This document discusses waste management strategies for commercial buildings. It describes four typologies of commercial buildings based on how waste is stored and transported from the building to the street for collection. Typology 1 involves bringing waste directly to the sidewalk through stairs or ramps, while Typology 2 uses elevators to transport waste from tenant spaces to the sidewalk. The document provides details on waste streams, storage, segregation, volume reduction strategies, and design considerations to improve diversion rates in commercial buildings.

1. Waste Management and
Disposal
Group members:
Ishwar Bhat - 04
Utsav Chaudhury - 09
Prerak Doshi - 15
Building Services Semester - 9

2. Waste management comprises of a collective activity of segregation, collection, transportation, recycling and disposal of
waste.
Classification of waste:
● Waste arises in many different forms and its characterisation can be expressed in several forms.
● Some common characteristics used in the classification of waste includes the physical states, physical properties, reusable
potentials, biodegradable potentials, source of production and the degree of environmental impact.
● There are three main types of waste according to their physical states; these are liquid, solid and gaseous waste.
1. Physical waste:
a. Solid waste
b. Liquid waste
c. Gaseous waste
2. Sources:
a. Household/Domestic waste
b. Industrial/mining waste
c. Agricultural waste
d. Commercial waste
e. Demolition and construction waste
3. Environmental impacts:
a. Hazardous
b. Non-hazardous

3. SOLID WASTE:
Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from combined residential, industrial, and commercial
activities in a given common area.
● Municipal solid waste(MSW)
● Construction waste
● Industrial solid waste
● Commercial waste.
● Agricultural solid waste
1. Municipal Solid Waste:
● Municipal Waste is waste from households, as
well as any other waste which, because of it
nature or composition is similar to waste from
households.
● MSW(s) are difficult to manage as the
components are diverse, with materials such
as metal, paper, glass and other organics
mixed together.
● MSW mainly consist of food and garden waste,
textiles, paper or cardboard, plastics, glass
and metals. (fig. Pie diagram showing MSW composition)

4. 2. Industrial Waste:
● Industrial wastes is the waste produced as a
result of the processing of raw materials for the
production of new products.
● India is expected to produce over 50 million
metric tons by 2041.
● Industrial waste consists of both toxic and non
toxic waste.
3. Agricultural Solid Waste:
● Agricultural wastes are wastes arising from
activities such as the rearing of livestock,
sowing of plants and from milk production.
● Agricultural waste materials include animal
manure, various crop residues and silage
effluent.
● Agricultural wastes are mostly reusable in the
energy and industrial sector.
● Inappropriate management of agricultural
waste may lead to environmental hazard , for
example; high application of manure on land
could pollute surface and groundwater.
(fig. Pie diagram showing Industrial waste composition)

5. 4. Commercial Waste:
● Commercial waste is an important waste
stream especially considering the vast amount
of solid waste generated from this sector.
● Commercial waste accounted for about 11% of
the total waste produced in 2002.
● Commercial solid wastes are solid or
semi-solid wastes produced as a result of
activities in stores, restaurants, markets,
offices, hotels, motels, print shops, service
stations, auto repair shops among others.
● Generally, the most common waste produced
by the commercial sector include, consumer
electronics, batteries, tires, white goods,
paper, cardboard, metal, plastics, food waste,
wood, glass among others.
(fig. Pie diagram showing Commercial waste composition)

6. WASTE MANAGEMENT and DISPOSAL : STRATEGIES
Accountability for diverting commercial waste from landfills or waste-to-energy facilities is complicated by the number of
entities responsible for specific aspects of sorting, staging, setout and collection.
1. Moving towards Waste Collection zones.
2. Encourage Public Waste Audits for Large
Commercial Buildings:
● Requirements for energy auditing and
energy-efficiency retrofits for large commercial
buildings have led to significant energy
savings.
● Metering waste is not as easy, but knowing the
types of materials discarded and their volumes
is the first step toward reducing waste.
3. Food Waste Reduction.
4. Organic separation for Food-Service
Establishments.
5. Aligning Commercial and Residential Recycling
Categories.
(fig. showing MSW segregation in commercial buildings)

7. COMMERCIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT : STRATEGIES
● Architects often consider how to reduce waste during building construction, but they can also design to reduce
ongoing waste generated during the life of their buildings, just as they consider reducing energy and water use.
● Designing for material flows will not only reduce waste sent to landfill but also improve convenience for residents,
working conditions for staff, the quality of public space around the building and the successful operation of the
collection and the processing infrastructure into which it feeds.
1. Planning for Material Flow through a building:
● The flow of goods delivered to the building is
mirrored by the flow of outbound discarded
materials.
● Planning for these flows is key to efficient
waste management.
● Plans should cover quantities, routes,
equipment and staff procedures, storage
space design and collection setout.
2. Making waste separation easier:
● Good design can simplify the disposal of
materials in separate containers and increase
diversion rates.
● Design can also create a coherent system for
users via consistent visuals and signage
throughout the building.
(fig. Moving waste materials through service corridor)

9. COMMERCIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT : STRATEGIES
3. Reducing Material Consumption through
Programming Decisions.
4. Reducing the Volume of Waste.
Strategies below are comprehensive and should be
considered as far as relevant.
5. Determine waste streams and quantities.
6. Plan a route:
Designing a route through a building for material
discards requires consideration of transport methods,
staffing and any restrictions in usage of elevators,
service corridors or chutes or lifts.
Strategies include:
● Minimize travel distances for staff.
● Minimize handling/transfer points as there is
potential for contamination of streams at each
handling.
● Provide for safe vertical transfer methods via
elevator, lift, ramp or chutes. (fig. Top to bottom: Multiple chutes to wheeled bins; Multiple chutes to 2
cu yd containers)
(fig. A semicircular ramp is designed into the exterior court, allowing waste to
be wheeled from the basement to the sidewalk)

11. Consider:
● Whether provision and space needs to be given for washing containers
● Clearances and turning radii for containers
● Storage of transport containers
● Staff safety (weight of transport containers)

13. COMMERCIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT : STRATEGIES
9. Designing a Storage Space:
Research shows that well-designed storage spaces
increase diversion.
Because many commercial buildings lack adequate
storage for waste, it ends up monopolizing loading
docks and corridors, pushing loading to the street
and/or blocking egress.
Consider
● Storage area required and clearances for
movement of containers.
● Mechanical considerations: ventilation,
temperature, lighting, water and drain for
washing down containers.
● Access to exterior.
● Flood plain: With a cellar at risk of flooding,
consider using larger containers as opposed to
bags, or store waste at grade.
(fig. Loading dock filled with waste storage)

14. COMMERCIAL WASTE DIVERSION STRATEGIES
Create central waste station
● Provide bins for all waste streams in a central area, such as a pantry.
Eliminate trash bins at desks, or provide only paper-recycling bins and
small desk bins for tissue and wrapper–type trash.
● Ensure that when staff takes waste to a storage location, there are
separate bins for each waste stream.
Restaurant recycling stations
● Waste and recycling stations in restaurants are often badly designed
and confusing for customers, leading to highly contaminated streams
and low diversion rates.
● Streams to consider include:
● Organic waste and compostables
● Recycling: metal, plastic and glass
● Liquids: so customers can empty bottles prior to recycling to reduce
weight and make handling easier
● Trash
Station with clear visual cues
Equal convenience disposal

15. The most common stream in kitchens is food
plastic wrapping and cardboard, and collection of paper, metal, glass and waste cooking oil needs to be provided in
the facility Containers.
Use color and signs to indicate waste stream :
● Green for organic waste, light blue for paper
● Shaped openings can cue users to the appropriate stream and stop entry of other streams.
For example, a small circular opening accepts only bottles and cans for recycling, and a linear opening can
signify the place for paper.
Clear visual cues and signage for 4 recycling streams Different color bins with clear signage
COMMERCIAL WASTE DIVERSION : STRATEGIES

16. EFFICIENT WASTE SEGREGATION:
● There are two broad categories of waste generators in India—bulk generators (such as construction waste from real
estate sector or infrastructure sector) and small generators (such as households and small businesses).
● The composition of waste in India today is as follows:
GRIHA MANUAL 4

