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The document discusses antimalarial drugs. It describes that malaria is caused by plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. There are four types of plasmodium that infect humans to varying degrees of severity. Antimalarials work by targeting different stages of the parasite's life cycle within the human and mosquito hosts. They are classified into 10 types based on their chemical structure and properties. Key antimalarials like quinine, chloroquine, and primaquine act on the sporozoite, blood stage, and transmission blocking stages respectively. Quinine itself is derived from the bark of the cinchona plant and has a quinoline ring structure.
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kiran.pptx
This document summarizes antimalarial drugs. It describes the four species of Plasmodium that cause malaria and their life cycles. It then discusses the four sites where drugs can act against the parasite. The main classes of antimalarial drugs are described - quinolines, 9-amino acrydines, 2,4-diamino pyrimidines, biguanides, and miscellaneous drugs. Key drugs like chloroquine, primaquine, pyrimethamine, and artemisinins are explained along with their mechanisms of action.
Anti malarial drugs
This document provides information on various anti-malarial agents. It discusses the life cycle of Plasmodium parasites and the four species that cause malaria in humans. It then describes various classes of anti-malarial drugs including those derived from natural sources like cinchona alkaloids and artemisinin, as well as synthetic agents like chloroquine, primaquine, mefloquine, and antifolate drugs. For each class, it provides details on examples, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationships, resistance issues, and pharmacological properties. The document aims to comprehensively cover the major therapeutic options available to treat malaria.
Plasmodium species
The document summarizes the four main Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. It describes their life cycles, which involve sexual reproduction in mosquitos and asexual reproduction in human liver and red blood cells. P. falciparum causes the most severe disease and is the most likely to result in complications like cerebral malaria and blackwater fever. The life cycle and symptoms of the different species are discussed in detail.
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Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. P. falciparum and P. vivax are common causes in India, with P. falciparum infections being more severe. The parasite has a complex lifecycle alternating between mosquitos and humans. In humans it progresses through liver and blood stages causing cyclical fevers. Diagnosis involves blood smears and PCR. Treatment aims to clear blood stages with chloroquine or ACTs depending on species/resistance, and prevent relapse or transmission with additional primaquine in some cases. Severe malaria requires parenteral artesunate or quinine.
Malaria
Malaria is caused by plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. The document discusses the life cycle and species of malaria parasites, which includes P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. It then covers the pathogenesis of malaria, including the hepatic and erythrocytic phases. Finally, it outlines the clinical features of malaria like febrile paroxysms, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, anemia, and complications of P. falciparum malaria such as cerebral malaria. Diagnostic methods for malaria are also summarized, including microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, and rapid diagnostic tests.
Malaria
1. The document discusses malaria, providing classifications of the Plasmodium parasite, details of its life cycle within human and mosquito hosts, methods of diagnosis, and strategies for treatment and prevention.
2. Key points covered include the routes of transmission from mosquitoes to humans, stages within the parasite's complex life cycle including pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic schizogony, and the use of rapid antigen detection tests and microscopy to diagnose malaria.
3. Treatment focuses on artemisinin combination therapy, while prevention emphasizes insecticide use and insecticide-treated bed nets to control the mosquito vector.
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1. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.
2. The malaria parasite has a complex life cycle alternating between human and mosquito hosts. In humans, the parasites multiply in the liver and then infect and destroy red blood cells.
3. Symptoms of malaria in humans include fever, chills, and flu-like illness, and differ depending on the Plasmodium species. P. falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria and is responsible for the vast majority of malaria deaths.
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This document summarizes antimalarial drugs. It describes the four species of Plasmodium that cause malaria and their life cycles. It then discusses the four sites where drugs can act against the parasite. The main classes of antimalarial drugs are described - quinolines, 9-amino acrydines, 2,4-diamino pyrimidines, biguanides, and miscellaneous drugs. Key drugs like chloroquine, primaquine, pyrimethamine, and artemisinins are explained along with their mechanisms of action.
