Low level, High level and Middle level programming languages
,Bug and Debugging ,difference between compiler and interpreter,instructions and program,source code and object code ,language translators
Computer Science - Programming Languages / Translators
This presentation explains the different types of translators and languages of programming such as assembler, compiler, interpreter, bytecode
Computer Science - Programming Languages / Translators
This presentation explains the different types of translators and languages of programming such as assembler, compiler, interpreter, bytecode
A computer languages are the languages by which a user command a computer to work on the algorithm which a user has written to get an output.
View it to know more about computer language !!!
Language translators Of Programming in Computer scienceRaianaTabitha
Computer is just a dumb machine made up of different electronic components. It is like a box which cannot do anything by itself. It is the user who tells the computer “what it has to do?”
Why Programming?
If we need our computer to perform some task, we first have to teach the computer in detail “how it will accomplish ??
Why Programming? Programming is more about problem solving skills than writing the code itself.
•Programming teaches you how to understand, analyze and solve the problems. It enhances your analytical reasoning abilities and helps you cope with daily real life problems as well.
•Hence learning to program is important because it develops analytical and problem solving abilities.
Programming Language
12
•A programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a computer.
Programming Language
A formal computer language that includes a controlled vocabulary and set of grammatical rules designed to instruct a computer how to perform specific tasks. Programming languages are used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms. The description of a programming language is usually split into two components: syntax (form) and semantics (meaning).
•A programming language is a notation for writing
computer programming language, any of various languages for expressing a set of detailed instructions for a digital computer. Such instructions can be executed directly when they are in the computer manufacturer-specific numerical form known as machine language, after a simple substitution process when expressed in a corresponding assembly language, or after translation from some “higher-level” language. Although there are many computer languages, relatively few are widely used.
Language types
Machine and assembly languages
A machine language consists of the numeric codes for the operations that a particular computer can execute directly. The codes are strings of 0s and 1s, or binary digits (“bits”), which are frequently converted both from and to hexadecimal (base 16) for human viewing and modification. Machine language instructions typically use some bits to represent operations, such as addition, and some to represent operands, or perhaps the location of the next instruction. Machine language is difficult to read and write, since it does not resemble conventional mathematical notation or human language, and its codes vary from computer to computer.
Assembly language is one level above machine language. It uses short mnemonic codes for instructions and allows the programmer to introduce names for blocks of memory that hold data. One might thus write “add pay, total” instead of “0110101100101000” for an instruction that adds two numbers.
Algorithmic languages
Algorithmic languages are designed to express mathematical or symbolic computations. They can express algebraic operations in notation similar to mathematics and allows it.
A computer languages are the languages by which a user command a computer to work on the algorithm which a user has written to get an output.
View it to know more about computer language !!!
Language translators Of Programming in Computer scienceRaianaTabitha
Computer is just a dumb machine made up of different electronic components. It is like a box which cannot do anything by itself. It is the user who tells the computer “what it has to do?”
Why Programming?
If we need our computer to perform some task, we first have to teach the computer in detail “how it will accomplish ??
Why Programming? Programming is more about problem solving skills than writing the code itself.
•Programming teaches you how to understand, analyze and solve the problems. It enhances your analytical reasoning abilities and helps you cope with daily real life problems as well.
•Hence learning to program is important because it develops analytical and problem solving abilities.
Programming Language
12
•A programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a computer.
Programming Language
A formal computer language that includes a controlled vocabulary and set of grammatical rules designed to instruct a computer how to perform specific tasks. Programming languages are used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms. The description of a programming language is usually split into two components: syntax (form) and semantics (meaning).
•A programming language is a notation for writing
computer programming language, any of various languages for expressing a set of detailed instructions for a digital computer. Such instructions can be executed directly when they are in the computer manufacturer-specific numerical form known as machine language, after a simple substitution process when expressed in a corresponding assembly language, or after translation from some “higher-level” language. Although there are many computer languages, relatively few are widely used.