17. Storage and segregation:
Following is a list of solutions for storage and segregation of waste in different types of buildings.
● All commercial buildings should have arrangement for storage of segregated waste.
● Commercial waste means by-products and materials consumed during business activities and building
management and maintenance.
● Commercial building, the major quantity of waste generated comes from consumables associated with the business
activities of the occupants (paper, cardboard, food waste, and so on).
● Management maintenance activities typically generate a smaller proportion of operational
waste sources, but can include hazardous wastes such as chemicals, contaminated water or non-recyclable equipment.
Advantages of properly managing building operational waste:
● The by-products from the treatment of biodegradable waste could be sold in the market or reused by the residents as
manure. It could also be used by the local government for the maintenance of public gardens and lawns.
● Reuse/ recycling reduce the need for virgin materials.
● Health benefits: When the generated waste is systematically managed, there is a healthier environment, cleaner
surroundings, and less disease.
● Environmental benefits: By closing the waste cycle as much as possible, a major portion of the waste can be diverted
from going to landfills and preventing water and land contamination due to leachate generation.
● Reducing GHG emissions by decreasing the biodegradable part going to the landfills.

18. COMMERCIAL WASTE REDUCTION : STRATEGIES
Points for design to reduce the use of packaging and
disposable tableware:
● Program restaurants and cafeterias with dishwashing
facilities and use reusable dishware and fountain
drinks. Dishwashing rooms can be remotely located
and dishes conveyed by dish conveyors which can
even take dishes down multiple stories to less
valuable below grade areas.
● Provide reusable to-go containers which customers
can take with them and then return to the cafeteria or
drop in designated bins. Provide space for a bin for
returns of containers and dishwashers if washed
on-site, or access for a third party to pick up and
wash off-site.
(fig.1 showing use of reusable dishwares. Fig2. showing dish conveyor belts)

19. COMMERCIAL WASTE REDUCTION : STRATEGIES
1. Reduction of dishware wastes:
● Provide compostable dishware, cups and utensils
which can greatly simplify waste collection as all
discarded items may fall into one waste stream, ie,
organic waste.
● If a large generator is using compostables, a
compactor would be recommended for volume
reduction.
2. Design to reduce the use of paper:
● Design for digital information with digital displays
and smart boards rather than for usage with easels,
printers, copiers and file cabinets.
● Provide energy-efficient hand dryers rather than
paper towels. Studies have shown that these dryers,
especially the high-efficiency ones, have a lower
environmental impact.
3. Donation or composting of excess food waste.
(fig.1 Reusable ‘Go Boxes’ are used in Portland, Oregon)

21. COMMERCIAL WASTE VOLUME REDUCTION : STRATEGIES
Equipment types:
● Compactors (trash, cardboard, metal, plastic and
glass recycling, organics)
● Balers (cardboard, metal and plastic, including film)
● Crushers, shredders and grinders (glass, paper,
plastic)
● Organic waste treatment (organic waste, typically
food waste)
Considerations include:
● Cost and maintenance
● Waste stream suitability
● Compaction ratio
● Labor and training required
● Size and clearances
● Power requirements and energy usage
● Size and collection method for waste output
● Digital capabilities, for automatic service and data on
amount of waste generated.
(fig.1 compactors help in tightly tying up wastes and organising them to be
recycled efficiently)

23. COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGIES (for effective waste management and disposal):
The management of commercial waste within buildings can be broadly categorized by four typologies.

24. COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY - 1 (for effective waste management and disposal):
1. Typology 1 (Stairs or ramp to sidewalk):
● In the simplest scenarios, businesses bring waste straight to the sidewalk, sometimes through a sidewalk hatch.
● There maybe some storage in the wheeled bins in the backyard or within the tenant space but trash and recycling is
generally set out in bags while organics are generally brought to the curb in two- or four-wheel bins.
● This arrangement is typically for small restaurants and stores which are generally in buildings with one or two storeys
and sometimes a cellar below and residential apartments above.

25. COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY - 1 (for effective waste management and disposal):
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(Recycling being transferred from bin on dolly to tilt truck; Freight elevator takes tenant containers directly down to street)
(Service entrance to sidewalk freight elevator, door opens onto street)

26. COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY - 1 (for effective waste management and disposal):
● Advantages:
a. Space efficient: Limited floor area given over to longer-term storage.
b. Low labor: Few or no setout containers brought back into the building after collection.
● Disadvantages:
a. Waste can block passageways or workflow (common in restaurants).
b. Setout is generally in bags, which can attract pests and take up more public space than would setout in
rigid containers.
c. Collection needs to be more frequent.
d. Less convenient: Waste must be stored within the business space until allowable setup times.
e. Safety challenge: Some heavy waste has to be brought upstairs.
● Alignment with best practice strategies:
a. Volume reduction: Normally no provision for compaction.
b. Diversion strategies are more difficult to implement in tight spaces that can’t accommodate central,
well-designed storage space for all streams. Bins may be accommodated in convenient “semi
permanent” locations throughout a space, with visual cues such as color-coded and labeled bins.
c. Waste metering/transparent pricing by stream is possible since the individual business/tenant contracts
directly with a hauler.

27. COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY - 2 (for effective waste management and disposal):
2. Typology 2 (Elevator to sidewalk):
● This typology is common in multi-tenant office buildings with elevators but no shared storage space.
● Before being taken to the street for setout, waste is stored in the tenant area, moved by the tenant or collected by
building staff at a set time in bins on dollies or tilt trucks.
● Floors are serviced daily via the service or passenger elevator.
● Facilities or cleaning staff members generally use one bin to transport all streams, so standardized procedures need
to be followed to appropriately separate types of materials at the curb to avoid contamination.
● Setout for refuse and recyclables is typically in bags, while organics are generally set out in wheeled bins.

28. COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY - 2 (for effective waste management and disposal):
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(Recycling being transferred from bin on dolly to tilt truck; Freight elevator takes tenant containers directly down to street)
(Service entrance to sidewalk freight elevator, door opens onto street)

29. COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY - 2 (for effective waste management and disposal):
● Advantages:
a. Space efficient: Limited floor area is given over to longer-term storage.
b. Low labor: Discards go directly to curb, and no or few setout containers are brought back into the
building after collection.
c. Collection is more frequent.
● Disadvantages:
a. Inconvenience: Tenants must hold daily discards until a set time.
● Alignment with best practice strategies:
a. Volume reduction: Normally no provision for compaction.
b. Diversion strategies difficult to implement in limited space.
c. Waste metering/transparent pricing by stream is not common but is possible if maintenance staff can
weigh trash collected from each tenant space using, for example, a tilt truck equipped with a scale and
digital screen.

30. COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY - 3 (for effective waste management and disposal):
3. Typology 3 (Elevator to shared storage):
● Some large multi-tenant buildings, such as those with office, hotel, university or retail uses, provide shared storage
space.
● Waste is collected from tenant areas, placed in transport bins and taken by service or passenger elevator to the
shared storage space where there may be balers.
● Waste can be brought to the storage space by building maintenance staff or tenants.

31. COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY - 3 (for effective waste management and disposal):
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(Baled cardboard and 2 cu yd container set out for collection; Organic wheeled bins in cellar storage area)
(Waste stored in tilt trucks; 2 cu yd containers and cardboard in cellar storage area)

32. COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY - 3 (for effective waste management and disposal):
● Advantages:
a. Convenience: The timing of waste collection from individual tenant spaces does not have to be
coordinated with waste pickup from the building.
b. Collection can be less frequent.
● Disadvantages:
a. Space needs to be allocated for a storage area.
b. More building labor is required to move waste from storage to curb.
● Alignment with best practice strategies:
a. Volume reduction: Compaction is possible (cardboard balers are common in this scenario).
b. Diversion strategies are easy to implement with good signage and co-location of all waste streams in
the storage space.
c. Waste metering/transparent pricing by stream is not common but is possible, for example by charging
tenants on a per-bag basis. This is labor intensive as staff time is required for tracking bags.

33. COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY - 4 (for effective waste management and disposal):
4. Typology 4 (Elevator to shared compactor containers):
● The ideal situation for large multi-tenant buildings is shared compactor-containers, which may be exterior or in an
interior loading area.
● Waste is collected from tenant areas, placed in transport bins and taken by service elevator to the shared container
compactors and other bins.
● Automatic pressure detection can tell the hauler when the compactor is almost full and ready for collection; it is then
removed by truck and returned empty.

34. COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY - 4 (for effective waste management and disposal):
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(Waste stored in tilt trucks; 2 cu yd containers and cardboard in cellar storage area)

35. COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY - 4 (for effective waste management and disposal):
● Advantages:
a. Collection is less frequent (with reduction, there can be a significant decrease).
b. Convenience: The timing of waste collection from individual tenant spaces does not have to be
coordinated with building waste pickup.
c. Sidewalks remain free of waste.
d. Self-contained compactors reduce odors and mess.
● Disadvantages:
a. Space needs to be allocated in the loading area, which is in high demand in multi-tenant buildings.
b. Waste management pickup needs to be coordinated with other building deliveries.
c. Managing space and equipment increases labor.
● Alignment with best practice strategies:
a. Diversion strategies are easy to implement with good signage and co-location of all waste streams in
the storage space.
b. Volume reduction strategies are easier to implement, with compaction typical.
c. Waste metering/transparent pricing by stream is possible but involves more technical solutions (such as
compactors with key cards or mechanisms in the loading area for weighing waste).

36. THANK YOU

37. LIQUID WASTE:
Liquid waste can be defined as such Liquids as wastewater, fats, oils or grease (FOG), used oil, liquids, solids, gases, or
sludges and hazardous household liquids.
● Black water
● Gray water
● Yellow water
1. Black Water:
● This is wastewater that originates from toilet fixtures, dishwashers, and food preparation sinks. It is made up of
all the things that you can imagine going down the toilets, bath and sink drains.
● They are known to be highly contaminated with dissolved chemicals, particulate matter and is very pathogenic.
2. Grey Water:
● This is wastewater that originates from non-toilet and food fixtures such as bathroom sinks, laundry machines,
spas, bathtubs and so on. Technically it is sewage that does not contain poop or urine.
● Grey water is treated differently from black water and is suitable for reuse.
3. Yellow Water:
● This is basically urine collected with specific channels and not contaminated with either black water or grey
water.

38. WASTEWATER TREATMENT:
● Solutions to water scarcity and water quality issues directly or indirectly lie to some extent in sewage/wastewater
management.
● Wastewater can be broadly classified as :
● Greywater is wastewater from baths, showers, hand basins, washing machines and dishwashers, laundries, and
kitchen sinks. However, wastewater from kitchen sinks requires special attention due to high content of oil and food
particles.
● Blackwater refers to waste water from toilets.
● Grey water constitutes about 70% of the wastewater
generated. Thus, there is huge potential to treat this
water and reuse for various applications.
(fig. showing wastewater treatment in commercial buildings)

39. BASIC PRINCIPLES of WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Depending on the reuse application/discharge of
wastewater, it is necessary to treat raw wastewater to meet
specific needs and public safety.
1. Physical unit operations:
● Treatment methods in which the application of
physical forces predominates are known as physical
unit operations.
● The impurities are removed physically by screening,
sedimentation, filtration, flotation, absorption or
adsorption or both, centrifugation, and so on.
sedimentation filtration
screening
flotation

40. 2. Chemical unit operations:
● Treatment methods in contaminants are removed by
adding chemicals or by other chemical reactions.
● Precipitation, gas transfer, adsorption, and disinfection
are the most common examples under this category.
● In chemical precipitation, treatment is done by
producing a chemical precipitate that settles down.
● Adsorption involves the removal of specific compounds
from the wastewater on solid surfaces using the forces
of attraction between bodies. sedimentation
adsorptiondisinfectionGas transfer

41. 3. Biological unit operations:
● In this, the removal of contaminants is brought about
by biological activity.
● Biological treatment is used primarily to remove the
biodegradable organic substances (colloidal or
dissolved) in wastewater.
(3.a) Aerobic systems:
● These could be aerobic fixed film or aerobic dispersed
growth systems.
● In these treatment systems, a solid medium is
provided to which the micro-organisms can attach
themselves and develop a biological film or the
microorganisms are grown in a reactor to encourage
growth and enable contact with the organic part of the
waste.
● The earliest form of attached growth treatment
process was the biological filter of which many
variants have been developed over time, such as
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs), and
Biological Aerated Filters (BAF).
● Examples of aerobic dispersed growth systems are
Activated Sludge (conventional, high-rate, extended
aeration) Systems, Oxidation ditches etc.

