The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Health Effects- Unconventional Natural Gas Development and Production (“FRACK...Tiffany Blackden
Ann Bristow shared this science based presentation on fracking in Maryland at the Garrett County Commissioner's Meeting on March 17, 2015. Fracking in Garrett County is restricted until October, 2017, when the moratorium is lifted, and the state will permit fracking. Now is the time to get involved and alert law makers to the fact that the risks are immense, and we are NOT willing to be collateral damage.
Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenyaijtsrd
Industrialization, economic growth, urbanization and population growth have been responsible for air pollution in developing countries. The discharge of harmful chemicals and increased combustion of fossil fuels, affect both the physical environment and the public health. Air pollution effects are both acute and chronic on human health, ranging from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults. A study was conducted to assess the effect of sulfur dioxide on air quality at three sites in Athi River town, Kenya which included one non-industrial site. The air samples were collected by scrubbing them through appropriate trapping solutions and subsequently analyzed in the laboratory using colorimetric method. The meteorological parameters namely; temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction were also measured during the sampling exercise. The mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide at the various sampling sites during rainy season were: Shalom Hospital (602 -µg/m3); Vannilaz Restaurant (793 -µg/m3); Redeemed Gospel Church (861 -µg/m3) and Sabaki residential Estate (370 -µg/m3). The levels exceeded the guidelines recommended by WHO which has set a maximum of 500 -µg/m3, for 10 minutes exposure, however the levels at Sabaki residential Estate were low. Mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide during the dry season for Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant, Redeemed Gospel church and Sabaki residential Estate were 863, 875,862 and 664 -µg/m3 respectively. The elevated levels of SO2 was associated with heavy vehicular traffic and the various industrial activities mainly cement manufacturing plants. Sulphur dioxide may also be emitted from diesel-powered vehicles and coal burning in the industries. The study revealed that Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant and Redeemed Gospel Church were polluted with sulphur dioxide during the rainy season except Sabaki residential Estate but during the dry season all the sites were polluted with sulphur dioxide. Birgen J. | Wafula G. | Yusuf A. | Onyatta J."Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2320.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/2320/assessment-of-sulphur-dioxide-levels-in--selected-sites-in-athi-river-kenya/birgen-j
Health Effects- Unconventional Natural Gas Development and Production (“FRACK...Tiffany Blackden
Ann Bristow shared this science based presentation on fracking in Maryland at the Garrett County Commissioner's Meeting on March 17, 2015. Fracking in Garrett County is restricted until October, 2017, when the moratorium is lifted, and the state will permit fracking. Now is the time to get involved and alert law makers to the fact that the risks are immense, and we are NOT willing to be collateral damage.
Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenyaijtsrd
Industrialization, economic growth, urbanization and population growth have been responsible for air pollution in developing countries. The discharge of harmful chemicals and increased combustion of fossil fuels, affect both the physical environment and the public health. Air pollution effects are both acute and chronic on human health, ranging from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults. A study was conducted to assess the effect of sulfur dioxide on air quality at three sites in Athi River town, Kenya which included one non-industrial site. The air samples were collected by scrubbing them through appropriate trapping solutions and subsequently analyzed in the laboratory using colorimetric method. The meteorological parameters namely; temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction were also measured during the sampling exercise. The mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide at the various sampling sites during rainy season were: Shalom Hospital (602 -µg/m3); Vannilaz Restaurant (793 -µg/m3); Redeemed Gospel Church (861 -µg/m3) and Sabaki residential Estate (370 -µg/m3). The levels exceeded the guidelines recommended by WHO which has set a maximum of 500 -µg/m3, for 10 minutes exposure, however the levels at Sabaki residential Estate were low. Mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide during the dry season for Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant, Redeemed Gospel church and Sabaki residential Estate were 863, 875,862 and 664 -µg/m3 respectively. The elevated levels of SO2 was associated with heavy vehicular traffic and the various industrial activities mainly cement manufacturing plants. Sulphur dioxide may also be emitted from diesel-powered vehicles and coal burning in the industries. The study revealed that Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant and Redeemed Gospel Church were polluted with sulphur dioxide during the rainy season except Sabaki residential Estate but during the dry season all the sites were polluted with sulphur dioxide. Birgen J. | Wafula G. | Yusuf A. | Onyatta J."Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2320.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/2320/assessment-of-sulphur-dioxide-levels-in--selected-sites-in-athi-river-kenya/birgen-j
12 ground water pollution in india a review 12 ijtas-92-2018-richa guptaBIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Groundwater is the foremost source of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes in several countries. Due to human and industrial activities the ground water is contaminated. This is the serious problem now a day. Due to industrial, municipal and agricultural waste containing pesticides, insecticides, fertilizer residues and heavy metals with water groundwater has been polluted by leaching process. The effects of groundwater pollution are wide. In this paper the overview of ground water pollution due to industrial as well as anthropogenic activities. Water quality is affected by both point and non-point sources of pollution. These include sewage discharge, discharge from industries, run-off from agricultural fields and urban run-off. Analysis of the water quality is very important to preserve and prefect the natural eco system. The assessment of the ground water various technologies has been developed and management practices should be carried out periodically to protect the water resources.
Keywords: Ground water, Water pollution, Heavy Metals, Water Quality Index.
Assessment of Commonly Used Pesticides in the Ground Water of the Shallow Aqu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— One of the most important pollutants that may reach the groundwater through agricultural return flow combined with abuse and ignorance is pesticides. This study focuses on the examination of the concentration of three pesticides: Abamectin, Imidacloprid, and ß-Cyfluthrin, all of which have been used in large quantities in the Lower Jordan Valley (LJV) for the last three decades. Twenty five groundwater samples were collected from water boreholes where water is abstracted from two phreatic aquifer systems which are the Plio-Plistocene aquifer system in Jericho and Lower Al Jeftlik areas and the Eocene carbonate aquifer system in the Middle of Al Jeftlik. The depth of the boreholes in both aquifer system ranges between 80 and 120 m. Water samples were analyzed for Abamectin, Imidacloprid, and ß-Cyfluthrin using the HPLC-UV method. These samples represent two main agricultural locations (Jericho, and the Al Jeftlik). Of the 25 wells sampled, Abamectin was detected in 11 wells in concentrations ranging between 1.24 ppb and 81.71ppb. Imidacloprid was detected in 24 wells in concentrations ranging between 1.60ppb and 325.0ppb. Finally, ß-Cyfluthrin was detected in 7 wells in concentrations ranging between 1.10 and 24.46ppb.
Aquifer lithology, groundwater flow directions, type of agricultural activity are major factors in controlling pesticide concentrations in groundwater. The highest values were measured where the aquifer consists of gravel and sand sediments, combined with intensive agricultural activities, followed by sand-silt aquifer. The lowest concentrations were found in boreholes where carbonate aquifer is the main source of water which indicates that other source of water flow into the system. The results of this study demonstrate that these pesticides are used heavily and in an improper way in the lower Jordan Valley, increasing the risk of adverse environmental and public health effects. Much attention should be given to addressing the potential problem of environmental and groundwater contamination by these pesticides.
Study: Proximity to Natural Gas Wells and Reported Health Status - Results of...Marcellus Drilling News
A "study" published in the online NIH journal Environmental Health Perspectives that supposedly shows there *may be* a link between how close people live to fracked wells and an increase in skin rashes and coughing. However, the authors take pains to make it clear they only have theories--no answers. This is not conclusive in any way, shape or form. The survey relies on self-reporting of health symptoms from only 180 households in a single county in southwestern PA. Small sample, self reported, and funded by anti-drilling organizations. That's all you really need to know.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Environmental Impacts of the liquid waste from Assalaya Sugar Factory in Rabe...IJEAB
The study aimed to assess the environmental health impacts of the liquid waste from Assalaya Sugar Factory, the efficiency of the existing Assalaya effluent treatment plant, the dilution factors available in the White Nile to gather with wastewater environmental impacts. A descriptive cross-sectional focused on the Factory and its neighborhoods. Four hundred and thirty two out of 3931 households were statistically determined as the sample size, the individual samples were picked using multi-stage stratified method 432 households selected as sample size. Data were collected by using structured questionnaires, field observations, laboratory analysis and interviewing the concerned and affected persons. The effluent load discharged from the factory into the Al - jassir canal at the White Nile was analyzed for BOD, COD, pH, PO4, TDS, TSS, Turbidity, Color, and flow rate.The Data were processed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16, Chi-square test, test associations and office excel 2007. The study showed that Eighty one percent of the households used the surplus irrigation canal as a source for water supply. 64% of the respondents suffered from diarrhea, vomiting and allergic diseases, the rather low rate of water consumption and the bad quality of water consumed were reflected adversely on hygiene and consequently increased water related diseases. The study concludes that always or sometime 49.5% of the water collectors were children and used animals and plastic containers for water collection and transportation. The conducted laboratory water analysis revealed that the average concentrations of PO4, COD and BOD of the raw wastewater produced by Assalaya Sugar Factory were 4260, 3800 and 1500 mg/l, respectively, these values were above the WHO recommended concentrations for the disposed treated effluent (2, 250 and 30 mg/L respectively). As to physical analysis; the turbidity on the average was higher (540 NTU) and the color was (854 TCU) also high.
Impact of Air Quality on Human Health In The Vicinity of Construction Sites i...IJERA Editor
Construction sites are important source of air pollution emitting pollutants like PM10, etc. which adversely affect human health especially the respiratory system. The present study aims at monitoring of PM10, health condition of workers, evaluation of API (Air Pollution Index) and development of correlation between API and human health in the vicinity of construction sites. In the present study relevant literature review has also been carried out to study and analyze the impact of air pollution on human health. Reconnaissance survey of 19 selected construction sites in Delhi-NCR has been conducted for the period January 2013 to December 2013 and health related data of people in the vicinity of construction sites has been collected individually through a questionnaire. The air quality data (for pollutant PM10) for the area in which the selected construction sites lie has been obtained from the continuous monitoring stations of Central Pollution Control Board. The monthly average PM10 concentration in the ambient air for the study period has been obtained for all the sites. The annual average PM10 level of all the sites has been estimated and compared with the prescribed value. Also the air pollution index (API) (for pollutant PM10) has been calculated for each site and compared with the percentage of people suffering with respiratory problems at the respective sites. The results show that the construction sites where the value of API for PM10 is higher there the percentage of people suffering with respiratory diseases has also been higher.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
12 ground water pollution in india a review 12 ijtas-92-2018-richa guptaBIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Groundwater is the foremost source of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes in several countries. Due to human and industrial activities the ground water is contaminated. This is the serious problem now a day. Due to industrial, municipal and agricultural waste containing pesticides, insecticides, fertilizer residues and heavy metals with water groundwater has been polluted by leaching process. The effects of groundwater pollution are wide. In this paper the overview of ground water pollution due to industrial as well as anthropogenic activities. Water quality is affected by both point and non-point sources of pollution. These include sewage discharge, discharge from industries, run-off from agricultural fields and urban run-off. Analysis of the water quality is very important to preserve and prefect the natural eco system. The assessment of the ground water various technologies has been developed and management practices should be carried out periodically to protect the water resources.
Keywords: Ground water, Water pollution, Heavy Metals, Water Quality Index.
Assessment of Commonly Used Pesticides in the Ground Water of the Shallow Aqu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— One of the most important pollutants that may reach the groundwater through agricultural return flow combined with abuse and ignorance is pesticides. This study focuses on the examination of the concentration of three pesticides: Abamectin, Imidacloprid, and ß-Cyfluthrin, all of which have been used in large quantities in the Lower Jordan Valley (LJV) for the last three decades. Twenty five groundwater samples were collected from water boreholes where water is abstracted from two phreatic aquifer systems which are the Plio-Plistocene aquifer system in Jericho and Lower Al Jeftlik areas and the Eocene carbonate aquifer system in the Middle of Al Jeftlik. The depth of the boreholes in both aquifer system ranges between 80 and 120 m. Water samples were analyzed for Abamectin, Imidacloprid, and ß-Cyfluthrin using the HPLC-UV method. These samples represent two main agricultural locations (Jericho, and the Al Jeftlik). Of the 25 wells sampled, Abamectin was detected in 11 wells in concentrations ranging between 1.24 ppb and 81.71ppb. Imidacloprid was detected in 24 wells in concentrations ranging between 1.60ppb and 325.0ppb. Finally, ß-Cyfluthrin was detected in 7 wells in concentrations ranging between 1.10 and 24.46ppb.
Aquifer lithology, groundwater flow directions, type of agricultural activity are major factors in controlling pesticide concentrations in groundwater. The highest values were measured where the aquifer consists of gravel and sand sediments, combined with intensive agricultural activities, followed by sand-silt aquifer. The lowest concentrations were found in boreholes where carbonate aquifer is the main source of water which indicates that other source of water flow into the system. The results of this study demonstrate that these pesticides are used heavily and in an improper way in the lower Jordan Valley, increasing the risk of adverse environmental and public health effects. Much attention should be given to addressing the potential problem of environmental and groundwater contamination by these pesticides.