Language types
Machine and assembly languages
A machine language consists of the numeric codes for the operations that a particular computer can execute directly. The codes are strings of 0s and 1s, or binary digits (“bits”), which are frequently converted both from and to hexadecimal (base 16) for human viewing and modification. Machine language instructions typically use some bits to represent operations, such as addition, and some to represent operands, or perhaps the location of the next instruction. Machine language is difficult to read and write, since it does not resemble conventional mathematical notation or human language, and its codes vary from computer to computer.
Assembly language is one level above machine language. It uses short mnemonic codes for instructions and allows the programmer to introduce names for blocks of memory that hold data. One might thus write “add pay, total” instead of “0110101100101000” for an instruction that adds two numbers.
Algorithmic languages
Algorithmic languages are designed to express mathematical or symbolic computations. They can express algebraic operations in notation similar to mathematics and allows it.
Programming Fundamentals and Programming Languages Conceptsimtiazalijoono
Programming Fundamentals:
What is a Computer?
Software & Hardware?
Operating System
Programming Languages Concepts
Why do we need programming languages?
Why C Still Useful?
C Programming Lecture 1 - Introduction to C.pptxMurali M
CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
ANDHRAPRADESH
SUBJECT NAME: (FULL NAME)
SUBJECT CODE: CUTM1046
MODULE NO:
S.No WRT
1 Explain in detail about intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors with neat diagrams. 8
2 Explain about PN junction diode operation and draw V-I characteristics. 8
3 Derive PN junction diode current equation. 8
4 Explain about carrier concentration of fully injected light illumination on semiconductor bar and 8
5 What is hall effect ??, derive hall coefficient by drawing neat diagram and write the applications of it. 8
6 Explain about Zener diode and avalanche breakdown in detail. 8
7 Design all the logic gates using diodes and explain the operation with truth tables. 8
8 Draw half wave rectifier circuit, explain its operation and explain all the parameters of half wave rectifier. 8
9 Draw full wave rectifier circuit, explain its operation and explain all the parameters of full wave rectifier. 8
10 Draw energy band diagrams of PN junction diode and define diffusion length and life time of the carrier. 8
11 Explain about half wave rectifier 4
12 Explain about full wave rectifier 4
13 Explain PN junction characteristics 4
14 Explain about Light Emitting Diode 4
15 Explain Zener diode characteristics 4
16 i) Define ionic bond and covalent bond
ii) Explain intrinsic semiconductors 4
17 Explain about extrinsic semiconductor 4
18 Explain about hall effect in detail 4
19 Draw AND and OR logic gates using Diodes 4
20 Draw energy band diagram of PN junction diode. 4
This slides present a knowledge of computer, memory, programming languages etc. That is required before learning C programming language.
http://www.learnbywatch.com
Introduction to Computer.
Program and Programming.
Languages.
Types of Programming Languages.
Low-Level Languages.
Assembly languages.
High-Level Languages.
History of Programming.
Languages.
Translators.
Compiler.
Interpreter.
Typical C Program Development.
Environment
The C Programming Language
Characteristics of C language
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Characteristics of C language
Basic Program Structure in C
Language
The PowerPoint presentation on programming languages provides an insightful overview of the fundamental concepts, types, and applications of programming languages. The presentation begins by introducing the concept of programming languages and their significance in software development and computer programming. It covers the major categories of programming languages, including procedural, object-oriented, functional, and scripting languages, discussing their characteristics, syntax, and primary use cases. The presentation highlights popular programming languages such as Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript, showcasing their strengths, ecosystems, and industry applications. It also touches upon emerging trends in programming languages, such as machine learning and data science-focused languages. The presentation equips the audience with a broad understanding of programming languages, enabling them to make informed decisions and choose the most suitable language for their development projects.
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5. 5
• It is the process of giving instructions (commands) to the computer to do a
meaningful task.
• It is an act of teaching the computer on how to do a task.
• The art and science of creating instructions for a computer to follow.
• Creating a sequence of instructions to enable the computer to do something.
7. 7
electronic• Computer is just a dumb machine made up of different
components. It is like a box which cannot do anything by itself.
• It is the user who tells the computer “what it has to do?”
• If we need our computer to perform some task, we first have to teach the
computer in detail “how it will accomplish that task?”
