C Programming

Introduction to C ProgrammingCE00312-1

Individual Assignment

APIIT SD INDIA
Module Code: CE00312-1
Module title: Introduction to C programming

Submitted by:
Prince Kumar
E-mail id: prince_karan640035@yahoo.com

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Acknowledgement

I would like to use this opportunity to thank all who lend their hand for completing our
project successfully.
First of all I would like to thank Almighty, who drove us through our project with his
blessing and providing us with enough support to make it a success.
I would then like to thank our project supervisor Miss XYZ who was there to guide us along
the project, providing us assistance in doing the things in a proper and appropriate manner.
Without her supervision this project would have been a tedious task for us.
Also I would like to extend our gratitude to my friends, lab assistants, the librarian and
management for providing us with good services and creating an environment for carrying
out our project.
At last I am thankful to APIIT SD INDIA for giving me this opportunity to carry out my C
Assignment which contributed in enhancing my skill and knowledge in C Language.

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Contents
Acknowledgement .........................................................................................................................................2
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................4
1.1

Objective .......................................................................................................................................4

2. Project Description ...................................................................................................................................4
3. Program Design using Pseudo-code ........................................................................................................8
4. Segment of Code......................................................................................................................................11
4.1 Create Pattern ...................................................................................................................................14
4.1.1 Pyramid of asterisks ..................................................................................................................14
4.1.2 Pyramid of numbers ..................................................................................................................14
4.1.3 Square of asterisks .....................................................................................................................15
4.2 Print Series ........................................................................................................................................15
4.2.1 Series of Armstrong numbers between 1 and 500. ..................................................................15
4.2.2 Fibonacci series from 1 to 100 using recursion. ......................................................................16
4.2.3 Series of prime numbers from 1 to 100. ...................................................................................16
4.3 Work with Records ...........................................................................................................................17
4.3.1 Enter and Display Employee Information ...............................................................................17
4.3.2 Find Grade for a student ...........................................................................................................17
4.4 Use Numeric Functions.....................................................................................................................18
4.4.1 Factorial of a number using while loop ....................................................................................18
4.4.2 Sum of first and fifth digit of a 5 digit number. ......................................................................19
4.4.3 Find out whether a 5 digit number is palindrome or not. ......................................................19
4.5

Work with Arrays ......................................................................................................................20

4.5.1

Count number of vowels in the sentence. .............................................................................20

4.5.2

Copy the contents of an array into another. ........................................................................21

4.5.3

Delete item from an array .....................................................................................................21

4.6

Exit ..............................................................................................................................................22

5. User guide with Sample Input Output Screens ....................................................................................22
6. Limitations and Future Enhancements.................................................................................................27
7. Test Plan AND RESULT ...........................................................................................................................27
8. Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................................30
9. References ................................................................................................................................................31
10. Appendix ................................................................................................................................................32

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1. Introduction
C is a programming language developed at USA in 1972 by DENNIS RITCHIE. After that
time the popularity of C is gone on increasing without any advertisement.
C is a successor of B language which was introduced around 1970
The language was formalized in 1988 by the American National Standard Institute
(ANSI).
By 1973 UNIX OS almost totally written in C.
Today C is the most widely used System Programming Language.
Most of the state of the art software have been implemented using C. C was
invented to write an operating system called UNIX.

1.1 Objective
Be able to design, implement and document in well-organized manner.
Explain the structure, functions, array and correct use of many features and
implementation in appropriate advance manner to make application attractive.

2. Project Description
In our Program, there is optimized programming which contributes to the programs in menu
driven. The functionality of our program would be in the order of 1, 2, 3,4,5, and 6 in menu
driven. There are six option in main menuCreate Pattern,Print Series, Work with Records,
Use Numeric Functions, Work with Arrays and Exit.
Each case contains another switch functionality to perform following function:I.

Create Pattern

After selecting this option, menu will be provided for the following sub options:
1. Pyramid of asterisks
2. Pyramid of numbers
3. Square of asterisks
User will enter the sub-option and based upon it the following steps will execute
Pyramid of asterisks
System will ask for the number of rows of pattern from the user and will display the pattern
accordingly.
Like:
If he entered 6 then the output is:
*
**
***
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****
*****
******
Pyramid of numbers
accordingly.
Like:
If he entered 6 then the output will be:
654321
65432
6543
654
65
6
Square of asterisks
accordingly
Like:
If he entered 6 then the output will be:
******
******
******
******
******
******
II.

Print Series

After selecting this option, menu will be provided for the following sub options.
1. Series of Armstrong numbers between 1 and 500.
2. Fibonacci series from 1 to 100 using recursion.
3. Series of prime numbers from 1 to 100.
User will be asked to choose the sub-option and based upon that the result will be displayed
on the screen.

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III.