Study: Proximity to Natural Gas Wells and Reported Health Status - Results of...Marcellus Drilling News
A "study" published in the online NIH journal Environmental Health Perspectives that supposedly shows there *may be* a link between how close people live to fracked wells and an increase in skin rashes and coughing. However, the authors take pains to make it clear they only have theories--no answers. This is not conclusive in any way, shape or form. The survey relies on self-reporting of health symptoms from only 180 households in a single county in southwestern PA. Small sample, self reported, and funded by anti-drilling organizations. That's all you really need to know.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Environmental Impacts of the liquid waste from Assalaya Sugar Factory in Rabe...IJEAB
The study aimed to assess the environmental health impacts of the liquid waste from Assalaya Sugar Factory, the efficiency of the existing Assalaya effluent treatment plant, the dilution factors available in the White Nile to gather with wastewater environmental impacts. A descriptive cross-sectional focused on the Factory and its neighborhoods. Four hundred and thirty two out of 3931 households were statistically determined as the sample size, the individual samples were picked using multi-stage stratified method 432 households selected as sample size. Data were collected by using structured questionnaires, field observations, laboratory analysis and interviewing the concerned and affected persons. The effluent load discharged from the factory into the Al - jassir canal at the White Nile was analyzed for BOD, COD, pH, PO4, TDS, TSS, Turbidity, Color, and flow rate.The Data were processed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16, Chi-square test, test associations and office excel 2007. The study showed that Eighty one percent of the households used the surplus irrigation canal as a source for water supply. 64% of the respondents suffered from diarrhea, vomiting and allergic diseases, the rather low rate of water consumption and the bad quality of water consumed were reflected adversely on hygiene and consequently increased water related diseases. The study concludes that always or sometime 49.5% of the water collectors were children and used animals and plastic containers for water collection and transportation. The conducted laboratory water analysis revealed that the average concentrations of PO4, COD and BOD of the raw wastewater produced by Assalaya Sugar Factory were 4260, 3800 and 1500 mg/l, respectively, these values were above the WHO recommended concentrations for the disposed treated effluent (2, 250 and 30 mg/L respectively). As to physical analysis; the turbidity on the average was higher (540 NTU) and the color was (854 TCU) also high.
Impact of Air Quality on Human Health In The Vicinity of Construction Sites i...IJERA Editor
Construction sites are important source of air pollution emitting pollutants like PM10, etc. which adversely affect human health especially the respiratory system. The present study aims at monitoring of PM10, health condition of workers, evaluation of API (Air Pollution Index) and development of correlation between API and human health in the vicinity of construction sites. In the present study relevant literature review has also been carried out to study and analyze the impact of air pollution on human health. Reconnaissance survey of 19 selected construction sites in Delhi-NCR has been conducted for the period January 2013 to December 2013 and health related data of people in the vicinity of construction sites has been collected individually through a questionnaire. The air quality data (for pollutant PM10) for the area in which the selected construction sites lie has been obtained from the continuous monitoring stations of Central Pollution Control Board. The monthly average PM10 concentration in the ambient air for the study period has been obtained for all the sites. The annual average PM10 level of all the sites has been estimated and compared with the prescribed value. Also the air pollution index (API) (for pollutant PM10) has been calculated for each site and compared with the percentage of people suffering with respiratory problems at the respective sites. The results show that the construction sites where the value of API for PM10 is higher there the percentage of people suffering with respiratory diseases has also been higher.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
contaminated land area due to industrial hazardous waste generation and its r...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The rapid growth of industrialization, urbanization and use of pesticides in agricultural fields in India has contributed to the generation of contaminated land. The uncontrolled and non-engineered waste disposal is one of the major causes of ground water contamination, air contamination and land contamination leading to health risks of human beings, animals and ecosystems. This paper is mainly focused on estimating contaminated land area to industrial hazardous waste generation and disposal practices. Presently in India, there is reported 7.2 million tonne hazardous waste generation from more than 40,000 registered industries according to Controller and Auditor General’s report(CAG-2012). This study also summaries the advantages and disadvantages of different methods which are useful to manage a contaminated site by a geo–environmental engineer. For a specific superfund site, there is not only one remediation technique is applicable but also more than one techniques are applicable on the basis of different criteria.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Characterizing Automobile Industrial Wastewater and its Impacts on Surroundin...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The wastewater from industries varies so greatly in both flow and pollution strength. So, it is impossible to assign fixed values to their constituents. It is necessary to pretreat the wastes prior to release to the municipal system since lack of adequate treatment of the effluent can cause deterioration of the ecosystem, die off and contamination of the aquatic environment. These adverse effects necessitated the study of wastewater effect on surface water body at Emene Industrial Layout, Enugu State, Nigeria. Wastewater samples were collected, analyzed and compared with the plot of treatment means. The results obtained from the study were compared with WHO and NIS 554 water standards. The wastewater analysis suggested that contaminant at the untreated stage was very high. The results of the treated and river sample were within the WHO and NIS 554 allowable water ranges. Samples at discharge point recorded increased values which suggest high re-contamination along the open channel (from non-point sources) before discharge. This calls for proper monitoring and treatment of the industrial effluent prior to ground water recharge or discharge to surface water.
Impact of wastewater irrigation on major nutrient status in soil near Bhaluka...AbdullaAlAsif1
The population increase has not only increased the fresh water demand but also increased the volume of wastewater generated. Treated or recycled wastewater (RWW) appears to be the only water resource that is increasing as other sources are dwindling. Increasing need for water has resulted in the emergence of domestic wastewater application for agriculture and its relative use. The present study was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 2013 to evaluate the contribution of wastewater to major soil nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na) and fluctuation in physicochemical properties of soil (soil pH and Ec) from waste carrying canal at 10 selected sites of Bhaluka Upazila. Three (3) soil samples were collected at 0, 30 and 60 m distances from the waste discharging canals. The pH, EC, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na in soil samples decreased gradually with the increase of distance from waste discharging canal. Maximum concentrations of N at 60 and 0m distance varied from 8400 to 9700, P from 1850 to 5000, K from 4600 to 6000, S from 2000 to 4000, Ca from 7500 to 28800, Mg from 7500 to 7800, B from 90 to 2800 and Na from 2300 to 3100 μg g-1 in test soil.The results showed better nutrient status of the soil along waste discharge canals. The findings give applicable advice to commercial farmers and agricultural researchers for proper management and use of treated industrial wastewater for agricultural purpose.
14A Pollution Prevention Plan (P4) Pre-Assessment StuMatthewTennant613
1
4
A Pollution Prevention Plan (P4) Pre-Assessment Study
Abstract
This undertaking entails a Pre-Assessment study on behalf of the board of directors at ABC Agriculture Production Inc; it explores the general operational characteristics, potential ecological health effects, potential human health impacts, potential societal health impacts, and risk assessment and regulatory requirements.
