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Building Science
ENERGY
THERMAL
ENERGY
A form of kinetic energy
TEMPERATURE
A way to measure kinetic energy
The ability to do work or
cause change.
The internal energy of
substances.
Average kinetic
energy of particles
in a substance.
Transferring Thermal Energy
Radiation
Transfer via Energy Waves
Convection
Transfer via Flowing Fluid
Transfer via Direct Contact
Conduction
Thermal energy always transfers from high
temperature to low temperature.
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
Insulators…
…block conduction by being discontinuous
fibers made from poor conductors
…block convection by trapping small air
pockets and blocking air flow
…block radiation by being reflective
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
(((( ))))
High Temperature = Fast Particles
(( ))
))
))
((
((
(( ((
(( ))(( ))
(( ))(( ))
(( ))
(((( ))))
(((( ))))
((((
))))
((((((((((( ))))))))))))
((((((((((( ))))))))))))
Solid
Liquid Gas
(((((((((((((((((((( ))))))))))))))))))))))
Hot Gas
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
Temperature and Moisture
(((((((((((((((((((( ))))))))))))))))))))))
Hot Gas
((((((((((( ))))))))))))
((((((((((( ))))))))))))
Gas
Hotter gases can hold
more moisture
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
Relative Humidity
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
Electricity
• Electrons are always moving.
• Electrical conductors have overlapping electron shells – allow for free
movement of electrons through material.
• Electricity is a purposeful, directional transfer of energy in electrons
through a conductor.
• A Coulomb (C) is the unit for measuring the amount of electrical charge,
whether positive or negative.
• An Ampere (A) is the unit for measuring how many Coulombs move past
a point in a second – current.
• A Volt (V) is the unit for measuring the potential (ability) for a charge to
move - voltage.
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
Electrical Current
• Electrons do not “flow through” a conductor – not a row of soldiers
marching in line.
• Electrons move and bump along through a conductor, passing their
energy to each other and sometimes moving through the conductor.
• The work is done by the electrons.
• More electrons = greater current = more work can be done
• Measured in Amperes, or simply Amps.
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
Voltage
• The potential for an
electron to move is its
voltage
• Analogous to the pressure
of water
• High voltages give
electrons the ability to do
difficult work
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
Voltage x Current = Power
• Power = rate (speed) at which work is
done
• Power is measured in Watts (W)
• High voltage with low current = do a
little bit of difficult work
• Low voltage with high current = do a
lot of easy work
• Electricity from the utility is measured
in kilowatt-hours (kWh)
• One kilowatt-hour is 1,000 watts used
in one hour
Both of these
scenarios could
require the same
amount of power.
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
Common Residential Lighting Types
• Incandescent
• Fluorescent
• Light-emitting Diode (LED)
Lumens is the light given off by a bulb.
Watts is the amount of energy it takes to operate the bulb.
To compare bulbs, compare lumens, not watts!
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
Incandescent Lighting
• Produce light by getting hot
• Friction of electrons in filament
• Incandesces
• Exceptionally inefficient – 10% electrical energy is
transformed to light (90% not used for light)
• Generally unchanged since Edison
• “Energy Efficient” incandescent bulbs have bubble of
inert gas around filament
• “Energy Efficient” bulbs use 25% less energy for same
lumens as traditional incandescent
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
Fluorescent Lighting
• Two-step lighting process
• Mercury vapor absorbs electrical energy and its electrons get energized
• Energized Hg electrons release energy as UV light
• Phosphor coating on inside absorbs UV light
• Energized phosphor electrons release energy as visible light
Image credit: http://www.safespectrum.com/light_fluorescent.php
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
Light-emitting Diodes (LEDs)
• Solid, very efficient
• Works like a PV cell in reverse
• Current will only flow in one
direction
• Current energizes electrons and
they move from N-type across
depletion zone to P-type
• Electrons then return to lower
energy state and release energy as
light
Image credit: http://www.imagesco.com/articles/photovoltaic/photovoltaic-pg4.html
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
A Building is a System
All the systems of a
building combine to
determine its
energy efficiency.
Building Envelope
Lighting
Electrical Appliances and
Devices
HVAC Systems
Building Science
• All systems have to be in good working order to be efficient
• Air flow in and out of building must be regulated
• Entire building envelope must be properly insulated
• Interruptions in building envelope (doors, windows, light
fixtures, chimneys, etc.) must be properly sealed
• HVAC must be cleaned and maintained
• Proper and efficient lighting should be used
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
What’s Happening Here?
After
Before
Attic Air Sealing
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
Optimum
Indoor
Humidity
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
Blower Door Test
• Measures the amount of
air flow through a house
• Used to determine:
• How much air sealing is
needed prior to
weatherization
• If there is enough air flow
after weatherization
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
Building Science Activities
• Conduction – Insulbox and heating pad; measure
with IR thermometer
• Radiation – make predictions and test with IR
thermometer
• Convection – Home Airflow Simulation
• Comparing Appliances – calculating payback period
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
For More Information
The NEED Project
• www.need.org
• info@need.org
• 1-800-875-5029
Energy Information
Administration
• U.S. Department of Energy
• www.eia.gov
Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
NEED IS SOCIAL!
Let’s be Facebook (@needproject) official!
Events, energy news, and more!
Follow us on Twitter (@NEED_Project)! We share the latest
energy news from around the country.
Follow us on Instagram (@theneedproject) and check out
photos from workshops and when we go live for hands-on
experiments.
Follow us on Pinterest and pin ideas to use in your classroom.
www.pinterest.com/needproject
Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Hands-on energy lesson
tutorials, interviews with energy career professionals, & more!
www.youtube.com/user/needproject
NEED is social! ©The NEED Project