Work with Records

1. Enter and Display Employee Information
2. Find Grade for a student
User will be asked to choose the sub-option and based upon that the following steps should
execute:
Enter and Display Employee Information
In this option, array of structures should be used to hold employee information like employee
code, name etc. User will enter the information of three employees and after that system will
display the information of all the three employees on the screen.
Like:
If he entered Employee code: 1, Employee Name: XYZ and Department: HR Then the output
will be
Employee Code: 1
Employee Name: Xyz
Department: HR
Find Grade for a student
In this option, system will accept roll number, name and total marks of a student and will
display roll number, name and grade. A criteria for finding the grade is as follows:
If Marks >=70 grade is A
If Marks between 60 and 69 grade is B
If Marks between 50 and 59 grade is C
If Marks <50 grade is D
Like:
If he entered 80 then the output will be A
If he entered 65 then the output will be B
If he entered 55 then the output will be C
If he entered 40 then the output will be D

IV. Use Numeric Functions
1. Factorial of a number using while loop
2. Sum of first and fifth digit of a 5 digit number.
3. Find out whether a 5 digit number is palindrome or not.
After selecting the sub-option, user will be asked to enter the appropriate number and the
calculations will be performed accordingly.
Factorial of a number using while loop.

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It will take number from the user and display the factorial of number.
Like
If user entered 4 then the factorial is 24 it will calculate like this 4*3*2*1
Sum of first and fifth digit of a 5 digit number.
It will take input from the user and it will sum of first and fifth digit number.
Like
If user entered 12345 then it will take first and fifth digit and the answer is 6.
Find out whether a 5 digit number is palindrome or not.
Like
If user entered 12321 then it will show 12321 is palindrome and if user entered 12345 then it
will show the entered number is not palindrome.
V.

Work with Arrays

1. Count number of vowels in the sentence.
2. Copy the contents of an array into another.
3. Delete item from an array
After selecting the sub-option, user will be asked to enter the size of the array for the option 2
And 3, after that appropriate array will be entered and result will be displayed accordingly.
Maximum size of the array will be 100.
Count number of vowels in the sentence.
It will count vowels from the sentence and display number of vowels and constants distinctly
This will count the vowels in sentence
Like
If user entered “working” then it will show
Number of vowels in working = 2
Number of constant in working = 5
Copy the contents of an array into another.
If user entered 3 then it will take 3 input and display in one array.
Like
If user entered
Enter the value of array 1 = 1
Then
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It will show
Destination array = 3 2 1.
Delete item from an array
This will delete item from taken element
Like
It will take number of input number like if user entered 5 then user has to entered 5 input
1
2
3
4
5
Then it will ask to delete the item from array. If user entered 3 then it will show
1
2
4
5
VI.

Exit

This option is used to exit from the system

3. Program Design using Pseudo-code
3.1 Create Pattern
3.1.1 Pyramid of asterisks
Step1: START
Step2: Function Asterisk
Step3: Read n,c,k
Step4: Display
Step5: Input n
Step6: Loop C from 1 to x.
End Loop
Step7: Display *
Step8: STOP
3.1.2 Pyramid of numbers
Step1: START
Step2: Function Pyramid Numbers
Step3: Read num,r,c
Step4: Display
Step5: Input num
Step6: Loop R from num to r.
End Loop
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Step7: Display c
Step8: STOP
3.1.3 Square of asterisks
Step1: START
Step2: Function square_asterisk
Step3: Read num,r,c
Step4: Display
Step5: Input num
Step6: Loop C from 1 to x.
End Loop
Step7: Display *
Step8: STOP
3.2 Print Series
3.2.1 Series of Armstrong numbers between 1 and 500.
Step1: START
Step2: Function Armstrong
Step3: Read i,j,k,l,m,n;
Step4: Loop 1 from 1 to 500.
j=i%10;
k=i/10;
l=k%10;
m=k/10;
n=(m*m*m)+(l*l*l)+(j*j*j);
if (n==i)
End Loop
Step5: Display i
Step6: STOP
3.2.2 Fibonacci series from 1 to 100 using recursion.
Step1: START
Step2: Function Fibonacci
Step3: Read old_number, current_number, next_number
Step4: Display
Step5: While (current_number < 100)
Step6: Display
Step7: STOP
3.2.3 Series of prime numbers from 1 to 100.
Step1: START
Step2: Function Prime
Step3: Read n,div,p, num=100
Step4: FOR LOOP N from 2 to num
:for(n=2; n<=num; n++)
:{
:for(div=2; div<n; div++)
:{
:if(n%div==0)
:{
:p=0;
:break;
:}
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:p=1;
:}
:if(p)
: END LOOP
Step5: Display n
Step6: STOP
3.3 Work with Records
3.3.1 Enter and Display Employee Information
Step1: START
Step2: Function emp_information
Step3: Read i=1,j=1
name[50],dept[20]
Step4: FOR LOOP I from 1 to 3
END LOOP
Step5: Display i and employee code
Step6: Read empCode
Step7: STOP
4.3.2 Find Grade for a student
Step1: START
Step2: Function grade_student
Step3: Read name[50], roll, marks
Step4: Display
Step5:Input
Step6: Display
Step7: Input
Step8: Display
Step9: Display
IF
Step10: Display
ELSE IF
Step11:Display
ELSE IF
Step12: Display
ELSE IF
Step13: Display
ELSE
Step14: Display
Step15: STOP
3.4 Use Numeric Functions
3.4.1 Factorial of a number using while loop
Step1: START
Step2: Function factorial
Step3: Read a,i
Step4: Display
Step5: Input a
Step6: IF
: Display
: ELSE
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{
f=1;
i=1;
while(i<=a)
{
f = f * i;
i++;
}
Step7: Display
Stop8: STOP