General Operational Characteristics
In this context, we will review the General Operational Characteristics of the organization. In essence, ABC Agriculture Production Inc. is located in Southwestern Nebraska, covering 640-acre land. Besides this land, particularly to the west, a privately owned rancher’s property harbors a commercially producing and leased natural gas well. A major river’s small active salt fork exists east of the 640-acre land. Production offices and barns meant for confined animal feed operations are presumed to cover an area of 160 acres; this involves separate large, full barns set for chicken, beef cattle, and swine operations, six barn-discharge wastewater lagoons, and one feed mill. Alfalfa and corn hay fields are presumed to cover 320 acres of the land; groundwater irrigation wells supply the irrigation sprinkler systems to sustain these crops. The remaining 160 acres manifest caliche and gypsum open pit excavation mines; these products are essentially excavated and traded by the truckload.
The organization primarily uses commercial nitrogen fertilizers to sustain crops, commercial herbicides to control weeds, and commercial pesticides to manage relevant pests. The involved animals are sustained through relevant administration of routine injections; antibiotics and vitamin supplements are also critically and routinely appreciated. Dead animal remains are usually disposed of in a pit; the pit has to be covered with calcium hydroxide daily. The facility manifests an EPA-recognized National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit. It is often applied as a combined wastewater/stormwater effluent permit. Also, the organization appreciates a hazardous waste permit for discarding all rejected pharmaceutical, pesticide, and herbicide wastes. Relevant rainfall and wind speeds should be 21 inches annually and 12 mph, respectively. Humidity should manifest an average provision of 65.8 % and a dew point of 37.9°F. Furthermore, high/Low temps range from summer (91°F/63°F) to winter (40°F/14°F).
Potential Ecological Health Impacts
The primary ecological pollutants in this context involve TSS, ammonia, TKN, and TDS. Also, the involved herbicides and pesticides used in the site are presumed to manifest chemical pollutants such as organophosphorus, organochlorines, and carbamates, which manifest critical ecological health impacts. Mining activities relevant to the caliche and gypsum excavation sites can potentially lead to the leaching of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate dihydrate to the nearby surrounding attracting potent ...
14A Pollution Prevention Plan (P4) Pre-Assessment StuAnastaciaShadelb
1
4
A Pollution Prevention Plan (P4) Pre-Assessment Study
Abstract
This undertaking entails a Pre-Assessment study on behalf of the board of directors at ABC Agriculture Production Inc; it explores the general operational characteristics, potential ecological health effects, potential human health impacts, potential societal health impacts, and risk assessment and regulatory requirements.
General Operational Characteristics
In this context, we will review the General Operational Characteristics of the organization. In essence, ABC Agriculture Production Inc. is located in Southwestern Nebraska, covering 640-acre land. Besides this land, particularly to the west, a privately owned rancher’s property harbors a commercially producing and leased natural gas well. A major river’s small active salt fork exists east of the 640-acre land. Production offices and barns meant for confined animal feed operations are presumed to cover an area of 160 acres; this involves separate large, full barns set for chicken, beef cattle, and swine operations, six barn-discharge wastewater lagoons, and one feed mill. Alfalfa and corn hay fields are presumed to cover 320 acres of the land; groundwater irrigation wells supply the irrigation sprinkler systems to sustain these crops. The remaining 160 acres manifest caliche and gypsum open pit excavation mines; these products are essentially excavated and traded by the truckload.
The organization primarily uses commercial nitrogen fertilizers to sustain crops, commercial herbicides to control weeds, and commercial pesticides to manage relevant pests. The involved animals are sustained through relevant administration of routine injections; antibiotics and vitamin supplements are also critically and routinely appreciated. Dead animal remains are usually disposed of in a pit; the pit has to be covered with calcium hydroxide daily. The facility manifests an EPA-recognized National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit. It is often applied as a combined wastewater/stormwater effluent permit. Also, the organization appreciates a hazardous waste permit for discarding all rejected pharmaceutical, pesticide, and herbicide wastes. Relevant rainfall and wind speeds should be 21 inches annually and 12 mph, respectively. Humidity should manifest an average provision of 65.8 % and a dew point of 37.9°F. Furthermore, high/Low temps range from summer (91°F/63°F) to winter (40°F/14°F).
Potential Ecological Health Impacts
The primary ecological pollutants in this context involve TSS, ammonia, TKN, and TDS. Also, the involved herbicides and pesticides used in the site are presumed to manifest chemical pollutants such as organophosphorus, organochlorines, and carbamates, which manifest critical ecological health impacts. Mining activities relevant to the caliche and gypsum excavation sites can potentially lead to the leaching of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate dihydrate to the nearby surrounding attracting potent ...
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to determine physicochemical characteristics, residues of pesticide and heavy metals in water of Gomati River in Lucknow to understand its ecology. In this study the water samples were collected from 5 different locations from upstream to downstream of Lucknow from all three sites i.e, right, middle and left. Analyte including organochlorine pesticide (OCP’s) and herbicides (H) α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, op-DDT, pp-DDT, pp-DDE, op-DDE, op-DDD, pp-DDD, α- endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan SO4, dicofol, heptachlor, alachlor, atrazine, butachlor, pendimethalin and heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni were analysed. The method for pesticide residues was based on d-SPE. The quantification was done by GC-ECD and confirmation by GC-MS/MS. Heavy metals were analysed by AAS.The results revealed that river water was contaminated with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor at hanuman sethu and gomati bairaj which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of the river. The recovery ranged from 76.6 to 96.2 %, with relative standard deviations below 14%. The results revealed that river water was contaminated with ∑HCH (ND - 0.024 μg/ml), endosulfan (ND - 0.127 μg/ml), dicofol (ND - 0.041 μg/ml), alachlor (ND - 0.035 μg/ml), heptachlor (ND - 0.107 μg/ml) and butachlor (ND - 0.135 μg/ml) which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of river. The heavy metals found in river water were in range: Cu (0.004 - 0.016 μg/ml); Fe (0.554 - 1.179 μg/ml); Mn (0.044 - 0.112 μg/ml); Pb (0.167 - 0.327 μg/ml) and Zn (0.046 - 0.168 μg/ml). The physicochemical parameter; pH (6.8 - 7.5), electrical conductivity (0.533 - 0.764 ms/cm), total dissolved solids (202 - 388 mg/l), chloride (17.99 - 35.98 mg/l) were recorded. The water quality has been found unsafe for civil consumption. The higher level of pollutants polluting water quality of river are disturbing the ecology of river and affecting human health directly and indirectly.A
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 μS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 µS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
water, a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. It is one of the most plentiful and essential of compounds. A tasteless and odourless liquid at room temperature, it has the important ability to dissolve many other substances.
