more risk to post surgical fungal infections. Life
saving devices like central venous catheters can increases risk for fungal infections. Surgical infections are infections of
the tissues, organs or spaces exposed by surgeons during performances of surgical procedure. Mold infection is
increasingly common in post operative patients. Postoperative surgical infection represents an uncommon but potentially
devastating complication of surgery. Unfortunately, medical community is not much aware of such secondary infections
due to fungi in post operative patients leading to grave consequences. Better diagnostic methods are needed to improve
the outcome of successful surgery and better health care for public. The diagnosis of invasion and dissemination in the
majority of cases requires the acquisition and proper interpretation of clinical evidence.
Key-words- Postoperative, Surgical infections, Secondary infections, Diagnostic method
Pharmacovigilance - Defination, Aim, Need ,Importance ,history, workflow, co...MADHAV JAJNURE
pharmacovigilance(PV)
Defination of pharmacovigilance
Aims of pharmacovigilance
Origin of pharmacovigilance
History of pharmacovigilance
Importance of pharmacovigilance
Work flow of Pharmacovigilance
Conclusion
ABSTRACT- Invasive fungal infections have become a major source of morbidity and mortality in post operative
patients. Critically ill patients after extended surgical procedure are more risk to post surgical fungal infections. Life
saving devices like central venous catheters can increases risk for fungal infections. Surgical infections are infections of
the tissues, organs or spaces exposed by surgeons during performances of surgical procedure. Mold infection is
increasingly common in post operative patients. Postoperative surgical infection represents an uncommon but potentially
devastating complication of surgery. Unfortunately, medical community is not much aware of such secondary infections
due to fungi in post operative patients leading to grave consequences. Better diagnostic methods are needed to improve
the outcome of successful surgery and better health care for public. The diagnosis of invasion and dissemination in the
majority of cases requires the acquisition and proper interpretation of clinical evidence.
Key-words- Postoperative, Surgical infections, Secondary infections, Diagnostic method
Pharmacovigilance - Defination, Aim, Need ,Importance ,history, workflow, co...MADHAV JAJNURE
pharmacovigilance(PV)
Defination of pharmacovigilance
Aims of pharmacovigilance
Origin of pharmacovigilance
History of pharmacovigilance
Importance of pharmacovigilance
Work flow of Pharmacovigilance
Conclusion
Adaptation and Implementation of Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Surgery in King Saud University Hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Effectiveness of the nursing educational program upon nurse's knowledge and p...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERNS AMONG ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII ISOLATED FROM...inventionjournals
Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) is a troublesome and increasingly problematic healthcareassociated pathogen, especially in critical care unit (ICU) and cardiovascular internal medicine (CIM). This organism has a capacity for long-term survival in the hospital environment. This study aimed to investigate the drug resistance patterns of Ab strains isolated from Thongnhat Dongnai General Hospital and the relationships between Ab isolations with clinical wards and year of patients. The antibiotic susceptibility of 279 Ab isolates for aminoglycosides, fluro-quinolons, cephalosporins, carbapenems, colistin and bactrim was determined using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) of 146 Ab isolates for Meropenem was determined using E-test method according to CLSI guide-line. A total 279 A. baumannii strains out of 1,976 positive isolates were collected from various specimens during study period. Among Ab-positive specimens, the most isolated specimen was sputum (26.6%, χ 2 =161.705 p<0.000),><0.000)><0.000),><0.000). Among 279 Ab isolated, resistance from 53.16% – 63.52% to aminoglycosides, 23.6% – 68.58% to fluroquinolons, 59.61% to 97.93% to cephalosporins, 60.27% to 80.7% to carbapenem, 10.53% to 66.48% to antibiotic combinations, 0.75% to colistin and 61.71% to bactrim. Among 146 multidrug-resistant Ab, 53.42% MICmeropenem ≥ 32 μg/ml and only 18.49% strains were susceptible to Meropenem. Due to the high antimicrobial resistance to two clinical wards (ICU and CIM) and carbapenems by disk agar diffusion test and E-test; we must focus on both a wiser use of antimicrobials and the prevention of infection. Continuous monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility and strict adherence to infection prevention guidelines are essential to eliminate major outbreaks in the future.
The Organization for Economical and Co-operation Development was used for testing of chemicals.
The original OECD guideline 451 for carcinogenecity study was adopted in 1981.