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This document provides information on various anti-malarial agents. It discusses the life cycle of Plasmodium parasites and the four species that cause malaria in humans. It then describes various classes of anti-malarial drugs including those derived from natural sources like cinchona alkaloids and artemisinin, as well as synthetic agents like chloroquine, primaquine, mefloquine, and antifolate drugs. For each class, it provides details on examples, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationships, resistance issues, and pharmacological properties. The document aims to comprehensively cover the major therapeutic options available to treat malaria.
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The document summarizes the four main Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. It describes their life cycles, which involve sexual reproduction in mosquitos and asexual reproduction in human liver and red blood cells. P. falciparum causes the most severe disease and is the most likely to result in complications like cerebral malaria and blackwater fever. The life cycle and symptoms of the different species are discussed in detail.
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Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. P. falciparum and P. vivax are common causes in India, with P. falciparum infections being more severe. The parasite has a complex lifecycle alternating between mosquitos and humans. In humans it progresses through liver and blood stages causing cyclical fevers. Diagnosis involves blood smears and PCR. Treatment aims to clear blood stages with chloroquine or ACTs depending on species/resistance, and prevent relapse or transmission with additional primaquine in some cases. Severe malaria requires parenteral artesunate or quinine.
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Malaria is caused by plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. The document discusses the life cycle and species of malaria parasites, which includes P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. It then covers the pathogenesis of malaria, including the hepatic and erythrocytic phases. Finally, it outlines the clinical features of malaria like febrile paroxysms, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, anemia, and complications of P. falciparum malaria such as cerebral malaria. Diagnostic methods for malaria are also summarized, including microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, and rapid diagnostic tests.
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1. The document discusses malaria, providing classifications of the Plasmodium parasite, details of its life cycle within human and mosquito hosts, methods of diagnosis, and strategies for treatment and prevention.
2. Key points covered include the routes of transmission from mosquitoes to humans, stages within the parasite's complex life cycle including pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic schizogony, and the use of rapid antigen detection tests and microscopy to diagnose malaria.
3. Treatment focuses on artemisinin combination therapy, while prevention emphasizes insecticide use and insecticide-treated bed nets to control the mosquito vector.
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1. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.
2. The malaria parasite has a complex life cycle alternating between human and mosquito hosts. In humans, the parasites multiply in the liver and then infect and destroy red blood cells.
3. Symptoms of malaria in humans include fever, chills, and flu-like illness, and differ depending on the Plasmodium species. P. falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria and is responsible for the vast majority of malaria deaths.
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Malaria is a vector borne disease and a leading cause of mortality throughout the world mainly in third world countries.
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able of ContentsIntroductionObjectives of Giemsa stainPrincipleReagents UsedProcedureStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingStaining Procedure 2: Thick Film StainingResultsInterpretation/ConclusionApplications Giemsa stainAdvantagesLimitationsReferencesFour Charged in Plot to Kidnap an Iranian Journalist in New YorkIntroductionGiemsa stain was a name adopted from a Germany Chemist scientist, for his application of a combination of reagents in demonstrating the presence of parasites in malaria.It belongs to a group of stains known as Romanowsky stains. These are neutral stains made up of a mixture of oxidized methylene blue, azure, and Eosin Y and they performed on an air-dried slide that is post-fixed with methanol. Romanowsky stains are applied in the differentiation of cells, pathological examinations of samples like blood and bone marrow films and demonstration of parasites e.g malaria. There are four types of Romanoswsky stains:Giemsa stainJenner StainWright stainMay-Grunwald StainLeishman stainObjectives of Giemsa stainTo accurately prepare the Giemsa stain stock solutionTo stain and identify blood cellsTo differentiate blood cells nuclei from the cytoplasmPrincipleGiemsa stain is a gold standard staining technique that is used for both thin and thick smears to examine blood for malaria parasites, a routine check-up for other blood parasites and