Similar to The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES) (20)
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 6 ||Pages|| 27-32||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 27
Organic Pollution Indicator And Anion Concentration Of
Pharmaceutical Effluent And Surface Water In Minna, Niger
State, Nigeria
1,
Idris, M. A , 2,
Kolo, B. G. , 3,
Sani, A.
1,2,3,
Department of Chemistry, P. M. B. 1069. University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
----------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------
Pharmaceutical effluent and surface water from River Gorax Maitumbi industrial layout Minna, Niger State,
Nigeria were Sampled at eight different points designated as S1 to S8. The levels of Dissolved Oxygen (DO),
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were simultaneously monitored in
the effluent and the receiving watersheds over a period of 3 months using standard method of APHA, (1995).
Anion concentrations which includes phosphate (PO4
3-
), Nitate (NO3
-
) and Chloride (Cl-
) were also determined
using standard procedures as discribed by HACH, (1997) and Ademoroti, (1996). Dissolved Oxygen value
ranged from (3.67±0.20 to 7.00±0.22 mg/l); while COD showed the highest value of (182±1.56 mg/l) at S7
whereas BOD which range from (1.85±0.04 to 3.47±1.32 mg/l) was within permissible limits of 30mg/l.
Similarly, anion concentrations showed values of 1.29 mg/l, 15.80 mg/l and 1767 mg/l to be highest at S1 for
phosphate, nitrate and chloride whereas the lowest values of 0.69 mg/l, 7.21 mg/l and 950 mg/l were observed
at the control (S5). Most values observed at ddifferent sampling points were outside the compliance levels of the
NSDWQ, FEPA and WHO tolerance limits for effluents discharge into receiving watersheds except for PO4
3-
(1.29 ± 0.30 to 0.69 ± 0.05 mg/l) which was within permissible limits of 5mg/l. This study reveals the need for
enforcing adequate effluent treatment methods before their discharge to surface water to reduce their potential
environmental hazards.
KEY WORDS: Pollution, Environment, Watershad, Minna, River, Industry, Ions, Surface.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 18 May 2013, Date of Publication: 18.June.2013
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
An important pollution index of industrial wastewaters is the oxygen function measured in terms of
chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biological oxygen demand (BOD), while the nutrient status of wastewater
are measured in terms of nitrogen and phosphorus. In addition, other important quality parameters include pH,
temperature and total suspended solids (Ezenobi, 2004). Pharmaceutical effluents are waste generated by
pharmaceutical industry during the process of drugs manufacturing which is a serious contaminant. Thus the
effluents from industries are considered as a serious environmental threat throughout the world (Wequar and
Rajiv, 2009). Generally, pharmaceutical industries do not generate uniform waste streams, due to the variety of
medicines produced during any given processing period (Houk, 1992). In recent times, a wide range of
pharmaceuticals have been found in fresh and marine waters, and it has been shown that even in reduced
quantities, some of these compounds are potentially capable of causing harm to both aquatic and terrestrial life
forms (Jonathan and Nicolaos, 2005). Pharmaceutical and personal care products industries suffer from
inadequate effluent treatment due to the presence of recalcitrant substances. Some of the most representative
pharmaceutical and personal care products found in receiving waters include antibiotics, lipid regulators,
antiinflammatories, antiepileptics, tranquilizers, and cosmetic ingredients containing oil and grease (Lateef,
2004). For example, characterization of the composite wastewater from soap, pharmaceuticals and food
processing plants indicated that the waste was highly contaminated with organic compounds as indicated by
COD and BOD values (Ekhaise and Anyansi, 2005).
The world global growth and rapid industrial development have led to the recognition and increasing
understanding of interrelationship between pollution, public health and environment. Presently, some 2.4 billion
people lack adequate sanitation and 3.4 million die each year in the world from water related diseases
(Anonymous, 2001). In most developing countries like Nigeria, most industries dispose their effluents without
treatment. These industrial effluents have a hazard effect on water quality, habitat quality, and complex effects
on flowing waters (Ethan et al., 2003). Industrial wastes and emission contain toxic and hazardous substances,
most of which are detrimental to human health (Jimena et al., 2008 ), (Rajaram, and Ashutost, 2008).
2. Organic Pollution Indicator And Anion…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 28
In Nigeria, main contributors to the surface and ground water pollution are the byproducts of various
industries such as textile, metal, dying chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides, cement, petrochemical, energy and
power, leather, sugar processing, construction, steel, engineering, food processing, mining and others. The
discharge of industrial effluents, municipal sewage, farm and urban wastes carried by drains and canals to rivers
worsen and broadens water pollution (Aziz et al., 2008). Effluents are dumped into various water bodies causing
surface/ground water pollution and endangering biodiversity and lowering agriculture production. Study of
rivers around industrial areas indicated that surface water resources are highly vulnerable to pollution as the
entire stretch in the surrounding is heavily polluted with sewage and uncontrolled application of chemicals, so
their effect on surface and ground water is an emerging concern (Rajan and Arias, 2007). Since many effluents
are not treated properly, these products are discharged on the ground or in the water bodies (Odiete, 1999), and
most of these discharges to water bodies accumulate in the system through food chain (Odiete, 1999).
Health effects of the consumption of pharmaceutical active compounds at low concentration levels are
not fully understood (Kimura et al., 2004). The levels of pharmaceutical active compounds found in drinking
water pose a human health risk (Richardson, 2003). It has long been known that drugs are not wholly absorbed
or broken down by the human body, significant amounts of any medication taken eventually pass out of the
body, primarily through the urine (Kolpin, at el., 2002). Despite years of prodding by environmental scientists,
the EPA has given very little attention to the dangers posed by widespread pharmaceutical contamination (Frick,
2001). According to a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) study conducted back in 2002, antidepressants, blood
pressure and diabetes medications, anticonvulsants, oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy drugs,
chemotherapy drugs, antibiotics, heart medications and even codeine are all showing up in the water supplies of
American cities. This study was the first national-scale evaluation of pharmaceutical drug contamination in
streams, and roughly 80 percent of the streams tested were found to be contaminated as well (Frick, 2001).