4. Segment of Code and Concepts
Concepts
Various C programming concepts have been applied in the program to make it as requested
by the project. We have included the wide variety of the c data handling techniques and
control structures to construct the whole program. Following are the concepts used in the
assignment and their elaboration with the sample code from the program.
Decision Control Structure:
There are three ways for taking decision in the program and they are –
IF-ELSE statement:
If else statement has been frequently used in the program to facilitate the user to make the
selection between the conditions based on the choice made. The sample code is shown below:
if (decimal_number1 >= decimal_number2)
{
flag = 0;
decimal_number3 = decimal_number1 – decimal_number2;
}
else
{
flag = 1;
decimal_number3 = decimal_number2 – decimal_number1;
}
Switch statement:
The developers have included many switch statements in the program whenever there is the
necessity to make the choices between multiple options. The main benefit of using switch
statement is that it will not take the control to scan each statement and execute the correct one
but the control will directly jump to the provided case.
Switch (temp_number[i])
{
case‘0’: number = number*10 + 0; break;

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case‘1’:
case‘2’:
case‘3’:
case‘4’:
case‘5’:
case‘6’:
case‘7’:
case‘8’:
case‘9’:

number
number
number
number
number
number
number
number
number

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=


number*10
number*10
number*10
number*10
number*10
number*10
number*10
number*10
number*10

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1;
2;
3;
4;
5;
6;
7;
8;
9;

break;
break;
break;
break;
break;
break;
break;
break;
break;

}

Nested IF-ELSE
We have also included the nested if else statements whenever felt necessary. The sample
code is given below.
if (ch == 49 ||ch == 48)
{
printf("%c",ch);
temp_number[i] = ch;
i++;
}
elseif((ch == 8) && (i != 0))
{
printf("b");
printf(" ");
printf("b");
if (i!=0)
{
i--;
}
continue;
}

Loop Control Structure –
Looping constructs are used in assignments where the multiple iterations were to be used for
taking the passwords, calculating the totals, searching etc.
Following are the sample codes for the different types of looping constructs used in the
program.
For Looping structure:
for(i = node.char_count; node.temp_string[i] != '0'; i++)
{
printf("%c",node.temp_string[i]);

}
While Looping structure:
while(i!=20)
{
ch = getch();
if (ch == 13)
{
break;
}

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if (ch == 8)
{
if (i!=0)
{
printf("b");
printf(" ");
printf("b");
i--;
}
}
else
{
printf("%c",ch);
first_string[i] = ch;
i++;
}

Symbolic Constants
Symbolic constants are used in the program to make the program scalable. The length of
string array are defined at the very beginning of the program.
#define SIZE 20

Functions and pointers:
The whole program consists of many of the functions calling each other to perform the task
such as calculating determinant etc. Pointers are also used to pass through functions to
change the original values of in the memory location.
Example of function calling with Arguments:
int determinent_solution(int **a,int order)
{
int **temp,i, j, k = 0, b = 0, deter = 0, coloumn_position,
minor_value = 0;
temp = malloc((5) * sizeof(int *));
for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
temp[i] = malloc(5 * sizeof(int *));
}

Arrays
Arrays are used to store the numeric data or the characters. Character arrays in the form of
string are used to store the information. The different numeric data after the calculation are
also stored in the array:
Examples of arrays in program (character arrays included)
void matrix_addition() // Array to store elements of matrices
{
int first_matrix[6][6], second_matrix[6][6],
result_matrix[6][6],row[2],coloumn[2],count = 0,i,j;

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Structures
Structures are used to store the string and a integer variable used in case of finding the
number of characters in string. Structures are initialized outside the main function to make it
global and the members of structures are accessed in the program wherever necessary.
Sample code for structure
struct search_char{
char temp_string[SIZE];
int char_count;
}node;