42. (3.b) Anaerobic systems:
● In anaerobic systems, the decomposition of organic
matter takes place under anaerobic condition in various
waste disposal systems, such as septic tanks, aqua
privies, biogas units, sludge digestion plants, and so on.
● It is in the design and operation of sludge digester and
biogas units that serious attempts have been made to
harness the high resources recovery potential of the
anaerobic decomposition process.
(3.c) Waste stabilization ponds (WSP):
● It is a combination of both aerobic and anaerobic
systems. Major types of such ponds are anaerobic
ponds, facultative ponds, maturation ponds, and
aerated lagoon.
● Various combinations of these ponds are used for the
treatment of wastewater.
Anaerobic water treatment
Waste stabilization ponds

43. WASTEWATER TREATMENT STAGES
1. Primary treatment:
● This stage is used for removing suspended solids,
odour, colour, and to neutralize the high or low pH.
● This stage exploits the physical or chemical properties
of the contaminants and removes the suspended and
floating matter by screening, sedimentation, floatation,
filtration, and precipitation.
2. Secondary treatment:
● This stage involves biological process of stabilizing
and rendering very fine, harmless suspended matter
and solids that remain after the primary treatment.
● In biological treatment, organic matter is stabilized by
bacteria using processes, such as stabilization ponds,
trickling filter, oxidation ditch, and activated sludge,
which is then followed by sedimentation of biomass
(sludge).
3. Tertiary or advanced treatment:
● Usually, the primary and secondary treatment is
sufficient to meet the wastewater effluent standards.
● However, advanced wastewater treatment is required
for high-level removal of specific pollutants, such as
nitrogen or phosphorus, further removal of suspended
solids, toxic substances, biological oxygen demand
(BOD), and so on, which cannot be removed by
conventional secondary
● Treatments.
4. Disinfection:
● At this stage, disinfection is done to remove
microorganisms to eliminate or reduce the possibility
of disease when the flow is discharged.

44. 5. Sludge treatment:
● Wastewater treatment generates sludge as one of the
by-products.
● Sludge should ideally be further treated for final
disposal. There are primarily six stages involved in
sludge treatment.
● They are as follows
1. Concentration/thickening:
Separating as much water as possible by
centrifuge, gravity floatation, and clarifier.
2. Stabilization:
Converting the organic solids to more
refractory (inert) forms so that they can be
handled or disposed.
3. Digestion:
Separating as much water as possible by
centrifuge, gravity floatation, and clarifier.
4. Conditioning:
Treating the sludge with chemicals or heat so
that the water can be readily separated.
5. Dewatering:
Separating water by subjecting the sludge to
vacuum, pressure or drying.
6. Reduction:
Converting the solids to a stable form by wet
oxidation or incineration.

45. Reduction in waste during construction
● Estimated waste generation during construction:
40–60 kg/m2
● Estimated waste generation during renovation /
repair work: 40–50 kg/m2
● Estimated waste generated during demolition of
pucca buildings: 500 kg/m2
● Estimated waste generated during semi-pucca
buildings: 300 kg/m2
● Debris, waste plastic pieces, and demolition waste
laid over the site destroy topsoil. Polythene and
plastics lead to choking of drains.
● Hazardous gases are released on burning of waste
materials on site.
● Chemical admixtures, sealants, adhesives solvents,
among others, which should never be burnt are set
aflame to reduce removal costs.
Causes for waste during construction
● Over consumption of resources
● Composite and deep design of buildings
● Material damage on site due to mishandling and/or
careless delivery
● Material damage due to weather and inappropriate
storage
● Rework/change in design/improvement in quality of
work
● Poor recording of material supplied and used on site
● Excess material left from site preparation and after
finishing the job

46. Solutions to reduction in waste during construction
Apart from various problems of waste management, some of
the reasons, which support adoption of reuse/ recycling
strategy are as follows :
● Reduced extraction of raw materials
● Transportation cost
● Improved profits and reduced environmental impact.
Other methods to reduce waste while construction :
● Avoiding designs that require more material than
necessary. For example, over specification of the
material quantities for beams or columns.
● Avoiding designs that restrict the use of reclaimed
and recycled materials.
● Avoiding the specification and use of high embodied
energy materials.
● Avoiding sizing of members and components, which
involve a lot of wastage from cuts.