A Major carcinogenicity study is done on rodents
Mainly there routes of administration: oral, dermal, and inhalation.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Presentation from the International Life Sciences Institute, India - "Scientific Workshop on Safety Assessment of GM Foods" held on 14-15 October, 2015 in New Delhi, India
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR TOXICOPATHOLOGY STUDYRahul Kadam
The nonclinical safety study recommendations for the marketing approval
of a pharmaceutical usually include single and repeated dose toxicity
studies, reproduction toxicity studies, genotoxicity studies, local tolerance
studies, and for drugs that have special cause for concern or are intended
for a long duration of use, an assessment of carcinogenic potential. Other
nonclinical studies include pharmacology studies for safety assessment
(safety pharmacology) and pharmacokinetic (absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion (ADME)) studies. These types of studies and
their relation to the conduct of human clinical trials are presented in this
guidance.
Here are four spending habits that you need to break. This list includes things such as taking out loans, paying bills late and overspending. Evan Vitale Finance.
Adaptation and Implementation of Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Surgery in King Saud University Hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Effectiveness of the nursing educational program upon nurse's knowledge and p...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERNS AMONG ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII ISOLATED FROM...inventionjournals
Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) is a troublesome and increasingly problematic healthcareassociated pathogen, especially in critical care unit (ICU) and cardiovascular internal medicine (CIM). This organism has a capacity for long-term survival in the hospital environment. This study aimed to investigate the drug resistance patterns of Ab strains isolated from Thongnhat Dongnai General Hospital and the relationships between Ab isolations with clinical wards and year of patients. The antibiotic susceptibility of 279 Ab isolates for aminoglycosides, fluro-quinolons, cephalosporins, carbapenems, colistin and bactrim was determined using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) of 146 Ab isolates for Meropenem was determined using E-test method according to CLSI guide-line. A total 279 A. baumannii strains out of 1,976 positive isolates were collected from various specimens during study period. Among Ab-positive specimens, the most isolated specimen was sputum (26.6%, χ 2 =161.705 p<0.000),><0.000)><0.000),><0.000). Among 279 Ab isolated, resistance from 53.16% – 63.52% to aminoglycosides, 23.6% – 68.58% to fluroquinolons, 59.61% to 97.93% to cephalosporins, 60.27% to 80.7% to carbapenem, 10.53% to 66.48% to antibiotic combinations, 0.75% to colistin and 61.71% to bactrim. Among 146 multidrug-resistant Ab, 53.42% MICmeropenem ≥ 32 μg/ml and only 18.49% strains were susceptible to Meropenem. Due to the high antimicrobial resistance to two clinical wards (ICU and CIM) and carbapenems by disk agar diffusion test and E-test; we must focus on both a wiser use of antimicrobials and the prevention of infection. Continuous monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility and strict adherence to infection prevention guidelines are essential to eliminate major outbreaks in the future.
The Organization for Economical and Co-operation Development was used for testing of chemicals.
The original OECD guideline 451 for carcinogenecity study was adopted in 1981.
A Major carcinogenicity study is done on rodents
Mainly there routes of administration: oral, dermal, and inhalation.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Presentation from the International Life Sciences Institute, India - "Scientific Workshop on Safety Assessment of GM Foods" held on 14-15 October, 2015 in New Delhi, India
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR TOXICOPATHOLOGY STUDYRahul Kadam
The nonclinical safety study recommendations for the marketing approval
of a pharmaceutical usually include single and repeated dose toxicity
studies, reproduction toxicity studies, genotoxicity studies, local tolerance
studies, and for drugs that have special cause for concern or are intended
for a long duration of use, an assessment of carcinogenic potential. Other
nonclinical studies include pharmacology studies for safety assessment
(safety pharmacology) and pharmacokinetic (absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion (ADME)) studies. These types of studies and
their relation to the conduct of human clinical trials are presented in this
guidance.
Here are four spending habits that you need to break. This list includes things such as taking out loans, paying bills late and overspending. Evan Vitale Finance.
Nik Nuradlina N.A,Mohd Syamir M. S. ,Noor Nashreen M.S.,Rozita M.
Pharmacy Department, National Cancer Institute, Putrajaya.
1st Clinical Audit Pharmacy Department
Antibiotics are most common therapeutic agents used in hospitals across world, however, microbial world is becoming resistant day by day, posing special challenges to clinicians specially working in ICU set ups. There are multiple ways to curb this menace, if approached together in antibiotic stewardship way, can bring about wonders and retain therapeutic potentials of these drugs.