• Once the computer is taught about a particular task, it will completely obey
it but cannot do anything that it is not taught to.
8. 8
• Like the humans, we can teach the computer through communicating with it
using a particularlanguage.
• The language that computer understands is machine language, also called
as binary language. Machine language is the language of 0s and 1s.
• We give detailed instructions to the computer to solve a particular task.
Programming is the term that refers to teaching, instructing or giving
commands to thecomputer.
9. 9
• Programming is more about problem solving skills than writing the code
itself.
• Programming teaches you how to understand, analyze and solve the
problems. It enhances your analytical reasoning abilities and helps you cope
with daily real life problems as well.
• Hence learning to program is important because it develops analytical and
problem solvingabilities.
10. 10
• The person who gives the instructions (commands) to the computer is
known as theprogrammer.
• Aperson who designs and writes computer programs.
12. 12
• Instruction is any command given to the computer.
• For example:
1) Add two variables Aand B
2) Display result
3) Read file
• Each of these is the individual instruction to the computer.
14. 14
• Program is a set (collection) of instruction to do a meaningful task.
• Asequence of instructions that are interpreted and executed by a computer.
It can be made of a single or hundred of instructions.
• For example: In order to teach the computer on how to calculate average of
three numbers? We need to give multiple instructions to the computer to do
the task.
15. 15
Instruction1: Get first number from the user and store it in Avariable
Instruction2: Get second number from the user and store it in B variable
Instruction3:Get third number from the user and store it in Cvariable
Instruction4:Add A,B,Cand store the result in SUMvariable
Instruction5: Divide SUMby 3 and store result in AVGvariable
Instruction6:Display AVGvariable
• Instructions 1-6 are used to solve a single task. This collection of instruction
is known as a program.
17. 17
• Aprogramming language is an artificial language designed to
communicate instructions to a computer.
• Aprogramming language is a notation for writing programs.
• Avocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to
perform specifictasks.
18. 18
• Each language has a unique set of keywords (special words that it
understands) and a special syntax (format) for organizing program
instructions.
• There are many programming languages. For example:
• GWBasic
• C
• C++
• JAVA
• Pascal
• COBOL
• Python
• C#
21. 21
• Alow level language is one which is closer to the machine (computer).
• It is easier for machines to understand and difficult for humans to
understand.
• It is faster in execution as compared to high and middle level languages.
22. 22
• Two of the types of low level languages are:
23. 23
• It is one of the low level language.
• It is the language of 0s and 1s.
• Machine languages are the only languages directly understood by the
computers.
• While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost
impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers (0s
and 1s).
24. • It is the native language of the machines (computers).
• Here all the instructions are written as code of binary
sequence. For example:
• In order to do addition, the code is: 10010001
• In order to decrement a number by one, the code is: 11011011
• In order to move data from one place to another, the code is:
10000111
24
25. 25
• There are hundreds of instructions and each instruction has a binary
code.
• Is it possible to remember all the codes of hundreds of instruction?
• Obviously not! Hence machine language almost impossible to
understand.
26. 26
• Machine language program example:
10010010
11001010
01001010
11110101
00000101
00101000
11101010
10101010
27. 27
• Assembly language is same as machine language but uses English like
words to represent individual operations.
• For example: Instead of binary codes it uses : ADD,MOV,SUB,INC
• Assembly language is also a low-level language.
• It is easier than the machine language but still it is very difficult to control
a larger program using assembly.
28. 28
• As assembly language contains English like words, which will not be
understood by the computer (because it only understands 0s and 1s)
• Atranslator first converts the assembly language program into machine
language program.
• Translator used with assembly language is called Assembler.
31. 31
• Ahigh level language is one which is closer to the human
(programmer).
• It is easier for humans to understand and difficult for machines
to understand.
• It is slower in execution as compared to low level languages.
32. 32
• Like assembly language, it also uses English like words for the
operations.
• For example: for, if, else, break, continue, while,include,
using, import
• It is more easier than assembly language.