Although industrialization is inevitable, various devastating ecological and human disasters which have
continuously occurred over the last four decades, implicate industries as major contributors to environmental
degradation and pollution problems of various magnitude (Abdel-Shafy and Abdel-Basir, 1991; Velagaleti and
Burns, 2006).A report showed that people drinking chlorinated water over long periods have a 21% increase in
the risk of contracting bladder cancer and a 38% increase in the risk of rectal cancer (Wesson, 1996; Howard,
2007). The study estimates that about 9 percent of all bladder cancer and 18 percent of all rectal cancer cases are
associated with long-term consumption of chlorinated by-products. This amounts to over 20,000 new cases
each year (WHO, 1999). Nitrates and nitrites may themselves be carcinogens or may be converted in the body to
a class of compounds known as the nitrosamines, compounds that are known to be carcinogens (Howard, 2007).
Excessive concentrations of nitrate in lakes and streams greater than about 5 milligrams per liter (measured as
nitrogen), depending on the water body, can cause excessive growth of algae and other plants, leading to
accelerated eutrophication or "aging" of lakes, and occasional loss of dissolved oxygen (Knepp and Arkin,
2006). The EPA standard of 10 milligrams per liter (measured as nitrogen). The U.S. Public Health Service has
established 10 mg/L of nitrate-nitrogen as the maximum contamination level allowed in public drinking water.
Nitrate-nitrogen levels below 90 mg/L and nitrite levels below 0.5 mg/L seem to have no effect on warm-water
fish, but salmon and other cold-water fish are more sensitive (USGS, 2002).
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1.Sampling Area
Samples were collected from pharmaceutical company in Miatumbi industrial layout Minna and
surface water from River Gorax which is about 160meters from the industrial site. River Gorax is geographical
located between latitude 90
310
N and longitude 70
00
E in Chanchaga, Minna. Wastewater and surface water
Samples were collected from Miatumbi industrial layout and River Gorax in Minna, the samples were collected
in cleaned, dry polyethylene bottles which have been previously washed with 20% nitric acid and subsequently
with demineralized water. The samples were collected from eight points designated as S1 to S8, point S1 was at
the point of discharge of waste water in to the drain, S2 was 50 meters from point S1, S3 was 100 meters from
point S1, and S4 was the point of discharge of waste water in to River Gorax. S5 was 100 meters up the river
away from the point of discharge in to the river to serve as control. Point S6 was the sample collected 200 meters
down the river from point S4 which is the point of discharge in to the River; S7 was 400 meters from point S4,
while point S8 was 600 meters from point S4. Samples collected were taken to the laboratory and were
refrigerated at 4o
C prior to analysis. Sampling and analysis of each parameter was conducted for three months
from September to November 2012.
3. Organic Pollution Indicator And Anion…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 29
2.2.Laboratory analysis
Dissolved oxygen was measured using DO-Meter which was calibrated prior to measurement with
solution of 5%HCl in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruction. Determination of chemical oxygen
demand was carried out according to the method described by Ademoroti (1996). The COD of the water sample
was calculated from the following expression.
COD (mg/l) = (Vb –Vs) x M x 16000 ml of sample
Where Vb = Volume of FAS for Blank
Vs = Volume of FAS for sample
M = Morality of FAS
The BOD5 was computed by subtracting the DO after five days incubation from the DO measured on
collection of samples at point in mg/l ( BOD5 =DOi –DOf ). The concentration of Phosphate and Nitrate
in the samples were determined using DR/2010 HACH Spectrophotometer, as discribed by HACH, (1997).
Whereas, the Chloride (Cl-
) determination was carried out according to the method described by Ademoroti
(1996). New standards were perpared for each parameter during every measuring month.
2.3.Statistical analysis
The data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis (95 % confident limit) using SPSS 9.0 The
general linearized model (GLM) of SPSS was used to generate analysis of variance (ANOVA), means, standard
error and range. Turkey multiple range test (TMRT) was used to test differences among all possible pairs of
treatments. Correlation was performed using MS-Excel.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Dissolved oxygen is a measure of the degree of pollution by organic matter, the destruction of organic
substances as well as the self purification capacity which is a major indicator of water quality (WHO, 2000).
The survival of aquatic life depends on a sufficient level of oxygen dissolved in water. Low dissolved oxygen
(DO) primarily results from excessive algae growth which may be as a result of increased phosphorus and
nitrogen concentration and high temperature (Kingston and Jassie, 1986). This may result in insufficient
amounts of dissolved oxygen available for fish and other aquatic life. Table 1: showed average Dissolved
Oxygen (DO) which ranged from 3.67±0.20 to 7.00±0.22 (mg/l), the dissolved oxygen observed in the drain
was below required standard for sustaining aquatic life which is stipulated at 5mg/l, a concentration below this
value adversely affects aquatic biological life, while concentration below 2mg/l may lead to death for most
fishes (Chapman, 1997). Low concentrations of dissolved oxygen, when combined with the presence of toxic
substances may lead to stress responses in aquatic ecosystems because the toxicity of certain elements, such as
zinc, lead and copper, is increased by low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (Goyer and Clarkson, 2001).
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological
organisms in water to break down organic material present in water sample at certain temperature over a specific
time period. BOD is an effective indicator of organic quality of water and wastewater treatment plants (Clair et
al., 2003). The average Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) ranged from 1.85±0.04 to 3.47±1.32 (mg/l). BOD
value was observed to be highest at S6 with value of 3.47 ± 1.32 mg/l as compared to the control at S5 with the
lowest value of 1.85 ± 0.04 mg/l as showed in Table 1: Statistical analysis using ANOVA showed that there was
significant difference between the eight sampling points. BOD also measures the biodegradable materials in
water and helps in the development of bacteria and other organic byproducts (Manahan, 1994). The addition of
sewage sludge to a coarse textured sandy and calcareous soils was reported to have improve the water holding
capacity, cation exchange capacity, increase the availability of N, P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Na but with reduced
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (Badawy and EI-Moitaium, 2001). From the mean results obtained it can be
said that the industrial effluents have no much effect on the river water, since the observed values are below the
WHO maximum standard value of 50 mg/l for discharge of wastewater into stream. From the mean values
observed it can be suggested that water samples from River Gorax were not too far from the safe limits
compared with WHO and FEPA standards.