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Building-Science.pptx

  • 2. ENERGY THERMAL ENERGY A form of kinetic energy TEMPERATURE A way to measure kinetic energy The ability to do work or cause change. The internal energy of substances. Average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
  • 3. Transferring Thermal Energy Radiation Transfer via Energy Waves Convection Transfer via Flowing Fluid Transfer via Direct Contact Conduction Thermal energy always transfers from high temperature to low temperature. Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 4. Insulators… …block conduction by being discontinuous fibers made from poor conductors …block convection by trapping small air pockets and blocking air flow …block radiation by being reflective Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 5. (((( )))) High Temperature = Fast Particles (( )) )) )) (( (( (( (( (( ))(( )) (( ))(( )) (( )) (((( )))) (((( )))) (((( )))) ((((((((((( )))))))))))) ((((((((((( )))))))))))) Solid Liquid Gas (((((((((((((((((((( )))))))))))))))))))))) Hot Gas Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 6. Temperature and Moisture (((((((((((((((((((( )))))))))))))))))))))) Hot Gas ((((((((((( )))))))))))) ((((((((((( )))))))))))) Gas Hotter gases can hold more moisture Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 7. Relative Humidity Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 8. Electricity • Electrons are always moving. • Electrical conductors have overlapping electron shells – allow for free movement of electrons through material. • Electricity is a purposeful, directional transfer of energy in electrons through a conductor. • A Coulomb (C) is the unit for measuring the amount of electrical charge, whether positive or negative. • An Ampere (A) is the unit for measuring how many Coulombs move past a point in a second – current. • A Volt (V) is the unit for measuring the potential (ability) for a charge to move - voltage. Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 9. Electrical Current • Electrons do not “flow through” a conductor – not a row of soldiers marching in line. • Electrons move and bump along through a conductor, passing their energy to each other and sometimes moving through the conductor. • The work is done by the electrons. • More electrons = greater current = more work can be done • Measured in Amperes, or simply Amps. Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 10. Voltage • The potential for an electron to move is its voltage • Analogous to the pressure of water • High voltages give electrons the ability to do difficult work Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 11. Voltage x Current = Power • Power = rate (speed) at which work is done • Power is measured in Watts (W) • High voltage with low current = do a little bit of difficult work • Low voltage with high current = do a lot of easy work • Electricity from the utility is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) • One kilowatt-hour is 1,000 watts used in one hour Both of these scenarios could require the same amount of power. Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 12. Common Residential Lighting Types • Incandescent • Fluorescent • Light-emitting Diode (LED) Lumens is the light given off by a bulb. Watts is the amount of energy it takes to operate the bulb. To compare bulbs, compare lumens, not watts! Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 13. Incandescent Lighting • Produce light by getting hot • Friction of electrons in filament • Incandesces • Exceptionally inefficient – 10% electrical energy is transformed to light (90% not used for light) • Generally unchanged since Edison • “Energy Efficient” incandescent bulbs have bubble of inert gas around filament • “Energy Efficient” bulbs use 25% less energy for same lumens as traditional incandescent Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 14. Fluorescent Lighting • Two-step lighting process • Mercury vapor absorbs electrical energy and its electrons get energized • Energized Hg electrons release energy as UV light • Phosphor coating on inside absorbs UV light • Energized phosphor electrons release energy as visible light Image credit: http://www.safespectrum.com/light_fluorescent.php Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 15. Light-emitting Diodes (LEDs) • Solid, very efficient • Works like a PV cell in reverse • Current will only flow in one direction • Current energizes electrons and they move from N-type across depletion zone to P-type • Electrons then return to lower energy state and release energy as light Image credit: http://www.imagesco.com/articles/photovoltaic/photovoltaic-pg4.html Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 16. A Building is a System All the systems of a building combine to determine its energy efficiency. Building Envelope Lighting Electrical Appliances and Devices HVAC Systems
  • 17. Building Science • All systems have to be in good working order to be efficient • Air flow in and out of building must be regulated • Entire building envelope must be properly insulated • Interruptions in building envelope (doors, windows, light fixtures, chimneys, etc.) must be properly sealed • HVAC must be cleaned and maintained • Proper and efficient lighting should be used Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 19. After Before Attic Air Sealing Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 21. Blower Door Test • Measures the amount of air flow through a house • Used to determine: • How much air sealing is needed prior to weatherization • If there is enough air flow after weatherization Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 22. Building Science Activities • Conduction – Insulbox and heating pad; measure with IR thermometer • Radiation – make predictions and test with IR thermometer • Convection – Home Airflow Simulation • Comparing Appliances – calculating payback period Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 23. For More Information The NEED Project • www.need.org • info@need.org • 1-800-875-5029 Energy Information Administration • U.S. Department of Energy • www.eia.gov Building Science 2018 ©The NEED Project
  • 24. NEED IS SOCIAL! Let’s be Facebook (@needproject) official! Events, energy news, and more! Follow us on Twitter (@NEED_Project)! We share the latest energy news from around the country. Follow us on Instagram (@theneedproject) and check out photos from workshops and when we go live for hands-on experiments. Follow us on Pinterest and pin ideas to use in your classroom. www.pinterest.com/needproject Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Hands-on energy lesson tutorials, interviews with energy career professionals, & more! www.youtube.com/user/needproject NEED is social! ©The NEED Project

Editor's Notes

  1. Thermal energy is always moving. It flows from areas of higher temperature to areas of lower temperature. Heat transfer occurs via conduction, convection, and radiation.
  2. Relative humidity measures the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the amount of water vapor the air is able to hold, which depends, in part, on the temperature of the air. Relative humidity levels that are too high can contribute to the growth and spread of unhealthy biological pollutants, such as mold and mildew.