33. 33
• Some of the high level programming languages are:
• GWBasic
• C++
• JAVA
• Pascal
• COBOL
• Python
• C#
• VisualBasic
• J#
• Ruby
• PHP
34. 34
• High level language programexample:
int main()
{
int a = 5;
int b = 6;
if(a > b)
cout<<“First number is greater.”;
else
cout<<“Second number is greater.”;
}
36. 36
• Amiddle level language is one which is closer to machine
(computer) as well as to human (programmer).
• Alanguage that has the features of both low level and high
level languages.
• More formally, a high level language that allows you to write
low level programs in it is called as middle level language.
37. 37
• Some of the middle level programming languages are:
• C
• IBMPL/S(ProgrammingLanguage/Systems)
• BCPL(BasicCombinedProgramming Language)
• BLISS(Bill'sLanguageforImplementingSystem Software)
38. 38
Source Code
• The set of instructions written in any
language other than machine language is
called as sourcecode.
• It is not directly understood by the
machine (computer).
Object Code
• The set of instructions written in
machine language is called as object
code. It is also known as machinecode.
• It is the only code which is directly
understood by the machine (computer).
39. 39
Source Code
• It is in the form of text.
• It is human readable.
• It is generated by human (programmer).
• It is input to the language translator.
Object Code
• It is in the form of binary numbers.
• It is machine (computer) readable.
• It is generated by the language translator.
• It is the output of the language translator.
41. 41
• Language translator is a program that converts the source code
in to the object code.
Source Code Object Code
CONVERT
Language Translator
Translator
42. 42
• Computer only understands object code (machine code).
• It does not understand any source code.
• There must be a program that converts source code in to the object code
so that the computer can understand it.
• The language translator is one which does this job.
• The programmer writes the source code and then translator converts it
in machine readable format (object code).
44. 44
• Assembler is the language translator that converts assembly
language code in to the object code (machine code).
Assembly
Source Code
Object Code
CONVERT
Assembler
45. 45
• Compiler is the language translator that converts high level
language code in to the object code (machine code).
• It converts the whole code at a time.
High-Level
Source Code
Object Code
CONVERT
Compiler
46. 46
Line 1 : Instruction 1
Line 2: Instruction 2
Line 3: Instruction 3
Line 4: Instruction 4
Line 5 : Instruction 5
Program
Line 1 : Instruction 1
Line 2: Instruction 2
Line 3: Instruction 3
Line 4: Instruction 4
Line 5 : Instruction 5
Readwhole Program
Convertwhole
programintoobject
code
Execute
1 2 3 4
47. 47
• Interpreter is the language translator that converts high level
language code in to the object code (machine code).
• It converts the code line by line.
High-Level
Source Code
Object Code
CONVERT
Interpreter
48. 48
Line 1 : Instruction 1
Line 2: Instruction 2
Line 3: Instruction 3
Line 4: Instruction 4
Line 5 : Instruction 5
Program
1
ReadLine1
ReadLine2
ReadLine3
ReadLine4
ReadLine5
Convertintoobject code
Convertintoobject code
Convert in to object code
Convert in to object code
Convertintoobject code
Execute
Execute
Execute
Execute 2
Execute 3
4
5
6
49. Compiler
• It converts whole code at a time.
• It is faster.
• Requires more memory.
• Errors are displayed after entire program
is checked.
• Example: C, C++, JAVA.
Interpreter
• It converts the code line by line.
• It is slower.
• Requires less memory.
• Errors are displayed for every instruction
interpreted (if any).
• Example: GW BASIC, Ruby, Python
49
51. 51
• An error or defect occurred inside a computer program or
hardware that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected
result, or to behave in unintended ways is called as a bug.
• Most of the bugs arise from mistakes and errors made by
programmer in sourcecode.
52. 52
• The term bug was used by Grace Hopper in 1946.
• Hopper used to work on Mark II computer, there some error
occurred in the system. The cause of the error was a moth
(bug) trapped in a relay creating short circuit.
• That caused the term bug to be coined.
54. 54
• It is the process of finding and fixing the bugs (errors) in the
program.
• It is the process of removing errors.
• The programmer manually does this by examining the source
code.