4.1 Create Pattern
4.1.1 Pyramid of asterisks
void asterisk()
{
Initialization of variables

int n, c, k;
printf("Enter number of rowsn");
scanf("%d",&n);

Performed

for ( c = 1 ; c <= n ; c++ )

Pyramid of asterisks

{
for( k = 1 ; k <= c ; k++ )
printf("*");
printf("n");
}
}
4.1.2 Pyramid of numbers
voidpyramid_numbers()
{
intnum,r,c;
printf("Enter any number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
for(r=1; r<=num; r++)
{
for(c=num; c>=r; c--)
printf("%d",c);
printf("n");
}
}


Performed
Pyramid of Numbers

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4.1.3 Square of asterisks
voidsquare_asterisk()
{

intnum,r,c;
printf("Enter loop repeat number(rows): ");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(r=1; num>=r; r++)
{

Performed

for(c=1; c<=num; c++)

Square of asterisks

printf("*");
printf("n");
}
}
4.2 Print Series
4.2.1 Series of Armstrong numbers between 1 and 500.
void Armstrong()
{


inti,j,k,l,m,n;
for (i=1;i<=500;i++)
{
j=i%10;
k=i/10;

Performed

l=k%10;

Series of Armstrong
numbers between 1 and
500

m=k/10;
n=(m*m*m)+(l*l*l)+(j*j*j);
if (n==i)
printf("%d n",i);
}
}

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4.2.2 Fibonacci series from 1 to 100 using recursion.
void Fibonacci()
{
intold_number;
intcurrent_number;
intnext_number;


old_number = 1;
current_number = 1;
printf("1n");
while (current_number< 100) {
printf("%dn", current_number);
next_number = current_number + old_number;
old_number = current_number;

Performed
Fibonacci series from 1
to 100 using recursion.

current_number = next_number;
}
}
4.2.3 Series of prime numbers from 1 to 100.
void prime()
{
intn,div,p;
intnum=100;
for(n=2; n<=num; n++)
{
for(div=2; div<n; div++)

Performed

{

Series of prime numbers
from 1 to 100.

if(n%div==0)
{
p=0;
break;
}
p=1;
}
if(p)
printf("t%d",n);
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}
}
4.3 Work with Records
4.3.1 Enter and Display Employee Information
voidemp_information()
{
struct Emp e[3];

inti=1,j=1;
char name[50],dept[20];
for(i=1;i<=3;++i)
{
printf("nn Employee : %d", i);
printf("n Enter the Employee Code : ");
scanf("%d",&e[i].empCode);
printf("Enter the Employee Name : ");
scanf("%s",&name);
strcpy(e[i].empName,name);
printf("Enter the Department

: ");

scanf("%s",&dept);

Performed

strcpy(e[i].empDept,dept);

Enter and Display
Employee Information

}
printf("nnn Employee Details ");
for(j=1;j<=3;++j)
{
printf("nn Employee : %d",j);
printf("n Employee Code : %d",e[j].empCode);
printf("n Employee Name : %s",e[j].empName);
printf("n Department

: %s",e[j].empDept);

}
}
4.3.2 Find Grade for a student
voidgrade_student()
{
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char name[50];



introll,marks;
printf("Enter student name:-- ");
scanf("%s",&name);
printf("Enter roll number of student:-- ");
scanf("%d",&roll);
printf("Enter total marks of student:-- ");
scanf("%d",&marks);
printf("nName of student is:-- %s",name);
printf("nRoll number is:-- %d",roll);
if(marks>=70)
printf("nYour Grade is A");
else if(marks>=60 && marks<=69)
printf("nYour Grade is B");

Performed


Find Grade for a
student

printf("nYour Grade is C");
else if(marks<50)
printf("nYour Grade is D");
else
printf("n Kindly enter a valid marks");
}
4.4 Use Numeric Functions
4.4.1 Factorial of a number using while loop
void factorial()
{
unsigned long longint f;
inta,i;
printf("nEnter a number: ");
scanf("%d",&a);
if(a<0)
{
printf("nPlease enter a positive number");
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factorial();
}
Performed

else

Find Grade for a
student

{
f=1;
i=1;
while(i<=a)
{
f = f * i;
i++;
}
printf("Factorial: %lu",f);
}
}
4.4.2 Sum of first and fifth digit of a 5 digit number.
voidsum_of_first_to_fifth()
{
int number, last_digit, first_digit, total;


printf (" Enter a five digit numeber: ");
scanf ("%d", &number);
last_digit = number % 10;

Performed

total = last_digit;

Sum of first and fifth
digit of a 5 digit number

first_digit = (number / 10000) % 10;
total = total + first_digit;

printf ("The total of the first and the last digit of the entered number is: %d", total);
}
4.4.3 Find out whether a 5 digit number is palindrome or not.
voidpalindrom()
{
intnum,rem,i,rev=0,num1,count=0;
printf("Enter the five digit number:n");
scanf("%d",&num);
num1=num;
while(num>0)


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{
rem=num%10;
rev=rem+rev*10;
num=num/10;
count++;
}
if(count==5)
{
if(num1==rev)
{
printf("The Given Number %d is Palindrome",num1);
}
else
{
printf("The Given Number %d is NOT Palindrome",num1);
}
}
else
{
printf("The given %d number is not a five digit number!",num1);
}

Performed
Find out whether a 5
digit number is
palindrome or not.