to morphologically differentiate the nuclear and cytoplasm of Erythrocytes, leucocytes and Platelets and parasites.Like any type of Romanowsky stains, it composed of both the Acidic and Basic dyes, in relation to affinities of acidity and basicity for blood cells. Azure and methylene blue, a basic dye binds to the acid nucleus producing blue-purple color. Eosin is an acidic dye that is attracted to the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic granules which are alkaline-producing red coloration. The stain must be buffered with water to pH 6.8 or 7.2, to precipitate the dyes to bind simple materials.Classically, Giemsa stain is a differential stain which is made up of a combination of reagents (Azure, Methylene blue, and Eosin dye) used widely in cytogenetics and histopathology for the diagnosis of:Malaria, spirochetes and other blood parasitesChlamydia trachomatis inclusion bodiesBorrelia sppYersinia pestisHistoplasma sppPneumocystis jiroveci cystsReagents UsedMethanolGiemsa powderGlycerinWater (Buffer)ProcedurePreparation of the Giemsa Stain Stock solution (500ml)Into 250ml of methanol, add 3.8g of Giemsa powder and dissolve.Heat the solution up to ~60oCThen, add 250ml of glycerin to the solution, slowly.Filter the solution and leave it to stand for about 1-2 months before use.Preparation of Working solutionAdd 10ml of stock solution to 80ml of distilled water and 10ml of methanolStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingOn a clean dry microscopic glass slide, make a thin film of the specimen (blood) and leave to air dry.dip the smear (2-3 dips) into pure methanol for fixation of the
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The document summarizes the life cycle and transmission of malaria parasites. It discusses:
1) Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which are transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites have a complex life cycle involving both human and mosquito hosts.
2) In humans, the parasites initially infect and multiply in the liver before infecting and destroying red blood cells. Parasites developing in red blood cells cause the cyclical symptoms of malaria.
3) Mosquitoes can acquire the parasite by biting infected humans and ingesting sexual forms of the parasite. In the mosquito's gut the parasite undergoes further development before migrating
Malaria ppt.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It is transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions around the equator, including Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Malaria causes symptoms like fever, chills, and flu-like illness. It is typically diagnosed by examining blood slides under a microscope. Treatment depends on the species of Plasmodium, with drugs like chloroquine and antifolates being used. Prevention involves reducing mosquito bites through insecticides, bed nets, and protective clothing. Malaria control projects aim to study and reduce the burden of the disease.
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The document discusses anti-malarial drugs. It describes how malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by mosquitoes. It outlines the life cycle of the parasite and the stages at which different drugs act to prevent or treat malaria. The document then classifies and describes the structures of various anti-malarial drugs like chloroquine, primaquine, and proguanil. It discusses the mechanisms and synthesis of some drugs as well as structure-activity relationships of 4-aminoquinolines.
Malaria
Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted via the bites of infected mosquitoes. The parasite has a complex life cycle, involving stages in both the human and mosquito hosts. In humans, the parasites multiply in the liver and then infect red blood cells, causing symptoms like fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Malaria remains a major global health problem and is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. Microscopic examination of blood smears remains the gold standard for diagnosis, and treatment involves antimalarial drugs.
Malaria
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasite has a complex life cycle alternating between human and mosquito hosts. In humans, it causes flu-like symptoms including fever, chills, and headaches during the blood stage of infection. Diagnosis is usually by microscopic examination of blood smears, and treatment depends on the infecting parasite species. Complications can occur if not treated promptly, with cerebral malaria being the most severe manifestation. Prevention relies on mosquito control and the use of prophylactic drugs for travelers visiting malaria-endemic regions.
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The document discusses Plasmodium vivax, one of the malarial parasites. It describes the life cycle of P. vivax, including its asexual and sexual reproduction stages in both humans and mosquitoes. The asexual cycle in humans involves liver and blood stages, where the parasite invades red blood cells and undergoes schizogony. Transmission occurs when an infected mosquito bites a human and takes in gametocytes that undergo further development stages in the mosquito before infecting another human. Symptoms of malaria include periodic fevers. Control methods target eliminating mosquito vectors and preventing transmission through prophylaxis or treating infected individuals.