ABSTRACT- Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) is a major threat to human health. It is caused due to various physiological changes of the urinary tract by the activity of microorganisms. Urinary Tract infections has also been a major type of hospital acquired infection. Hospital acquired infections (HAI) are of various types: Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Blood Stream Infection (BSI), and Surgical Site Infection (SSI) and the most common are Urinary Tract (39%) and Respiratory Tract (20-22%) infection. The main aim of this study was to assess various urine samples collected from patients of the ICU of a tertiary care hospital for microbial growth and create a statistical picture on the contribution of UTI to nosocomial infections. Certain governing factors for UTI like presence of pus cells, epithelial cells, and diabetes mellitus were also kept under consideration along with various patient details like age, sex, primary illness and prior antibiotic treatment. The key findings of the study were: the
mean age of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI was 51 years and people from both genders within the age group of 41-60 were equally susceptible. E. coli was the most common causative organism (35.7%) followed by Citrobacter (21.42%) and Klebsiella (14.28%). Other organisms included Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Candida. The rate of UTI was 56.22/1000 days of catheterization. Most of the organisms isolated were found to be multi drug resistant. UTI has been hence concluded to play a major contribution in nosocomial infections which needs to be controlled by integrating proper monitoring of hospital data and surveillance of hospital acquired urinary tract infection.
Key-words- ICU, Urinary Tract Infection, Center for Disease Control, Multi drug resistant, antibiotics, Microorganism
The pharma aspirants can read the important information provided in this presentation about Pharmacovigilance which is necessary to qualify the interviews of the same field
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
How to Give Better Lectures: Some Tips for Doctors
A Study on Pattern of Using Prophylactic Antibiotics in Caesarean Section
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 5, Issue 1 (January 2015), PP. -12-18
12
A Study on Pattern of Using Prophylactic Antibiotics in
Caesarean Section
Shamna.M.S1*
, V.K.Kalaichelvan2
, Y.M.Fazil Marickar3
, R.Manavalan4
,
K.Kannan5
, Deepu.S6
1
(Department of Pharmacy Practice, Mar Dioscorus college of Pharmacy, Trivandrum, India,
2
(Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, TamilNadu, India)
3
(Department of Surgery, Mount Zion Medical College, Adoor, Pathanamthitta, India)
4
(Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, TamilNadu, India)
5
(Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, TamilNadu, India)
6
(Department of Pharmaceutics, Mar Dioscorus college of Pharmacy, Trivandrum, India)
Abstract: An estimated 40-60% of SSI are preventable with appropriate use of prophylactic antibiotics. The
major infectious complications of caesarean delivery are fever, wound infection, endometritis and urinary tract
infection. Prevention of surgical site infection is the major goal of antibiotic prophylaxis. Postoperative
surgical site infection remains a major source of illness and a less frequent cause of death in the surgical
patient. The administration of prophylactic antibiotics with in specific interval has been shown to reduce the
burden of surgical site infection, but adherence to proper timing guidelines remains problematic. Judicious use
of antibiotics in the hospital through effective antibiotic policy and guideline development is then essential.
Keywords: Cesarean section, Post Caesarean infectious complication, Prophylactic antibiotics, Surgical
antibiotic prophylaxis, Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis.
I. INTRODUCTION
Antibiotics administered prior to the contamination of previously sterile tissues or fluids are deemed
‘prophylactic antibiotics’. Prevention of surgical site infection is the major goal of antibiotic prophylaxis.1
An
estimated 40-60% of SSI are preventable with appropriate use of prophylactic antibiotics1
.
The development of clinical infection is dependent on a complex balance between host defence mechanisms and
bacterial virulence factors. Cesarean delivery alters this balance so as to predispose the patient to infection.
During labor and abdominal delivery, the endometrium and peritoneal cavity invariably are contaminated with
large numbers of highly pathogenic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria2
.
Type of antimicrobials: Since the time chemotherapeutic drugs and antibiotics are available, they have been
administered following clean surgery to reduce infectious morbidity3
. The surgeon is faced with a bewildering
array of antimicrobials. But a few antimicrobials are frequently used by the surgeon.
Penicillin’s: This class represents one of the most important groups of anti-infective agents. They are
bactericidal and act by interfering with the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall. The broad use of
penicillin’s has been eclipsed by other drugs because of the emergence of resistance in microorganisms that
produce penicillinase as well as emergence of methicillin resistant staphylococcus. Penicillin’s are effective
2. A Study On Pattern Of Using…
13
against gram positive organisms and neisseria gonorrhoeae. The aminopencillin (ampicillin, amoxicillin) also
has got limited gram negative activity. Pencillinase resistant penicillin’s are useful against resistant
staphylococci. Penicillin’s have allergic reactions ranging from rashes to anaphylaxis4
.