Chemical Oxygen demand (COD) is the amount of oxygen required by organic matter for its oxidation
by strong COD substance in water (Clair et al., 2003). The COD measures pollution of domestic and industrial
waste, the waste is measure in terms of equality of oxygen required for oxidation of organic matter to produce
CO2 and water. In this study the average value of COD was 129.3 mg/l which is below the WHO set limit of
2003. The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values ranged from 51.00±0.29 to 182.0±1.56 (mg/l). COD value
was observed to be highest at S7 with value of 182.0 ± 1.56 mg/l as compared to the control at S1 with the lowest
value of 51.0 ± 0.29 mg/l. It can also be said that the industries in question may not be the basic cause of
contamination in to the River but a contributing factor since point S6 to S8 which is 600meters away from S4
4. Organic Pollution Indicator And Anion…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 30
showed a mean values which are higher than the control and the point of discharge in to River Gorax at
S4 with 126.00 ± 5.60 mg/l as showed in Table 1.Nitrates (NO3
-
) and nitrites may themselves be carcinogens or
may be converted in the body to a class of compounds known as the nitrosamines, compounds that are known to
be carcinogens (Howard, 2007). The average value of nitrates in effluent was 2.25 mg/l. Excessive
concentrations of nitrate in lakes and streams greater than about 5 milligrams per liter (measured as nitrogen),
depending on the water body, can cause excessive growth of algae and other plants, leading to accelerated
eutrophication or "aging" of lakes, and occasional loss of dissolved oxygen (Knepp and Arkin, 2006). Table 2:
showed that the values of Nitrate (NO3
-
) concentrations range from 8.81±1.66 to 15.80±0.67 (mg/l), nitrate
value was observed to be highest at S1 with value of 15.8 ± 0.67 mg/l as compared to the control at S5 with the
lowest value of 8.81 ± 1.66 mg/l. Nitrate concentrations at all the sampling points were above WHO and FEPA
standard of 5mg/l discharged of wastewater into stream. The Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality
reported that nitrate concentration above standard limits causes Cyanosis, and Asphyxia (‘blue-baby syndrome”)
in infants under three months syndrome (NSDWQ, 2007).
The addition of phosphates to rivers through the activities of humans such as pharmaceutical and other
industrial effluents can accelerate the eutrophication process of nutrient enrichment that results in accelerated
ecological aging of lakes and streams (Murphy and Riley, 2001). Critical levels of phosphorus in water above
which eutrophication is likely to be triggered, are approximately 0.03 mg/l of dissolved phosphorus and 0.1 mg/l
of total phosphorus (SMEWW, 1996). The Phosphate (PO4
3-
) concentrations ranged from 0.69±0.05 to
1.29±0.30 (mg/l). Highest concentration of phosphate was observed in point S1 with mean concentration of 1.29
± 0.30mg/l as compared to the control at S5 with mean concentration of 0.69 ± 0.05 mg/l as showed in Table 2:
Therefore, it can also be said that the industries in question contributes significantly in contaminating the river
since point S6 which is 200meters away showed a means value of 1.03 ± 0.14 mg/l which is higher than the
control and is comparable to concentrations of discharge in the drain. The discharge of raw or treated
wastewater, agricultural drainage, or certain industrial wastes that contain phosphates to a surface water body
may result in a highly eutrophic state, in which the growth of photosynthetic aquatic micro- and macro
organisms are stimulated to nuisance levels.
The mean concentrations of chloride (Cl-
) in the wastewater channel ranged from 950±19.03 to
1767±29.53 (mg/l), the mean chloride concentration is high in all the sampled points, with S1 having the highest
concentration of 1443 ± 40.32 mg/l and the control which is 100 meters up the stream have the least
concentration of 950±19.03 This show that the industrial effluent is responsible for surface water contamination
above WHO, FEPA and NSDWQ permissible limits of 250 mg/l chloride concentration in river water. Drinking
of chlorinated water over long periods have a 21% increase in the risk of contracting bladder cancer and a 38%
increase in the risk of rectal cancer (Wesson, 1996; Howard, 2007). This amounts to over 20,000 new cases each
year (WHO, 1999). Chloride is almost completely absorbed in normal individuals, mostly from the proximal
half of the small intestine. Although, excessive intake of drinking-water containing sodium chloride at
concentrations above 2.5 g/litre has been reported to produce hypertension (Christensen, 2000) this effect is
believed to be related to the sodium ion concentration. The results for elemental concentration in wastewater and
surface water samples from River Gorax showed highest mean concentrations at point S1 for all the metals
tested. This can be attributed to the fact that there were high anthropogenic activities at this point as compared to
other points. Table 2: show the varying concentration of metals analysed at different sampling points, which was
observed to decrease from S1 to S4 in the drain and from S6 to S8 down the stream, the mean concentrations were
observed to be above the control at points S5 for all the metals. Some trace metals are potentially toxic because
they act on the cell membrane or interfere with cytoplasmic or nuclear functions after entry into the cell. Hence,
their accumulation in the human body could result to malfunctioning of organs (Jarup, 2003).
Table 1: Mean Concentration of Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen
Demand in Pharmaceutical wastewater and surface water samples from River Gorax, Maitumbi industrial
layout, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
5. Organic Pollution Indicator And Anion…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 31
S1 = point of discharge of waste water in to the drain, S2 = 50m from point S1, S3 = 100m from S1, and S4 = the
point of discharge of waste water in to River Gorax. S5 = control 100m up the river. S6 = 200m down the river
from S4, S7 = 400m from S4, S8 = 600m from S4.
able 2: Mean Concentration of Anions in Pharmaceutical wastewater and surface water samples from River
Gorax, Maitumbi industrial layout, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
Parameters Concentrations (mg/l)
Sample points PO4
3-
NO3
-
Cl-
S1 1.29a
±0.30 15.80a
±0.67 1767b
±29.53
S2 1.19a
±0.31 13.50b
±1.56 1443a
±40.32
S3 1.03b
±0.22 7.21c
±1.80 1314a
±28.22
S4 0.80a
±0.13 9.84a
±0.88 1591a
±23.03
S5 0.69a
±0.05 8.81d
±1.66 950a
±19.03
S6 1.03c
±0.14 13.21a
±2.40 1330a
±27.07
S7 0.83a
±0.12 11.74e
±1.58 1204c
±30.25
S8 0.79a
±0.07 10.37f
±1.13 1100a
±27.74
Mean with the same letter in a column are statistically sig. at p<0.05
S1 = point of discharge of waste water in to the drain, S2 = 50m from point S1, S3 = 100m from S1, and S4 = the
point of discharge of waste water in to River Gorax. S5 = control 100m up the river. S6 = 200m down the river
from S4, S7 = 400m from S4, S8 = 600m from S4.
REFERENCES
[1] Anonymous. (2001). The News International, 2001. Water Quality Assessment. Environ Monitoring and Assessment 36: 229-
249.
[2] Abdel-Shafy, H. I. and Abdel-Basir, S. E. (1991). Chemical Treatment of Industrial Wastewater. Environ. Manage. Health, 2: 19-
23.
[3] APHA, (1992). American Public Health Association. Standards methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 18th Ed.
Washington, D.C. p.134.
