Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. The most serious form is caused by P. falciparum. Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Parasites initially develop in the liver then infect red blood cells. Treatment depends on the parasite species and includes chloroquine, primaquine, artemisinins, and others to eliminate symptoms and completely clear the infection. Multiple drugs may be used in combination to combat drug resistance. Prevention involves mosquito control and chemoprophylaxis with drugs like mefloquine, doxycycline or atovaquone-proguanil.

1. Made by
Vibha bajpai

2.  Malaria
is a mosquito-borne infectious
disease of humans and other animals
caused by parasitic protozoans (a type of
unicellular microorganism) of the
genus Plasmodium
 the disease is transmitted via a bite from
an infected female Anopheles mosquito.
 which introduces the organisms from its
saliva into a person's circulatory system. In
the blood.

3.  Five
species of Plasmodium can infect and
be transmitted by humans.
 The vast majority of deaths are caused
by P. falciparum
 P. vivax
 P. ovale
 P. malariae
 P. knowlesi

5.  The
signs and symptoms of malaria typically
begin 8–25 days following infection.
 however, symptoms may occur later in those
who have taken antimalarial medications as
prevention.
 Initial manifestations of the disease—common
to all malaria species—are similar to flu-like
symptoms, and can resemble other conditions
such as septicemia, gastroenteritis, and viral
diseases.
 The
presentation
may
include headache, fever, shivering, joint
pain,
vomiting,
hemolytic
anemia,
jaundice,
hemoglobin
in
the
urine,retinal damage, and convulsions.

6.  The
classic
symptom
of
malaria
is paroxysm a cyclical occurrence of
sudden coldness followed by shivering and
then fever and sweating, occurring every
two
days
(tertian
fever)
in P. vivax and P. ovale infections, and
every three days (quartan fever)
forP. malariae. P. falciparum infection can
cause recurrent fever every 36–48 hours
or a less pronounced and almost
continuous fever.

7. respiratory distress
 metabolic acidosis
 pulmonary oedema,
 anaemia.
 , acute respiratory distress syndrome
 Infection with P. falciparum may result
in cerebral malaria


9. The life cycle of malaria parasites. A mosquito causes
infection by taking a blood meal.
 First, sporozoites enter the bloodstream, and migrate
to the liver.
 They infect liver cells, where they multiply into
merozoites, rupture the liver cells, and return to the
bloodstream.
 Then, the merozoites infect red blood cells, where they
develop into ring forms, trophozoites and schizonts
that in turn produce further merozoites.
 Sexual forms are also produced, which, if taken up by
a mosquito, will infect the insect and continue the life
cycle


10.  To
prevent and treat clinical attack of malaria
 To completely eradicate the parasite from the
patient body
 To reduce the human reservoir of infection
 Stage of plasmodium in liver called tissue
schizontocides…( pre+ exo
 - erythcytes.)
 stage of plasmodium in blood is called
gametocides.

11.  Chloroquine
 Amodiaquine
primaquine
sulfadoxine
artemether
halofantrine
 Piperaquine
sulfamethopyrazine
 Mefloquine
dapsone
atovaquone
 Quinine,quinidine tetracycline
 proguanil,
doxycycline
 Pyrimathaqunine artesunate

12.  1)Causal
prophylaxis: the
preerythrocytics phase in liver
 Proguanil, primaquine.
 2)Suppressive prophylaxis: the
exoerythrocytics phase in case of vivax
and other relapsing malaria continues,
clinical disease not appear.
 Chloroquine,proguanil,mefloquine,doxy
cycline

13.  3)
clinical cure: the erythrocytic,
schizontocides are used to terminate an
episode of disease.
 Fast acitng drug: chloroquine,
mefloquine, amodiaquine, quine,
halofantrine, atovaquone, artemisinin
 Slow acting drug:
proguanil,pyrimathamine, sulfonamides,
tetracycline.

14.  4)Radical
cure: in this attack the
exoerythrocytic stage( hypnozoites) to
achieved total eradication of parasite from
patient body. Drug primaquine
 Adequate for relapsing malaria.
 5) gametocidal: this refer to elimination of
the male and female gametes of plasmodia
from patient blood (reduce the transmission
to mosquito.

15.  Artesunate:
2.4 mg /kg iv or im after 12 to
24 hour.for 7 days
 Artemether: 3.2mg/kg on 1st day…then 1.6
mg/kg daily for 7 days
 Arteether: 3.2mg /kg on 1st day after 1.6
mg/kg for 4 days
 Quinine di hcl: 20 mg /kg loding
dose…then 10 ml /kg infused iv over 4
hours.

16.  Chloroquine:(
amodiaquine) acting on
erythrocytic schizontocide against all
species of plasmodia.
 Oral abs is excellent
 Dose: 150mg/day
 ADR: ocular toxicity seen with prolonged
use.
 T1/2 3 to 10 days
 Safe for pregnancy:no abortifacient and no
teratogenic effect.

17.  Mefloquine:
is relatively fast acting
erythrocytic schizontocides.
 Slower then chloroquine nd quinine
 Orally abs
 Dose: 1.5gm/daily
 T1/2 2-3 week
 Mefloquine appears to be safe during
pregnancy


18.  Quinine
, quinidine: used for
uncomplicated falciparum malaria
 Dose 15mg/kg for 7 days
 Orally and iv abs
 ADR: cinchonism…
 Cause haemolysis

19.  Primaquine:pyrimethamine:
radical
treatment of vivax or ovale malaria (
prophylaxis of chloroquine resistant)
 Dose: 15mg/daily for 14 days
 Supra additive synergistic effect wd
sulfonamides antibiotics(dapsone)
 T1/2: 2 to 4 days
 ADR: dose related haemolysis.

20.  1)
arteether: acute malaria
 Dose 150mg/kg for 3 days
 Given orally, im(complicated)
 T1/2: 23 hours
 2)Artemether: f.malaria
 80mg/daily
 Given by oral iv ,im for every 12 to 24
hours for 5 days
 T1/2: 4 to 5 hr

21.  Artesunate:
 2.4
falciparum malaria
mg/kg
 Given iv or im for every 12 to 24 hours
 To treat multi drug resistance malaria

22.  Artesunate-sulfadoxine
 Artesunate
pyrimethamine
mefloquine
 Dihydro artesunate piperaquine…
 Artesunate chlorproguanil dapsone….