Introduction to Business Entities in Pakistanhamidjalal
The document provides a brief description of Legal Entities that could be incorporated in Pakistan to start a business and the merits and demirits of using each entity as a launch pad
Introduction to Business Entities in Pakistanhamidjalal
The document provides a brief description of Legal Entities that could be incorporated in Pakistan to start a business and the merits and demirits of using each entity as a launch pad
Post your response to the following focus questionsDescribe a sol.pdffootsmart1
Post your response to the following focus questions:
Describe a sole proprietorship and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Describe a partnership and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Describe a corporation and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Describe an S corporation and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Solution
Broadly speaking for conducting any type of Business activity we require to have a Business
entity. If the Business entity is owned and operated and managed by a single paerson then such
Business entity is called a sole Proprietorship. It is most simple and subjected to least terms &
conditions governing the business activities. The main disadvantages includes personal liability
of the owner/ propreitor, which is unlimited. A single person being at the helm of affairs poses
limitations on the development and growth of the business. Propreitorship has its death with the
death of the owner.
A Partnership as the word suggest is that form of Business entity which is owned by two or more
persons and formed under an agreement signed by all owners for some common purpose/ goal
and or objectives. A partnership firm is more complicated than the sole propreitorships, two or
more persons as owners may give advatages of sharing resources, knowledge, skills which are
essential for setting up of businesses of sizes unmanageable by a single person. Pooling diversity
of partners helps in the development and growth of the Business entity. Like sole propreitorship,
the partners under partnerships may be subjected to unlimited liabilities under or arising out of
the business activities of the Partnership firm. There are additional set of rules & regulations
under the law of the land governing the partnership firms.
The third and the most prefered form of business entity is an incorporated firm called corporation
and or company. A corporation/ company is different from its owners. This form of business
entity draws difference between the owner and management of the business entity. Unlike the
earlier set ups of Sole Propreitor and Partnership, the business activies are conducted neither by
sole owner nor by partners but managers who are considered to be having different identity than
the business entity which is also considered as a legal person. A corporation can be sued and it
can also sue others in the court of law.A corporation comes into existence with its incorporation
documents such as Memorandum of Understanding, Articles of Associations, Delegation of
Powers etc. These documents required for giving birth to the corporation varies from state to
state, nation to nation, lews of the land under whose jurisdiction it falls. The main advantage of a
corporation is to give limited liability to its owners who are called share holders and its business
activities are conducted by the professionals having required qualifications and skills. Just like its
birth, its death is not related to that of its share holders (owners).
What are the different Legal entities under which business can be carried on ...Kronus Law Associates
Thinking to start your own business in India, then this presentation is for you. This presentation will apprise you about basic features of different legal entities under which you can carry on your business and also advantages & disadvantages of carrying on business under them.
CONVERSION OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM INTO LLPANMOL GULATI
-This document contains all the conceptual knowledge about: 1. partnership firm 2. LLP
- suitability/ unsuitability of both form of organisations
- benefits of LLP over firm
- Conversion process
- statutory compliances
This document discusses the different types of ownership in a business. This will guide business start-ups to full understand and choose the right type of business ownership which is dependent on their needs.
The slides in the presentation talk about the Indian Partnership act 1932. It explains the various types of partners, types of partnerships, rights and duties of partners, minor as a partner, registration and dissolution of partnership firm.
Auditing Principles for college students. Audit Risk, Business Risk, Information Risk, Assurance, Auditing system, System process, Stages audit, External Auditors, Auditors Responsibility, Auditors independence, Auditors due care, professional skepticism, audit purpose, attestation, Financial reporting, Attestations, Assurance services, Audit services, Express an opinion, Reasonable assurance, Engagement planning, Types of fraud, Frauds, Employee fraud, Advance Business Consulting, jose cintron, mba4help.com, Auditing Principles for college students. Audit Risk, Business Risk, Information Risk, Assurance, Auditing system, System process, Stages audit, External Auditors, Auditors Responsibility, Auditors independence, Auditors due care, professional skepticism, audit purpose, attestation, Financial reporting, Attestations, Assurance services, Audit services, Express an opinion, Reasonable assurance, Engagement planning, Types of fraud, Frauds, Employee fraud, Advance Business Consulting, jose cintron, mba4help.com
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Accounting, accountant, debits and credits, accounting equation, internal users of accounting, external user of accounting, assets, liabilities, equity, T accounts, natural balance, accounting cycle. Accounting principles, Jose Cintron, MBA, Advance Business Consulting, Jose Cintron, mba4help.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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4. www.mba4help.com
SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
• Easy to form-Business owned by one person
• legal existence of proprietorship is extension of
proprietor
• may have any number of employees
• Unlimited liability
• Single Taxation
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Partnership form of
organization
A partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on as co-
owners of a business for profit.