}
4.5 Work with Arrays
4.5.1 Count number of vowels in the sentence.
voidcount_vowel()
{
char sentence[80];
inti, vowels = 0, consonants = 0, special = 0;
printf("Enter a word n");
scanf("%s",&sentence);
for (i = 0; sentence[i] != '0'; i++)
{
if ((sentence[i] == 'a' || sentence[i] == 'e' || sentence[i] ==
'i' || sentence[i] == 'o' || sentence[i] == 'u') ||
(sentence[i] == 'A' || sentence[i] == 'E' || sentence[i] ==
'I' || sentence[i] == 'O' || sentence[i] == 'U'))
{
vowels = vowels + 1;
}
else
{
consonants = consonants + 1;
}
if (sentence[i] =='t' ||sentence[i] =='0' || sentence[i] ==' ')
{
Page 20 of 44

Performed
Count number of vowels
in the sentence



special = special + 1;
}
}
consonants = consonants - special;
printf("No. of vowels in %s = %dn", sentence, vowels);
printf("No. of consonants in %s = %dn", sentence, consonants);
getch();
}
4.5.2 Copy the contents of an array into another.
voidcopy_array()
{
int source[100], dest[100],i,j,no;


clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of values to be enterd: ");
scanf("%d",&no);
for(i=0;i<no;i++){
printf("Enter the value of array no. %d :",i+1);
scanf("%d",&source[i]);
}
Performed

for(i=0,j=no-1;i<no;i++,j--){

Copy the contents of an
array into another

dest[j]=source[i];
}
printf("Destination array:n");
for(i=0;i<no;i++){
printf("%dt",dest[i]);
}
}
4.5.3 Delete item from an array
voiddelete_array()
{
int array[100], position, c, n;


printf("Enter number of elements in arrayn");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d elementsn", n);
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
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printf("Enter the location where you wish to delete elementn");
scanf("%d", &position);
if ( position >= n+1 )
printf("Deletion not possible.n");
else
{
for ( c = position - 1 ; c < n - 1 ; c++ )
array[c] = array[c+1];

Performed
Delete item from an
array

printf("Resultant array isn");
for( c = 0 ; c < n - 1 ; c++ )
printf("%dn", array[c]);
}
}
4.6 Exit
exit (0);

5. User guide with Sample Input Output Screens

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6. Limitations and Future Enhancements
Like there are two faces of a coin so do our project has some of the limitation which makes it
non-functional in some cases. Following are some of the limitations of the program and
future enhancement –
I.

No graphical user interface -

The program does not provide any kind of graphical user interface as it is a console
application which may make it difficult to navigate for the user with little knowledge of
computers. It may also take lots of time for the user to use the program as the user has to go
through each and every message and texts written in the program unlike the graphical system
which provides the graphical images in replace of bulk text messages.
For the further enhancement the program can be made by choosing the windows
application format which provides the graphical user interface to the users making it easy to
navigate.
II.

No option to save results -

There is no way to store the results for future use and access them whenever required. Once
the work is done the results will be flushed out and system will come back to its previous
position.
For the further enhancement the program can make a use of file handling so that
results would be stored for future access.

7. Test PlanAND RESULT
In general, testing is finding out how well something works. In terms of human beings,
testing tells what level of knowledge or skill has been acquired. In computer hardware and
software development, testing is used at key checkpoints in the overall process to determine
whether objectives are being met. For example, in software development, product objectives
are sometimes tested by product user representatives. When the design is complete, coding
follows and the finished code is then tested at the unit PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT
or module level by each programmer; at the component level by the group of programmers
involved; and at the system level when all components are combined together. At early or late
stages, a product or service may also be tested for usability.
At the system level, the manufacturer or independent reviewer may subject a product or
service to one or more performance tests, possibly using one or more benchmarks. Whether
viewed as a product or a service or both, an application can also be tested in various ways by observing user experiences, by asking questions of users, by timing the flow through
specific usage scenarios, and by comparing it with other application.