6. plasmodium
Plasmodium is a unicellular parasite that causes malaria in humans. It is transmitted via the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Plasmodium has a complex life cycle involving sexual reproduction in mosquitoes and asexual reproduction in humans. When an infected mosquito bites a human, sporozoites enter the liver and later infect red blood cells, causing symptoms such as fever, chills, and anemia. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears under a microscope to identify the Plasmodium species and stages. Treatment involves antimalarial drugs, while control relies on preventing mosquito bites and reducing mosquito populations.
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Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites that are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply within the liver and red blood cells. Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Malaria is diagnosed by examining blood smears under a microscope and can be confirmed by abnormal blood test results. Treatment depends on the Plasmodium species, but involves antimalarial medications like chloroquine, primaquine, artemether, or combinations of drugs. Prevention involves awareness, avoiding mosquito bites, antimalarial medications for high-risk areas, and prompt treatment of infections.
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Antimalarial agents are chemotherapeutic agents used to prevent and treat malaria caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. There are four main species that cause human malaria: P. malariae, P. vivax, P. falciparum, and P. ovale. Common antimalarial classes include 4-aminoquinolines like chloroquine, quinoline-methanols like mefloquine, cinchona alkaloids like quinine, and diaminopyrimidines like pyrimethamine. These work by accumulating in the parasite and raising vesicular pH to interfere with hemoglobin degradation or through other mechanisms like oxidative damage. Artemisinins
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Malaria is a vector borne disease and a leading cause of mortality throughout the world mainly in third world countries.
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Malaria is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It is widespread in tropical regions and causes hundreds of thousands of deaths annually, mostly among African children. The parasite has complex life cycles between human and mosquito hosts. Symptoms include fever, headaches, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood smear microscopy or antigen/DNA tests. Treatment depends on parasite species but commonly involves antimalarial drugs. Prevention strategies target eliminating mosquitoes or using prophylaxis for travelers.
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HCM 124 lecture 8 Malaria.pptx
able of ContentsIntroductionObjectives of Giemsa stainPrincipleReagents UsedProcedureStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingStaining Procedure 2: Thick Film StainingResultsInterpretation/ConclusionApplications Giemsa stainAdvantagesLimitationsReferencesFour Charged in Plot to Kidnap an Iranian Journalist in New YorkIntroductionGiemsa stain was a name adopted from a Germany Chemist scientist, for his application of a combination of reagents in demonstrating the presence of parasites in malaria.It belongs to a group of stains known as Romanowsky stains. These are neutral stains made up of a mixture of oxidized methylene blue, azure, and Eosin Y and they performed on an air-dried slide that is post-fixed with methanol. Romanowsky stains are applied in the differentiation of cells, pathological examinations of samples like blood and bone marrow films and demonstration of parasites e.g malaria. There are four types of Romanoswsky stains:Giemsa stainJenner StainWright stainMay-Grunwald StainLeishman stainObjectives of Giemsa stainTo accurately prepare the Giemsa stain stock solutionTo stain and identify blood cellsTo differentiate blood cells nuclei from the cytoplasmPrincipleGiemsa stain is a gold standard staining technique that is used for both thin and thick smears to examine blood for malaria parasites, a routine check-up for other blood parasites and to morphologically differentiate the nuclear and cytoplasm of Erythrocytes, leucocytes and Platelets and parasites.Like any type of Romanowsky stains, it composed of both the Acidic and Basic dyes, in relation to affinities of acidity and basicity for blood cells. Azure and methylene blue, a basic dye binds to the acid nucleus producing blue-purple color. Eosin is an acidic dye that is attracted to the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic granules which are alkaline-producing red coloration. The stain must be buffered with water to pH 6.8 or 7.2, to precipitate the dyes to bind simple materials.Classically, Giemsa stain is a differential stain which is made up of a combination of reagents (Azure, Methylene blue, and Eosin dye) used widely in cytogenetics and histopathology for the diagnosis of:Malaria, spirochetes and other blood parasitesChlamydia trachomatis inclusion bodiesBorrelia sppYersinia pestisHistoplasma sppPneumocystis jiroveci cystsReagents UsedMethanolGiemsa powderGlycerinWater (Buffer)ProcedurePreparation of the Giemsa Stain Stock solution (500ml)Into 250ml of methanol, add 3.8g of Giemsa powder and dissolve.Heat the solution up to ~60oCThen, add 250ml of glycerin to the solution, slowly.Filter the solution and leave it to stand for about 1-2 months before use.Preparation of Working solutionAdd 10ml of stock solution to 80ml of distilled water and 10ml of methanolStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingOn a clean dry microscopic glass slide, make a thin film of the specimen (blood) and leave to air dry.dip the smear (2-3 dips) into pure methanol for fixation of the
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The document summarizes the life cycle and transmission of malaria parasites. It discusses:
1) Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which are transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites have a complex life cycle involving both human and mosquito hosts.