Partnerships are fairly easy to form. People form partnerships simply by
a verbal agreement, or more formally, by written agreement.
A partnership is a legal entity. A partnership can own property (land,
buildings, equipment), and can sue or be sued. A partnership also is an
accounting entity. Thus, the personal assets, liabilities, and transactions
of the partners are excluded from the accounting records of the
partnership, just as they are in a proprietorship.
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Partnership and taxes
The net income of a partnership is not taxed as a separate entity. But, a
partnership must file an information tax return showing partnership net
income and each partner's share of that net income. Each partner's share
is taxable at personal tax rates, regardless of the amount of net income
each withdraws from the business during the year.
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Mutual Agency
Mutual agency means that each partner acts on behalf of the partnership
when engaging in partnership business. The act of any partner is binding
on all other partners. This is true even when partners act beyond the
scope of their authority, so long as the act appears to be appropriate for
the partnership.
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Limited Life
A partnership may be ended voluntarily at any time through the
acceptance of a new partner or the withdrawal of a partner. It may be
ended involuntarily by the death or incapacity of a partner. Partnership
dissolution occurs whenever a partner withdraws or a new partner is
admitted. Dissolution does not necessarily mean that the business ends.
If the continuing partners agree, operations can continue without
interruption by forming a new partnership.
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Unlimited Liability
Each partner is personally and individually liable for all partnership
liabilities. Creditors' claims attach first to partnership assets. If these are
insufficient, the claims then attach to the personal resources of any
partner, irrespective of that partner's equity in the partnership. Because
each partner is responsible for all the debts of the partnership, each
partner is said to have unlimited liability
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Co-Ownership of Property
Partners jointly own partnership assets. If the partnership is dissolved,
each partner has a claim on total assets equal to the balance in his or her
respective capital account. This claim does not attach to specific assets
that an individual partner contributed to the firm. Similarly, if a partner
invests a building in the partnership valued at $100,000 and the building
is later sold at a gain of $20,000, the partners all share in the gain.
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Share Income or loss
Partnership net income (or net loss) is also co-owned. If the partnership
contract does not specify to the contrary, all net income or net loss is
shared equally by the partners. As you will see later, though, partners
may agree to unequal sharing of net income or net loss.
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Limited partnership
“Ltd.,” or “LP”
In a limited partnership, one or more partners have unlimited liability
and one or more partners have limited liability for the debts of the firm.
Those with unlimited liability are general partners. Those with limited
liability are limited partners. Limited partners are responsible for the
debts of the partnership up to the limit of their investment in the firm.
Limited partners does not get involved in management.
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Limited Liability Partnership
In an LLP, all partners have limited liability. No general partners.
The LLP is designed to protect innocent partners from malpractice or
negligence claims resulting from the acts of another partner.
These professional partnerships vary in size from a medical/Lawyer
partnership of three to five doctors, to 150 to 200 partners.
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One major advantage of a partnership is to combine the skills and
resources of two or more individuals.
Partnerships are easily formed and are relatively free from government
regulations and restrictions.
A partnership does not have to contend with the “red tape” that a
corporation must face.
Partners generally can make decisions quickly on substantive business
matters without having to consult a board of directors.
Advantages & Disadvantages
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The Partnership Agreement
Ideally, the agreement of two or more individuals to form a partnership
should be expressed in a written contract, called the partnership
agreement or articles of co-partnership. The partnership agreement
contains such basic information as the name and principal location of
the firm, the purpose of the business.
1. Names and capital contributions of partners.
2. Rights and duties of partners.
3. Basis for sharing net income or net loss.
4. Provision for withdrawals of assets.
5. Procedures for submitting disputes to arbitration.
6. Procedures for the withdrawal or addition of a partner.
7. Rights and duties of surviving partners in the event of a partner's
death.
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Partner's initial investment
Each partner's initial investment in a partnership is entered in the
partnership records. The partnership should record these investments at
the fair market value of the assets at the date of their transfer to the
partnership. All partners must agree to the values assigned.