Page 27 of 44


Question No:

1.Pyramid of
asterisks


Input

6

2.Pyramid
numbers

of

of

*
**
***
****
*****
******

6

3. Square
asterisks

Output

6

Status

Tested
By:

Successful

654321
65432
6543
654
65
6
******
******
******
******
******
******

User

Successful

User

Successful

User

4. Series of
Armstrong
numbers
between 1 and
500

1
153
370
371
407

Successful

User

5.Fibonacci
series from 1 to
100
using
recursion

User

6. Series of
prime numbers
from 1 to 100.

1
Successful
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
55
89
2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,
Successful
29,31,37,41,43,47,53,59,
61,67,71,73,79,83,89,97.

Enter and
Display
Employee
Information

Employee 1
Employee code:101
Employee Name: ABC
Department: HR

Successful

User

7.

Employee 2
Page 28 of 44

User



Employee code:102
Employee Name: XYZ
Department: IT

9.Factorial of a
number
using
while loop

4

Employee 3
Employee code:103
Employee Name: DEF
Department: Accountant
Student name: ABC
Student number:12
Student marks:80
Grade: “A”
24

10.Sum of first
and fifth digit of
a 5 digit number

12345

11. Find out
whether a 5 digit
number
is
palindrome or
not

8. Find Grade
for a student

Successful

User

Successful

User

6

Successful

User

12321

Number is palindrome

Successful

User

12.Count
number
of
vowels in the
sentence

Working

Number of vowels in
“working”=2

Successful

User

13. Copy the
contents of an
array
into
another

Enter the
value of
array1=1

Destination array = 3 2 1

Successful

User

Item to be deleted from
array = 3
1

Successful

User

Number of constants in
“working”=5

Enter the
value of
array2=2
Enter the
value of
array3=3
14. Delete item
from an array

1
2
3

Page 29 of 44


4
5
15. Exit

6


2
4
5
Exit – Out of the system

Successful

User

8. Conclusion
I started this project when I had very few concepts about the C language and its different
usage. During the project preparation Iwas introduced with the new concepts and new
elements of C language along with the progression of the course. I was able to apply all those
theoretical C concepts taught to me in my application to make it more and more functional.
As the time passed by I worked on my project to make it very Compaq and very much
functional and easy to use for the user. During this period I learned various C programming
concepts and now in position to design in the error free program successfully.
I came to know the various C programming techniques. I learned to make the variables and
constants either global or local.I also learned the practical way of implementing the structures
in the program and access the members of structures, compare them, initialize them and so
on. The implementation of techniques like string comparison, function calling, recursion,
array storage, and calling by value or reference, has broaden my knowledge regarding C
language.
The major technical learning I had from the project is that how different functions can be
associated to form the single program and how the data flows from one unit (function) to
another and produce the desired output. I was introduced with the validations techniques to
make the program error free and reliable. Ihad also learned to design the problem, develop
the algorithms, and test the program to measure the efficiency and accuracy.

Page 30 of 44



9. References
Books
I.

II.
III.
IV.
V.

Robert"C Programming Functions." C Programming Functions. Programiz, n.d. Web.
09 Nov. 2013.
Code Coding. "C Program to Print Pyramid." Cprogramtocom. WordPress.,n.d. Web.
09 Nov. 2013.
AbhasTandon. "C Program to Print All Prime Numbers between 1 and 100." - C
WithAbhas. Cwithabhas, n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2013.
Dietel, P. & Dietel H. (2010).C How to program, New Delhi, Prentice Hall of India
(PHI). Vol 6, pp.1-437
Donald, K. (2001).The Art of Computer Programming, Kansas City, AddisonWesleyPublication vol. 1.

Electronic
I.

Available at :
http://www.cembedded.com/2009/04/write-pseudocode-to-compare-versions.html
[Last Accessed: 12 September 2013]

II.

Available at :
http://www.dreamincode.net/forums/topic/10300-pseudocode-help/
[Last Accessed: 1 October 2013]

III.

Available at :
http://www.fredosaurus.com/notes-cpp/algorithms/sorting/bubblesort-fixed.html [Last
Accessed: 15 September 2013]

IV.

Available at
http://www.metalshell.com/source_code/32/Simple_Struct_Example.html

V.

Available at
http://qa.techinterviews.com/q/20060729010733AA7wpXo

VI.