2) In humans, the parasites initially infect and multiply in the liver before infecting and destroying red blood cells. Parasites developing in red blood cells cause the cyclical symptoms of malaria.
3) Mosquitoes can acquire the parasite by biting infected humans and ingesting sexual forms of the parasite. In the mosquito's gut the parasite undergoes further development before migrating
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Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It is transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions around the equator, including Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Malaria causes symptoms like fever, chills, and flu-like illness. It is typically diagnosed by examining blood slides under a microscope. Treatment depends on the species of Plasmodium, with drugs like chloroquine and antifolates being used. Prevention involves reducing mosquito bites through insecticides, bed nets, and protective clothing. Malaria control projects aim to study and reduce the burden of the disease.
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The document discusses anti-malarial drugs. It describes how malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by mosquitoes. It outlines the life cycle of the parasite and the stages at which different drugs act to prevent or treat malaria. The document then classifies and describes the structures of various anti-malarial drugs like chloroquine, primaquine, and proguanil. It discusses the mechanisms and synthesis of some drugs as well as structure-activity relationships of 4-aminoquinolines.
Malaria
Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted via the bites of infected mosquitoes. The parasite has a complex life cycle, involving stages in both the human and mosquito hosts. In humans, the parasites multiply in the liver and then infect red blood cells, causing symptoms like fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Malaria remains a major global health problem and is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. Microscopic examination of blood smears remains the gold standard for diagnosis, and treatment involves antimalarial drugs.
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Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasite has a complex life cycle alternating between human and mosquito hosts. In humans, it causes flu-like symptoms including fever, chills, and headaches during the blood stage of infection. Diagnosis is usually by microscopic examination of blood smears, and treatment depends on the infecting parasite species. Complications can occur if not treated promptly, with cerebral malaria being the most severe manifestation. Prevention relies on mosquito control and the use of prophylactic drugs for travelers visiting malaria-endemic regions.
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Plasmodium is a unicellular parasite that causes malaria in humans. It is transmitted via the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Plasmodium has a complex life cycle involving sexual reproduction in mosquitoes and asexual reproduction in humans. When an infected mosquito bites a human, sporozoites enter the liver and later infect red blood cells, causing symptoms such as fever, chills, and anemia. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears under a microscope to identify the Plasmodium species and stages. Treatment involves antimalarial drugs, while control relies on preventing mosquito bites and reducing mosquito populations.
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Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites that are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply within the liver and red blood cells. Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Malaria is diagnosed by examining blood smears under a microscope and can be confirmed by abnormal blood test results. Treatment depends on the Plasmodium species, but involves antimalarial medications like chloroquine, primaquine, artemether, or combinations of drugs. Prevention involves awareness, avoiding mosquito bites, antimalarial medications for high-risk areas, and prompt treatment of infections.