Cephalosporin’s: Cephalosporium acremonium, the first source of the cephalosporin’s was isolated in 1948 by
Brotzu. Cephalosporin’s are bactericidal and by inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
They are classified as follows:
(1) First generation : eg. Cefadroxyl, Cephalexin, Cephalothin, Cefazolin
(2) Second generation : eg. Cefaclor, Cefamandole, Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime, Cefotetan
(3) Third generation : eg. Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefixime, Cefoperazone
(4) Fourth generation : eg. Cefepime, Cefpirone
First generations have good activity against a wide spectrum of gram positive bacteria including
pencillinase producing but not methicillin resistant staphylococci. Enterococci are however resistant. Activity
against gram negative is modest.
They are available in both oral and parenteral forms. In this group, Cefazolin has widely used as a
prophylactic drug in high risk elective operations. The major advantages of second generation cephalosporin’s
are improved activity against important gram negative organisms. Unique feature is its activity against
Haemophilus influenzae including strains producing beta lactamases. Not active against Pseudomonas, proteus
and enterococci4
.
Third generation cephalosporin’s are active against gram-positive and gram -negative microorganisms.
It is stable to beta–lactamase produced by many organisms, and has good activity against beta-lactamase
producing organisms. Some of the drugs in this class have been suggested as primary single therapy for
infections such as nosocomial pneumonia and peritonitis. The major advantage of these drugs over combination
of aminoglycosides with earlier generation cephalosporin for infections is lack of toxicity and elimination of
need to monitor drug levels. Toxic side effects are unusual. Fourth generations have a very broad spectrum of
activity4
.
Aminoglycosides: Aminoglycosides are bactericidal antibiotics interfering with bacterial protein synthesis.
They have post antibiotic effect ie antibacterial activities persisting after concentrations have dropped below
minimum inhibitory concentrations. Toxicity is the major drawback, involving renal insufficiency and
ototoxicity .Gentamicin, Tobramycin and Amikacin belong to this group of antimicrobial drugs. These drugs are
given parenterally because of poor intestinal absorption. Adjustments of amino glycoside doses are frequently
necessary because of inadequate levels or poor clinical response4
.
Metronidazole: Metronidazole is an antiprotozoal and antibacterial drug used in the treatment of bacterial
infections caused by anaerobic microorganisms. Metronidazole is also used for prophylaxis against post-
operative infections4
.
3. A Study On Pattern Of Using…
14
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To study the pattern of using antibiotic prophylaxis in Caesarean section.
To study the effect of prophylactic antibiotics on maternal and neonatal infectious complications.
Monitor any adverse drug reactions occurring during hospital stay.
To evaluate the cost of therapy.
Considering the aims, the study was structured in the following manner:
Design of a structured data collection form.
Getting Ethical Committee clearance to conduct this study.
Screening of patients admitted to the Hospital, using the selection criteria.
Recording the clinical data of prophylactic antibiotic therapy of the patients selected
after getting a written consent from the patient.
Evaluating the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on maternal infectious complications, monitoring of adverse
drug reaction and cost evaluation.
Recording the data’s associated prophylactic therapy.
Statistical analysis of data.
Interpretation of results.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
A. Study setting:
The study was conducted in the inpatient department of the obstetrics and gynecology of the Hospital.
B. Period of study:
6 Months (From June 2014 to November 2014)
C. Design of study:
Prospective observational study.
D. Study population:
100 patients admitted and delivered by Caesarean section & Meeting all the inclusion criteria during
the study period.
E. Selection criteria:
Inclusion criteria:
Patients who are in the age group of 18-40 years.
Patients who are admitted for Caesarean deliveries.
Exclusion criteria:
Patients who are already on antibiotic therapy for any infections.
Patients whose data is insufficient.
4. A Study On Pattern Of Using…
15
F. Research study approval and consent:
The study was approved by the Human Ethical Committee. All patients participating in the study
provided consent. Confidentiality of all patient information was strictly maintained.
G. Statistical analysis: The data were entered in Microsoft Excel format and the statistical analysis were done
using SPSS for Windows version 21.0.
Data Collection:
Those cases which met study criteria were identified from the wards. Information on patients admitted
for Caesarean delivery was collected and recorded in a standard proforma by reviewing their medical records
after getting a written consent from the patient. Additional information was collected by interviewing the patient
or the bystanders. The patient’s condition was monitored daily till the day of discharge from the hospital.
Confidentiality of the patient information was maintained strictly. Human Ethical Committee clearance was
obtained for the study
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Total of 100 patients between age group 18 to 40 were considered for the study.
Data on nature of surgery:
Categorization of patients based on nature of surgery:(Table – 1)
No. of patients %
Elective 73 73.0%
Emergency 27 27.0%
Majority of the patients were undergoing elective Caesarean section (73%).