Available at
http://www.unf.edu/~broggio/cop3530/3530pseu.htm

Page 31 of 44



10. Appendix
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void menu()
{
clrscr();
printf("n Main Menu");
printf("n 1. Create Pattern ");
printf("n 2. Print Series");
printf("n 3. Work with Records");
printf("n 4. Use Numeric Functions");
printf("n 5. Work with arrays");
printf("n 6. Exit");
}
struct Emp
{
intempCode;
charempName[50];
charempDept[20];
};
/* ====1.1 Creat Pattern for pyramid of asterisks==== */
void asterisk()
{
int n, c, k;
printf("Enter number of rowsn");
scanf("%d",&n);
for ( c = 1 ; c <= n ; c++ )
{
Page 32 of 44



for( k = 1 ; k <= c ; k++ )
printf("*");
printf("n");
}
}
/* ====1.2 Creat Pattern for pyramid of numbers==== */
voidpyramid_numbers()
{
intnum,r,c;
printf("Enter any number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
for(r=1; r<=num; r++)
{
for(c=num; c>=r; c--)
printf("%d",c);
printf("n");
}
}
/* ====1.3 Creat Pattern for square of asterisks==== */
voidsquare_asterisk()
{
intnum,r,c;
printf("Enter loop repeat number(rows): ");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(r=1; num>=r; r++)
{
for(c=1; c<=num; c++)
printf("*");
printf("n");
}
}
/* ====2.1 Print series of Armstrong numbers between 1 and 500==== */
Page 33 of 44



void Armstrong()
{
inti,j,k,l,m,n;
for (i=1;i<=500;i++)
{
j=i%10;
k=i/10;
l=k%10;
m=k/10;
n=(m*m*m)+(l*l*l)+(j*j*j);
if (n==i)
printf("%d n",i);
}
}
/* ====2.2 Print series of Fibonacci series from 1 to 100 using recursion==== */
void Fibonacci()
{
intold_number;
intcurrent_number;
intnext_number;
old_number = 1;
current_number = 1;
printf("1n");
while (current_number< 100) {
printf("%dn", current_number);
next_number = current_number + old_number;
old_number = current_number;
current_number = next_number;
}
}
/* ====2.3 Print series of prime numbers from 1 to 100==== */
void prime()
Page 34 of 44



{
intn,div,p;
intnum=100;
for(n=2; n<=num; n++)
{
for(div=2; div<n; div++)
{
if(n%div==0)
{
p=0;
break;
}
p=1;
}
if(p)
printf("t%d",n);
}
}
/* ====3.1 Work with Records to Enter and Display Employee Information==== */
voidemp_information()
{
struct Emp e[3];
inti=1,j=1;
char name[50],dept[20];
for(i=1;i<=3;++i)
{
printf("nn Employee : %d", i);
printf("n Enter the Employee Code : ");
scanf("%d",&e[i].empCode);
printf("Enter the Employee Name : ");
scanf("%s",&name);
strcpy(e[i].empName,name);
Page 35 of 44


printf("Enter the Department


: ");

scanf("%s",&dept);
strcpy(e[i].empDept,dept);
}
printf("nnn Employee Details ");
for(j=1;j<=3;++j)
{
printf("nn Employee : %d",j);
printf("n Employee Code : %d",e[j].empCode);
printf("n Employee Name : %s",e[j].empName);
printf("n Department

: %s",e[j].empDept);

}
}
/* ====3.2 Work with Records to Find Grade for a student==== */
voidgrade_student()
{
char name[50];
introll,marks;
printf("Enter student name:-- ");
scanf("%s",&name);
printf("Enter roll number of student:-- ");
scanf("%d",&roll);
printf("Enter total marks of student:-- ");
scanf("%d",&marks);
printf("nName of student is:-- %s",name);
printf("nRoll number is:-- %d",roll);
if(marks>=70)
printf("nYour Grade is A");
printf("nYour Grade is B");
printf("nYour Grade is C");
Page 36 of 44



else if(marks<50)
printf("nYour Grade is D");
else
printf("n Kindly enter a valid marks");
}
/* ====4.1 Use Numeric Functions for Factorial of a number using while loop ==== */
void factorial()
{
unsigned long longint f;
inta,i;
printf("nEnter a number: ");
scanf("%d",&a);
if(a<0)
{
printf("nPlease enter a positive number");
factorial();
}
else
{
f=1;
i=1;
while(i<=a)
{
f = f * i;
i++;
}
printf("Factorial: %lu",f);
}
}
/* ====4.2 Use Numeric Functions for Sum of first and fifth digit of a 5 digit number ====
*/
voidsum_of_first_to_fifth()
Page 37 of 44



{
int number, last_digit, first_digit, total;
printf (" Enter a five digit numeber: ");
scanf ("%d", &number);
last_digit = number % 10;
total = last_digit;
first_digit = (number / 10000) % 10;
total = total + first_digit;
printf ("The total of the first and the last digit of the entered number is: %d", total);
}
/* ====4.3 Use Numeric Functions to Find out whether a 5 digit number is palindrome or
not==== */
voidpalindrom()
{
intnum,rem,i,rev=0,num1,count=0;
printf("Enter the five digit number:n");
scanf("%d",&num);
num1=num;
while(num>0)
{
rem=num%10;
rev=rem+rev*10;
num=num/10;
count++;
}
if(count==5)
{
if(num1==rev)
{
printf("The Given Number %d is Palindrome",num1);
}
else
Page 38 of 44