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beta lactamase inhibitors from beta lacatum antibiotics
Beta lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam, and avibactam work to inhibit beta-lactamase enzymes produced by bacteria that provide resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins. They bind to and inactivate the beta-lactamase enzymes, restoring the effectiveness of beta-lactam antibiotics. These inhibitors are often combined with antibiotics like amoxicillin, piperacillin, and ceftazidime to treat bacterial infections that have developed resistance due to beta-lactamase enzyme production. The combinations expand the antibiotic spectrum and are used for various infections including skin, respiratory, ur
ANTI-HISTAMINES-1 medicinal chemistry threee
1) Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses and regulating physiological functions. It is synthesized from histidine by decarboxylation.
2) Histamine acts through four types of G protein-coupled receptors: H1, H2, H3, and H4. H1 receptor blockers are used to treat allergic disorders by blocking the effects of histamine.
3) There are two generations of H1 receptor blockers. First generation blockers include aminoalkylethers, ethylenediamines, propylamine derivatives, and phenothiazines. Second generation blockers have less sedative effects.
Antibiotics, Plant products, Miscellaneous.pptx
1. The document discusses several anti-neoplastic agents including antibiotics (dactinomycin, daunorubicin), plant products (etoposide, vincristine, vinblastine), and miscellaneous agents (mitotane, cisplatin).
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ANTI-HISTAMINES AND ITS DRUGS WITH SAR AND
1) Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses and regulating physiological functions. It is synthesized from histidine by decarboxylation.
2) Histamine acts through four types of G protein-coupled receptors: H1, H2, H3, and H4. H1 receptor blockers are used to treat allergic disorders by blocking the effects of histamine.
3) There are two generations of H1 receptor blockers. First generation blockers include aminoalkylethers, ethylenediamines, propylamine derivatives, and phenothiazines. Second generation blockers have less sedative effects.
Antimicrobial-Resistance-A-Growing-Threat.pptx
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CO-1_INTRODUCTIONsession-3_ANTIBIOTICS.pptx
The document discusses beta lactam antibiotics. It begins by outlining the aims, objectives, and learning outcomes of the session, which are to familiarize students with antibiotics, describe antibiotic chemistry and structure-activity relationships. It then discusses the stereochemistry of penicillin, specifically that it contains three chiral carbons and that modifications to the structure can impact stability and spectrum of activity. Finally, it covers classification of penicillins, mechanisms of degradation, and examples of common penicillin drugs.
ANTIBIOTICS CEPHALOSPORINS INTRODUCTION.
This document provides information about beta lactam antibiotics. It begins with the aim and objectives of familiarizing students with basic antibiotic concepts and the chemistry of antibiotics. It then covers classification of beta lactam antibiotics including penicillin, mechanisms of action, and structure-activity relationships. Key points about penicillin such as natural sources, semisynthesis, and stereochemistry are also summarized.
methodsforscreeningofhypoglycemics-180928062900 (1).pdf
This document discusses various methods for screening anti-diabetic drugs. It begins by describing diabetes and its two main types. It then outlines current diabetes treatments. The rest of the document focuses on different models and methods used to screen for new anti-diabetic drugs, including methods to induce experimental diabetes in animals, genetically diabetic animal models, measuring blood glucose lowering effects in rats, and the euglycemic clamp technique. The goal of these screening methods is to better understand disease pathogenesis, evaluate drug safety, efficacy, and ability to prevent complications.
