This document provides an introduction to research, outlining key concepts and processes. It discusses what research is, the different types of research (applied and basic), and why organizations conduct research. The main stages of the research process are identified as observation, problem identification, theoretical framework development, hypothesis formulation, research design, data collection and analysis, interpretation, and implementation. Key research design concepts like sampling, measurement, descriptive and inferential statistics are also overviewed. The document emphasizes that research is important for problem-solving, decision making, managing competition and risk, and should utilize available information technologies.

2. Introduction to Research
 1.1What is research?
Research is the process of finding
solutions to a problem after a
thorough study and analysis of the
situational factors.

3. Research provides the needed information that
guides managers to make informed decisions
to successfully deal with problems.
The information provided could be the result
of a careful analysis of data gathered firsthand
or of data that are already available (in the
company).

4.  1.Applied research
 Is to solve a current problem faced by the manager in the
work setting,demanding a timely solution.
 2.Basic research (fundamental, pure)
 Is to generate a body of knowledge by trying to comprehend
how certain problems that occur in organizations can be
solved.
 The findings of such research contribute to the building of
knowledge in the various functional areas of business.

5. Solve problems
Decision making tool
Competition
Risk
Investment
Hire researchers and consultants more
effectively

6. 1 Observation
2 Identification of problem area
3 Theoretical framework
4 Hypotheses
5 Research design
6 Data collection
7 Data analysis
8 Data interpretation
9 Implementation

7. 1 Observation
2 Problem identification
 preliminary information gathering
3 Theoretical framework
 theory formulation
4 Hypothesizing
5 Research design
 further scientific data collection
6 Logical analysis
7 Deduction

8.  problem statement is
 Observation
 The problem is a clear, precise, and succinct statement of the
question or issue that is to be investigated with the goal of finding
an answer or solution.
 Theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research
project is based.It is logically developed,described,and elaborated
network of associations among the variables relevant to the problem
situation.
 A hypothesis is a tentative statement that proposes a possible
explanation to some phenomenon or event. A useful hypothesis is a
testable statement which may include a prediction. A hypotheses
should not be confused with a theory.
 Data analysis: the data gathered are statistically analyzed to see if
the hypotheses that were generated have been supported.
 Measurement is the process observing and recording the observations
that are collected as part of a research effort.
 Deduction is the process of arriving at conclusions by interpreting the
meaning of the data analysis results.

9. "Well begun is half done" --Aristotle
Where do research topics come from?
The idea for a research project?
one of the most common sources of research
ideas is the experience of practical problems
in the field?
The Literature Review

10. http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/design.php

11.  The Research Cycle
▪ QUESTIONING
▪ PLANNING
▪ GATHERING
▪ SORTING & SIFTING
▪ SYNTHESIZING
▪ EVALUATING
▪ REPORTING*

12. Almost every organization has to engage in
research at some level to stay competitive.
Companies gather data both from within and
outside the organization.
The methods used to gather, analyze,and
synthesize information from the external and
internal environments are becoming
increasingly sophisticated to the immense
scope of computer technology.

13.  ICT
 Information
 Communication
 Technology

14.  1 Observation
 2 Data gathering
 3 Problem definition
 4 Theoretical framework (variables identified)
 5 Hypotheses
 6 Research design
 7 Data collection,analysis,interpretation
 8 Deduction
 9 Report writing
 10 Report presentation
 11 Managerial decision making

15.  Purpose of the study:
 Exploratory study
▪ Is undertaken when no information is available on how similar problems
or research issues have been solved in the past
 Descriptive study
▪ Is to able to describe the characteristics of the variables of interest in a
situation.
 Hypotheses testing
▪ Is undertaken to explain the variance in the dependent variable or to
predict organizational outcomes.
 Case studies
 Research design can be thought of as the structure of research -- it
is the "glue" that holds all of the elements in a research project
together

16. The rating scale
 Have several response catagories
 Likert scale is designed o exermine how strongly
subject agree or disagree with statements on a 5-
point scale
Ranking scale
 Are used to tap preferences between two or more
objects or items
Goodness of measure : reliability,validity

17. Data can be collected in a variety ways ,data
sources can be primary or secondary.
Data collection methods such as:
interview(face-to-face,telephone,computer-assisted
interviews),
Questionaires
Observation
Motivational techniques

18.  A sample is a subset of the population.
 Sample is the process of selecting a sufficient number of
elements from the population.
 Studying a sample rather the entire population is sometimes
to lead to more reliable results, mostly because fatigue is
reduced,resulting in fewer errors on collection data. (time,
cost,human resources)
 Surveys are useful and powerful in finding answers to
research question but if data are not collected from the
people or objects that can provide the correct answers to
solve the problem, the survey will be in vain.

19.  The data analysis involves three major steps, done in roughly
this order:
 Cleaning and organizing the data for analysis (
Data Preparation)
 Describing the data (Descriptive Statistics)
http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/statdesc.php
 Testing Hypotheses and Models (Inferential Statistics)

20.  Descriptive statistics
 provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures.
 Central Tendency. The central tendency of a distribution is an estimate of the
"center" of a distribution of values. There are three major types of estimates of
central tendency:
▪ Mean is the most common-used measure of data tendency.=average.
▪ Median is the middle value , when the data is arranged in numerical order.
▪ Mode is the value ( number) that appears the most.
▪ Dispersion (Range, Standard Diviation)refers to the spread of the values around the
central tendency
 Inferential statistics
 t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA),
regression analysis, Correlation is a measure of the relation between two or more
variables.
 we use inferential statistics to make judgments of the probability that an observed
difference between groups. Thus, we use inferential statistics to make inferences
from our data to more general conditions;
 we use descriptive statistics simply to describe what's going on in our data.

21.  Central tendency
 Exercise
 http://www.quia.com/rr/51667.html
 http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/Math/mean/Pmeasure.htm
 http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/grizzly/432/Research.htm
 http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/statdesc.php

22. Researh proposal
Research report
Research presentation

23.  Abstract - Brief summary of the contents of the article
 Introduction - A explanation of the purpose of the study, a statement of the
research question(s) the study intends to address
 Literature review - A critical assessment of the work done so far on this
topic, to show how the current study relates to what has already been done
 Methods - How the study was carried out (e.g. instruments or equipment,
procedures, methods to gather and analyze data)
 Results - What was found in the course of the study
 Discussion - What do the results mean
 Conclusion - State the conclusions and implications of the results, and
discuss how it relates to the work reviewed in the literature review; also,
point to directions for further work in the area

24.  Title Page
 Abstract (on a separate single page)
 The Body (no page breaks between sections in the body)
 Introduction (2-3 pages)
 Methods (7-10 pages)
▪ Sample (1 page)
▪ Measures (2-3 pages)
▪ Design (2-3 pages)
▪ Procedures (2-3 pages)
 Results (2-3 pages)
 Conclusions (1-2 pages)
 References
 Tables (one to a page)
 Figures (one to a page)
 Appendices
 Sample Paper http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/sampaper.php
 http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/guideelements.php
 Formatting http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/formatting.php

25.  http://blog.spu.ac.th/readmore/2008/04/22/entry-2
http://blog.spu.ac.th/readmore/gallery/394
 http://dekkid.blogspot.com/search?q=business+research

26.  How can you solve business problem?
 Why do you need to know how to write the research
proposal?
 Do you understand the research process?
 Do you know why do you have to identify problem
statement clearly before doing research?
 Do you know why sampling and statistics are important to
the research result?
 Why do you have to identify the limitation of your study?
 Why the research report and presentation are important?
 Do you know how to apply the steps of the research
process ?

27. 1.If you want to set up a coffee shop near
the university and school, what is your
research topic?
2.Identify the problem statement.
3.Identify the objectives
4.The hypotheses
5. The research methodology.
6. The examples of the questionaireใ