{
printf("The Given Number %d is NOT Palindrome",num1);
}
}
else
{
printf("The given %d number is not a five digit number!",num1);
}
}
/* ====5.1 Work with Arrays to Count number of vowels in the sentence==== */
voidcount_vowel()
{
char sentence[80];
inti, vowels = 0, consonants = 0, special = 0;

printf("Enter a word n");
scanf("%s",&sentence);
for (i = 0; sentence[i] != '0'; i++)
{
if ((sentence[i] == 'a' || sentence[i] == 'e' || sentence[i] ==
'i' || sentence[i] == 'o' || sentence[i] == 'u') ||
(sentence[i] == 'A' || sentence[i] == 'E' || sentence[i] ==
'I' || sentence[i] == 'O' || sentence[i] == 'U'))
{
vowels = vowels + 1;
}
else
{
consonants = consonants + 1;
}
if (sentence[i] =='t' ||sentence[i] =='0' || sentence[i] ==' ')
{
Page 39 of 44



special = special + 1;
}
}
consonants = consonants - special;
printf("No. of vowels in %s = %dn", sentence, vowels);
printf("No. of consonants in %s = %dn", sentence, consonants);
getch();
}

/* ====5.2 Work with Arrays to Copy the contents of an array into another==== */
voidcopy_array()
{
int source[100], dest[100],i,j,no;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of values to be enterd: ");
scanf("%d",&no);
for(i=0;i<no;i++){
printf("Enter the value of array no. %d :",i+1);
scanf("%d",&source[i]);
}
for(i=0,j=no-1;i<no;i++,j--){
dest[j]=source[i];
}
printf("Destination array:n");
for(i=0;i<no;i++){
printf("%dt",dest[i]);
}
}
/* ====5.3 Work with Arrays to Delete item from an array==== */
voiddelete_array()
{
int array[100], position, c, n;
Page 40 of 44



printf("Enter number of elements in arrayn");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d elementsn", n);
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
printf("Enter the location where you wish to delete elementn");
scanf("%d", &position);
if ( position >= n+1 )
printf("Deletion not possible.n");
else
{
for ( c = position - 1 ; c < n - 1 ; c++ )
array[c] = array[c+1];
printf("Resultant array isn");
for( c = 0 ; c < n - 1 ; c++ )
printf("%dn", array[c]);
}
}
void main()
{
intch;
charans;
menu:
do{
clrscr();
menu();
printf("n ENTER CHOICE ....");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
clrscr();
Page 41 of 44



printf("tt ******** CREATE PATTERN ********");
printf("n1. Pyramid of asterisks ");
printf("n2. Pyramid of numbers");
printf("n3. Square of asterisks");
printf("nn Enter choice...");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1: asterisk(); break;
case 2: pyramid_numbers(); break;
case 3: square_asterisk(); break;
default: printf("Wrong choicenn");
goto menu;
}
break;
case 2:
clrscr();
printf("nntt ******** PRINT SERIES *******");
printf("n1. Series of Armstrong numbers between 1 and 500 ");
printf("n2. Fibonacci series from 1 to 100 using recursion");
printf("n3. Series of prime numbers from 1 to 100");
printf("nnEnter your choice.....");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1: Armstrong(); break;
case 2: Fibonacci(); break;
case 3: prime(); break;
goto menu;
}
break;
Page 42 of 44



case 3:
clrscr();
printf("nntt ******* WORK WITH RECORDS *******");
printf("n1. Enter and Display Employee Information ");
printf("n2. Find Grade for a student");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1: emp_information(); break;
case 2: grade_student(); break;
goto menu;
}
break;
case 4:
clrscr();
printf("nntt ******* USE NUMERIC FUNCTION *******");
printf("n1. Factorial of a number using while loop ");
printf("n2. Sum of first and fifth digit of a 5 digit number.");
printf("n3. Find out whether a 5 digit number is palindrome or not.");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1: factorial(); break;
case 2: sum_of_first_to_fifth(); break;
case 3: palindrom(); break;
goto menu;
}
break;
Page 43 of 44



case 5:
clrscr();
printf("nntt ******** WORK WITH ARRAYS ********");
printf("n1. Count number of vowels in the sentence");
printf("n2. Copy the contents of an array into another.");
printf("n3. Delete item from an array.");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1: count_vowel(); break;
case 2: copy_array(); break;
case 3: delete_array(); break;
default:
printf("Wrong choicenn");
goto menu;
}
break;
case 6:
printf("nn Thanks");
printf("nn See you again");
exit (0);
default:
goto menu;
}
printf("nnPress y to continuee....");
scanf("%s",&ans);
}
while(ans=='y'||ans=='Y');
getch();
}

Page 44 of 44

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