[4] Aziz, H.A, Adlan, M.N and Ariffin, K.S. (2008). Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu and Cr(III)) removal from water in Malaysia:
Post treatment by high quality limestone. Biores. Technol. 99: 1578-1583.
[5] Badawy, S. H. and El-motaium, R. A. (2001). Effect of irradiated and nonirradiated sewage sludge application on some nutrient-
heavy metal content of soils and tomato plants. 1st congress on recent Technology in Agriculture Bulletin of Faculty Agriculture
University of Cairo, Cairo 4: 728-744.
[6] Chapman, D. (1997). Water Quality Assessment. A Guide to the use of Biota, Sediments and water in Environmental
Monitoring. Second Edition. E& FN Spon, London. file: A//:Hydrology and Water Quality of Lake Merced.htm.
[7] Christensen, T. H. (2000). Pharmaceuticals in the environment – A human risk. Regulat Toxicol Pharmacol. 28:212–221.
[8] Clair N. S., Perry L. M. and Gene F. P. (2003). Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science (5th ed.). p. 233.
[9] Ekhaise, F. O. and Anyansi, C .C. (2005). Influence of breweries effluent discharge on the microbiological and physiochemical
quality of Ikpoba River, Nigeria. Afr. Jour Biotechnol 4: 1062-1065
[10] Ethan, J. N., Richard, W. M. and Michael, G. K. (2003). The effect of an industrial effluent on an urban stream benthic
community: water quality vs. habitat quality. Environmental Pollution.123 (1): 1-13.
6. Organic Pollution Indicator And Anion…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 32
[11] Ezenobi, N. O. and Okpokwasili, G. C. (2004). Bacterial flora and physico-chemical characteristics of Hospital sewage in Port
Harcourt City. Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 18(1-2):277-283.
[12] Frick, E. A. (2001). Presence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent and drinking water, metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, July-
September 1999. Proceedings of the 2001 Georgia Water Resources Conference, Athens, Ga., March 26-27.
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pharm_final.pdf.
[13] Goyer, R.A., and T.M. Clarkson. 2001. Toxic effects of metals. Chapter 23. In: Klaassen, C.D., ed Casarett & Doull’s
toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Pp. 811-868.
[14] HACH, (1997). Water Analysis Handbook, 3rd edition, HACH Company, Loveland,Colorado,
[15] USA. Pp. 12-36
[16] Houk, V. S. (1992). The genotoxicity of industrial wastes and effluents: A review. Mutat Res. 227:91–138.
[17] Howard Drossman, (2007). Chemical Speciation Analysis of Sports Drinks by Acid–Base Titrimetry and Ion Chromatography: A
Challenging Beverage Formulation Project Journal of Chemical Education 84 (1), 124.
[18] Jarup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Braz. Med. Bull. 68:167-182.
[19] Jimena, M. G., Roxana, O., Catiana, Z., Margarita, H., Susana, M. and Ines-Isla. (2008). Industrial effluents and surface waters
genotoxicity and mutagenicity evaluation of a river of Tucuman, Argentina. J. of hazardous Material. 155(3): 403-406.
[20] Jonathan, P. B. and Nicolaos, V.( 2005). Household disposal of pharmaceuticals as a pattern for aquatic contamination in the
United Kingdom. Environ Health Perspect. 113:1705–1711.
[21] Knepp and Arkin, (2006). Ammonia Toxicity Levels and Nitrate Tolerance of Channel Catfish. The Progressive Fish-Culturist,
35: 221. http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/standards
[22] Kingston, H. M. and Jassie, L. B. (1986). Microwave energy for acid decomposition at elevated temperatures and pressures using
biological and botanical samples. Anal. Chem. 58: 2534-2541.
[23] Kimura, K., Toshima, S., Amy, G. and Watanabe, S. (2004). Rejection of neutral endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and
pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) by RO membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 245: 71-78.
[24] Kolpin, D. W., Furlong, E. T., Meyer, M. T., Thurman, E. M., Zauge, S. D., Barber, L. B. and Herbert, T. B. (2002).
Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance.
Environmental Science & Technology, 36 (6): 1202-1211. http://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-027-02/index.html).
[25] Lateef, A. (2004). The microbiology of pharmaceutical effluent and its public health implications. World J. Microbiol
Biotechnol. 20:167-171.
[26] Manahan, S. (1984). Environmental chemistry, Brooks, Colei, CA., USA. p. 234.
[27] Murphy, J. and Riley, J., (2001). "A Modified Single Solution for the Determination of Phosphate in Natural Waters". Anal.
Chim. Acta., 27, 31.
[28] NSDWQ, (2007). Nigerian Standards for Drinking Water Quality: Standards on quality of surface and ground water. Federal
Ministry / Agency in charge of Environment. Federal Ministry of Water Resources, Nigeria. Pp. 12-46.
[29] Odiete, W. O. (1999). Impacts associated with water pollution in Environmental Physiology of Animals and Pollution.
Diversified Resources Ltd, Lagos 1st edition, Pp. 187-219.
[30] Rajaram, T. and Ashutost, D. (2008). Water pollution by industrial effluents in India: discharge scenario and case for
participatory ecosystem specific local regulation. Envr. J. 40(1): 56-69.
[31] Rajan, T. and Arias, H. A. (2007). Statistical approach for the assessment of water pollution around industrial area. Environ
Monitoring and Assessment 36: 229-249.
[32] Richardson, J. (2003). Virus removal during simulated soil-aquifer treatment. Water Research, v 37, n 4, Pp. 753-762.
[33] SMEWW, (1996). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th Edition, Pp. 4-116.
[34] USGS, (2002). United States Geological Survey: Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water:
Water Supply Paper 1473. http://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-027-02/.
[35] Velagaleti, R. and Burns, P. K. (2006). The Industrial ecology of pharmaceutical raw materials and finished products with
emphasis on supply chain management activities. http://www.epa.gov/esd/chemistry/ppcp/images/ecology.pdf.
[36] Wequar, A. S. and Rajiv, R. S. (2009). Assessment of the Impact of Industrial Effluents on Groundwater Quality in Okhla
Industrial Area, New Delhi, India. E-Journal of Chemistry. http://www.e-journals.net. 6(S1): S41- S46.
[37] Wesson L. G (1996). Physiology of the human kidney. New York, NY, Grune and Stratton, p. 591.
[38] World Health Organization (1999). Sodium, chlorides, and conductivity in drinking water: a report on a WHO working group.
Copenhagen Regional Office for Europe (EURO Reports and Studies 2). www.who.int/eurowater_sanitation_health/publications
[39] WHO, (2000). Rolling revision of the WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality, Draft for review and comments.
www.hls.gov.bc.ca/protect/pdf/WHO_V2_2000