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The document discusses a study that evaluated the anti-psoriatic activity of selected phytochemicals like hesperidine, liquorice, ellagic acid, and geraniol on a UV-induced psoriasis mouse tail model. Mice were exposed to UV radiation daily to induce psoriasis and then treated with various concentrations of the phytochemicals or a standard drug. Epidermal thickness, psoriasis severity index, and histological analysis were used to analyze the anti-psoriatic effects. The results showed that 2% concentrations of geraniol, liquorice, and ellagic acid significantly reduced epidermal thickness and psoriasis severity index compared to the disease
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The document summarizes the 0th review report of a B.Pharmacy student project on the phytochemical investigation and metabolite profiling of Leucas linifolia extracts using different solvents. The objectives are to investigate the phytochemical composition and profile metabolites using GCMS and HR-LCMS techniques. The methodology involves extracting powdered plant material with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol using Soxhlet extraction. Phytochemical screening and metabolite profiling using chromatographic techniques will be performed on the extracts. The proposed plan is to collect plant materials, perform extractions and tests over a period of 15-30 days and compile the thesis.
aminoglycosides-1.pptx
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that contain amino sugars. They bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria and prevent proper formation of the initiation complex needed for protein synthesis. This causes the ribosome to misread mRNA and incorporate incorrect amino acids, killing the bacteria. Aminoglycosides are administered parenterally due to poor oral absorption. They are primarily excreted unchanged in the urine and dosing must be adjusted for renal impairment to avoid toxicity like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Their mechanism of concentration-dependent bacterial killing and post-antibiotic effect make them effective against many gram-negative bacteria when given in a single daily dose.
aminoglycosides.pptx
Aminoglycoside antibiotics are a class of antibiotics that contain an amino sugar as part of their chemical structure. They work by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria and interfering with protein synthesis. This leads to misreading of the genetic code and incorporation of incorrect amino acids into proteins, which kills the bacteria. Common examples include streptomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. They are primarily used to treat aerobic gram-negative bacterial infections. However, they can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity as side effects. Dosing must be adjusted in patients with renal impairment to avoid toxicity.
aminoglycosides-1.pptx
1) Aminoglycosides are antibiotics composed of an amino sugar core with attached aminosugars. They bind to bacterial ribosomes and prevent proper initiation of protein synthesis, leading to bacterial cell death.
2) They are administered parenterally due to poor oral absorption. Distribution is limited and they are eliminated renally by glomerular filtration. Dosing must be adjusted in renal impairment to avoid toxicity.
3) Adverse effects include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity due to accumulation in kidney and inner ear tissues. Careful monitoring of peak and trough levels is required when using these antibiotics.
aminoglycosides.pptx
1. Aminoglycosides are a class of bactericidal antibiotics that interfere with protein synthesis in bacteria. They are effective against many gram-negative aerobic bacteria.
2. Their mechanism of action involves binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inducing misreading of mRNA, which breaks up polysomes.
3. Their main toxicities include ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade. Gentamicin is one of the most commonly used aminoglycosides.
3rdunit-drugsusedincongestiveheartfaliure-201022063354.pptx
This document discusses drugs used to treat congestive heart failure. It begins by defining CHF and describing its signs and symptoms. It then covers the classification, mechanisms of action, structures, and uses of several classes of drugs including cardiac glycosides like digoxin and digitoxin, vasodilators like nesiritide and tezosentan, and ACE inhibitors like besentan. Adverse drug reactions are also listed for each drug. In summary, the document provides an overview of the main drug classes used to treat CHF and highlights key details about individual drugs within each class.
antihyperlipidemicagents.pptx
Hyperlipidemia refers to elevated plasma lipid levels, usually in the form of lipoproteins containing a hydrophobic lipid core enclosed by a hydrophilic coat. Lipid-lowering drugs act by reducing lipoprotein production or increasing their removal from blood to decrease plasma cholesterol levels. These drugs include HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), fibric acid derivatives, bile acid sequestrants, LDL oxidation inhibitors, and miscellaneous agents such as nicotinic acid. Statins are the most potent class and work by competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase to reduce intracellular cholesterol levels and increase LDL receptor expression and clearance of LDL from blood.