Data on surgery period:
Categorization of patients based on period of surgery:
(Table – 2)
No of patients %
45 minutes 80 20.0%
45 minutes to 1 hour 20 62.0%
From analysis it was found that 80% cesarean section takes 45 minutes and 20% takes 45 minutes to
one hour in our study.
Data on commonly used antibiotics for prophylaxis:
Categorization of patients based on usage of antibiotics: (Table – 3)
No. of
patients
%
Amoxicillin 99 99.0%
Azithromycin 1 1.0%
Cefotaxime 100 100.0%
5. A Study On Pattern Of Using…
16
In our study Cefotaxime was the commonly used antibiotic (100%) and the second most drug used was
amoxicillin (99%) .Azithromycin was used for only one patient.
Data on timing of prophylaxis:
Categorization of patients based on timing of prophylaxis: (Table – 4)
From total of 100 patient’s majority of patients receives ½ hour before surgery (80%).
Data on no of days of post op antibiotics:
From analysis all the patients received post operative antibiotic for 10 days.5 days IV and remaining 5
days orally.
Data on early switch from iv to oral antibiotics:
For all the patients IV to Oral switch therapy was in 5th
day of therapy.
Data on Adverse drug reactions:
In our study there were no adverse reactions reported in both groups.
Data on Drug allergy:
There were no cases of drug allergy reported.
Trade Name Vs Generic Name:
All the prescriptions were in generic name.
Maternal Complications:
Categorization of patients based on maternal infections after cesarean delivery:
(Table – 5)
No. of
patients
%
Fever 0 0
Wound infection 0 0
Endometritis 0 0
UTI 0 0
In the analysis there were no infectious complications reported after Caesarean section.
No. of patients %
1/2 hour before 80 80
1/2 to 1 hour before 20 20
6. A Study On Pattern Of Using…
17
Cost evaluation:
There were no costs incurred from patients because they all were registered in Janani Sisu Suraksha
Karyakram (JSSK) and Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) Scheme sponsored by Central government for mother
and child care and also for minimizing home delivery. So all patients underwent Cesarean delivery was free of
cost.
V SUMMARY:
The use of antibiotic prophylaxis before surgery has evolved greatly in the last 20 years.
Improvements in the timing of initial administration, the appropriate choice of antibiotic agents, shorter duration
have defined more clearly the value of this technique in reducing postoperative wound infections. Women
taking antibiotics just before, during or just after their cesarean section operation are much less likely to have
infection of their womb & wound. The study population consisted of 100 patients delivered by cesarean section
during the period June-November 2014.Their condition was monitored till the day of discharge & outcomes
were recorded.
The salient findings of this study were:
Majority of the patients were undergoing elective Caesarean section (73%).
Mean surgery period is ½-1hour.
All the patients received cefotaxime for surgical prophylaxis.
Majority of patients take antibiotics 1/2hour before surgery.
All the patients take postoperative antibiotics for 10 days.
Patients switched over to oral therapy in the 5th
day.
There were no adverse reactions reported in our study.
There were no cases of drug allergy reported.
Prescriptions were in generic form.
The antibiotic prophylaxis effectively reduced the rate of postpartum infections like fever, endometritis,
wound infections, urinary tract infections etc. There were no infectious complications found in our
study.
There were no costs incurred from patients for Caesarean delivery.
VI CONCLUSION:
The antimicrobial should be safe for the patient and economical for the hospital. The concept of clinical
pharmacy is being advocated in health care practice to promote rational drug use. Clinical pharmacists will have
to consider the clinician’s choice of drugs to provide the most cost effective therapy. A concentrated effort
should be made in areas of clinical surgery where the value of antibiotic prophylaxis has not been proven.
REFERENCES:
1. Dipiro J T. Pharmacotherapy-A path physiologic approach.5th
ed, 1999, 2111-2120.
2. Thigpen BD, Hood WA, Chauhan S, Bufkin L, Bofill J, Magann E, Morrison JC.Timing of
prophylactic antibiotic administration in the uninfected laboring gravida: a randomized clinical trial.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005 Jun,192(6),1864-8 .
3. Survey and evaluation of antibiotic prophylaxis usage in surgery wards of tertiary level institution
7. A Study On Pattern Of Using…
18
before and after the implementation of clinical guidelines. Indian journal of surgery 2006, 68 (3):150-
156.
4. Goodman and Gilman, Hardman GJ, Limbird EL. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9th
edition.1996, 1091-99.
5. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery. An advisory statement from the national surgical infection
prevention project. Clinical infectious diseases 2004, 38, 1706-15.