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The partnership records
the investments
Investment of A. Rolfe
Cash 8,000
Office Equipment 4,000
A. Rolfe, Capital 12,000
(To record investment of Rolfe)
Investment of T. Shea
Cash 9,000
Accounts Receivable 4,000
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 1,000
T. Shea, Capital 12,000
(To record investment of Shea)
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Dividing Net
Income or Net Loss
Partners equally share partnership net income or net loss unless the
partnership contract indicates otherwise. The same basis of division
usually applies to both net income and net loss. It is customary to refer to
this basis as the income ratio, the income and loss ratio, or the profit
and loss (P&L) ratio.
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Limited Liability Companies
A hybrid form of business organization with certain features like a
corporation and others like a limited partnership is the limited liability
company, or “LLC.” An LLC usually has a limited life. The owners,
called members, have limited liability like owners of a corporation.
Whereas limited partners do not actively participate in the management
of a limited partnership (LP), the members of a limited liability
company (LLC) can assume an active management role.
For income tax purposes, the IRS usually classifies an LLC as a
partnership.
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Corporations
CORPORATION
• an entity created by a state stature
• exists separately from and independently of the
owners
• may have one of more owners
• owners are called shareholders or stockholders
• ownership evidenced by stock certificate
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Corporation is created by law
A corporation is created by law, and its continued existence depends
upon the statutes of the state in which it is incorporated. As a legal entity,
a corporation has most of the rights and privileges of a person. The major
exceptions relate to privileges that only a living person can exercise, such
as the right to vote or to hold public office. A corporation is subject to the
same duties and responsibilities as a person. For example, it must abide
by the laws, and it must pay taxes.
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Publicly held and Privately
Classification by ownership distinguishes between publicly held and
privately held corporations.
Publicly held corporation may have thousands of stockholders. Its
stock is regularly traded on a national securities exchange such as the
New York Stock Exchange. Most of the largest U.S. corporations are
publicly held. Examples of publicly held corporations are Intel, IBM,
Google, and General Electric.
Privately held corporation usually has only a few stockholders, and
does not offer its stock for sale to the general public.
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Separate Legal Existence
As an entity separate and distinct from its owners, the corporation acts
under its own name rather than in the name of its stockholders. Ford
Motor Company may buy, own, and sell property. It may borrow money,
and may enter into legally binding contracts in its own name. It may also
sue or be sued, and it pays its own taxes. The acts of its owners
(stockholders) do not bind the corporation unless such owners are agents
of the corporation
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Limited Liability of
Stockholders
Corporation is a separate legal entity, creditors have recourse only to
corporate assets to satisfy their claims. The liability of stockholders is
normally limited to their investment in the corporation. Creditors have no
legal claim on the personal assets of the owners unless fraud has
occurred. Even in the event of bankruptcy, stockholders' losses are
generally limited to their capital investment in the corporation.
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Transferable Ownership Rights
Shares of capital stock give ownership in a corporation. These shares are
transferable units. Stockholders may dispose of part or all of their interest
in a corporation simply by selling their stock.
The transfer of ownership rights between stockholders normally has no
effect on the daily operating activities of the corporation.
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Ability to Acquire Capital
It is relatively easy for a corporation to obtain capital through the
issuance of stock. Investors buy stock in a corporation to earn money
over time as the share price grows, and because a stockholder has limited
liability and shares of stock are readily transferable. Also, individuals can
become stockholders by investing relatively small amounts of money. In
sum, the ability of a successful corporation to obtain capital is virtually
unlimited.
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Continuous Life
Since a corporation is a separate legal entity, its continuance as a going
concern is not affected by the withdrawal, death, or incapacity of a
stockholder, employee, or officer. As a result, a successful enterprise can
have a continuous and perpetual life.
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Corporation Management
As in Ford Motor Company, stockholders legally own the corporation.
But they manage the corporation indirectly through a board of directors
they elect. The board, in turn, formulates the operating policies for the
company. The board also selects officers, such as a president and one or
more vice presidents, to execute policy and to perform daily management
functions.
The chief executive officer (CEO) has overall responsibility for
managing the business.
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Additional Taxes
In addition, stockholders must pay taxes on cash dividends (pro rata
distributions of net income). Thus, many argue that the government taxes
corporate income twice (double taxation)—once at the corporate level,
and again at the individual level.
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Forming a Corporation
The initial step in forming a corporation is to file an application with the
Secretary of State in the state in which incorporation is desired. The
application contains such information as: (1) the name and purpose of the
proposed corporation; (2) amounts, kinds, and number of shares of
capital stock to be authorized; (3) the names of the incorporators; and (4)
the shares of stock to which each has subscribed.