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This document summarizes the standardization and in vitro screening of selected plants for pharmacological properties. It describes the aims to standardize plants according to WHO guidelines and screen for anti-diabetic activity. The methodology involves standardizing the selected plant Daucus carota by evaluating various physicochemical parameters like organoleptic properties, foreign matter, moisture content, ash values, density and angle of repose. It also involves preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro assays for antioxidant and alpha amylase inhibition potential. The results show Daucus carota has properties like light yellow color, fruity odor, sweet taste. It reports values for parameters like tapped density, bulk density, Carr's index, Hausner's ratio
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The document discusses the concept of prodrugs. It defines a prodrug as a pharmacologically inactive compound that is metabolized into an active drug. The goals of prodrug design include overcoming problems like instability, poor solubility, toxicity and inadequate absorption. Ideal prodrugs are metabolized into active drugs at the target site and have non-toxic carrier molecules. Prodrugs can improve properties like solubility, lipophilicity, targeting, and duration of action to optimize drug delivery. Examples provided are valacyclovir, famciclovir and capecitabine.
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C0-2.pptx
- 2. • Malaria is also known as ague fever, Periodic fever or Paludism, it is a communicable mosquito borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite belonging to the genus plasmodium. • Out of the hundred species of plasmodium available only four are known to show devasting effects on human beings. • The three species of plasmodium that cause mild malaria include p.vivax,p.ovale,and plasmodium malariae. • They cause malaria by destructing the red blood cells present in the peripheral capillaries.
- 3. • The most complicated species of plasmodium that might even lead to death of an individual is plasmodium falciparum. • These species infect red blood cells and makes them sticky , there by arrest the circulation. • These parasites undergo asexual phase in man and sexual phase in female anaopheles mosquito, whose bites infect man and transmits malaria.
- 5. Life cycle of malaria parasite
- 16. 1. Chinchona Alkaloids 2. 4-Amino quinolines 3. 8-Amino quinolines 4. 9-Amino Acridine 5. Biguanides 6. Pyrimidine analogues 7. Polycyclics 8. Miscellaneous 9. Newer antimalarial agents 10.Combination Anti malarials are divided in to 10 types
- 17. Site of antimalarial agents Actually there are four sites for drug therapy for anti malarial agents • Kill the sporozoites injected by the mosquito • Kill the schizonts present in the hepatocytes or prevent them to form merozoites Eg: Quinine, Chloroquine, Amodoquine, Pyremethamine • Kill the merozoites in the blood or prevent them from developing in to gametocytes Eg: Chloroquine, Amodoquine. • Kill the gametocytes before they enter in to the mosquito and reproduce in to zygote Eg: Primaquine
- 18. 1. Kill the sporozoites injected by the mosquito
- 19. 2. Kill the schizonts present in the hepatocytes or prevent them to form merozoites Eg: Quinine, Chloroquine, Amodoquine, Pyremethamine
- 20. 3. Kill the merozoites in the blood or prevent them from developing in to gametocytes Eg: Chloroquine, Amodoquine.
- 21. 4. Kill the gametocytes before they enter in to the mosquito and reproduce in to zygote Eg: Primaquine
- 22. Quinine • It is a quinoline derivative • What is quinoline : Quinoline is the fusion of two six membered rings. One is benzene ring and the other one is Pyridine ring
- 23. • It also contains another ring called quinclidine • What is meant by quiniclidine: It is a bicyclo amine ring or it is also called as 1-aza bicyclo octane ring
- 24. • So quinine is having two rings one is Quinoline ring and the other is quiniclidine ring • These both the rings are connected with hydroxy methyl group
- 25. • In the case of quinoline ring it is having methoxy group at 6th position • In the case of Quinuclidine ring there is a vinyl group at 5th position • What is meant by vinyl it means CH=CH2 Or it is also called as ethenyl. • It is called as 4-quinoline methanol derivative.(At 4th position methanol is attached ) • So it is available as salt of • HCl • Dihydrochloride • Sulphate • Bisulphate • Gluconate
- 26. Source of Quinine Quinine is an alkaloid and it is obtained from the bark of Chinchona From this cinchona we are getting 4 alkaloids they are • Quinine • Quinidine • Cinchonine • Cinchonidine