ANTI-MALERIAL DRUG

2. Contains
 Introduction
 Plasmodium species which infected humans
 Parasite’s life cycle
 Classification anti-malarial drugs
 Cloroquine
 Mefloquine
 Current research
 Reference

3.  Malaria is a protozoan disease caused by different plasmodium
species.
 Primarily, it is disease of red blood cells in which the cells
become sticky and eventually burst out cause blockage of
small blood vessels.
 It is transmitted by bite of an
infected female anopheles
mosquito from one person
to another.

4. Plasmodium species which infected humans.
A. Plasmodium vivax
B. Plasmodium ovale
C. Plasmodium falciparum
D. Plasmodium malariae

5. Parasite’s life cycle

6. Classification of anti-malarial drugs
1) 4-Aminoquinolines: Chloroquine, Amodiaquine, and Piperaquine.
2) Quinoline-Methanol: Mefloquine.
3) Cinchona Alkaloid: Quinine and Guanidine.
4) Biguanides: Proguanil (Chloroguanide) and Chloroproguanil.
5) Diaminopyrimidines: Pyrimethamine.
6) 8-Aminoquinolines: Primaquine and Bulaquine.
7) Sulfonamides and Sulfone: Sulfadoxine, Sulfamethopyrazine, and
Dapsone.

7. Classification of anti-malarial drugs
8)Tetracyclines: Tetracycline and Doxycycline.
9) Sesquiterpene Lactones: Artesunate, Artemether, and Arteether.
10)Amino Alcohols: Halfofantrine and Lumefantrine.
11)Mannich Base: Pyronaridine.
12)Naphthoquinone: Atovaquone.

8. Chloroquine
 Chloroquine is a medication primarily used to prevent and
treat malaria.
 Cloroquine is the drug of choice for the treatment of
erythrocytic P. falciparum malaria, except for resistance
stains.
 It is a synthetic 4-aminoquinoline and is highly specific form
of plasmodia.

9. Mechanism of action
Degradation of hemoglobin by paracytic lysosome.
Polymerization of toxic heme to non-toxic parasites pigment
hemozoiits is inhibit by formation by cloroquine heme
complex.
Heme it self or its complex with cloroquine damage the
plasmodial membrane.

10. Therapeutic uses
1) It has been the drug of choice for the treatment of an acute attack of
malaria (except in chloroquine-resistant cases) since 1940.
2) It is used along with metronidazole in extra-intestinal amoebiasis.
3) It is used in giardiasis.
4) It is used in collagen disorders, like rheumatoid arthritis.
5) It is also effective in Lepra reactions.

11. Adverse drug reaction
1) Gastrointestinal upset,
2) Pruritus,
3) Headaches,
4) Blurring of vision,
5) Discolouration of the nail beds and mucous membranes (chronic
administration),
6) Electrocardiographic changes (due to quinidine-like effect)

12. Mefloquine
 Mefloquine is a fast-acting erythrocytic schizontocide, slower
than chloroquine or quinine.
 It is effective against chloroquine-sensitive and resistant
plasmodia.
 Its mode of action is not known, but the morphological
changes produced in the intraerythrocytic parasite resemble to
that of quinine.

13. Therapeutic uses
 Mefloquine is used for multi-resistant P. falciparum. For
prophylaxis of malaria among the travellers to areas with
multidrug resistance; 5 mg/kg (adults 250mg) week is started
preferably 2-3 weeks before travel to assess side effects in the
per individual.

14. Adverse drug reaction
 Mefloquine causes mild and dose-related dizziness, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and sinus bradycardia.
 It may also cause neuropsychiatric reactions (disturbed sense
of balance, ataxia, strange dreams, anxiety, hallucinations,
and convulsions).

15. Current research
 Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are anti-malarial medications
also used against some auto-immune diseases.
 Chloroquine, along with hydroxychloroquine, was an early
experimental treatment for COVID-19.Neither drug prevents SARS-
CoV-2 infection.

16. Reference
 Textbook of pharmacology III , Thakur publication.
 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
 https://wallpaperaccess.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine