This document discusses municipal solid waste management. It defines municipal solid waste and provides classifications. It describes the different types of waste generated from domestic, commercial, industrial, construction and other sources. The key methods of municipal solid waste treatment discussed are composting, incineration, landfilling and recycling. It provides details on collection and transportation of waste as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different treatment and disposal methods.

1. CHAPTER 5
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

2. OBJECTIVE:
 Know the sources, types, composition, quantities and main
elements in municipal solid waste (MSW) management.
 Understand the characteristics, composition and
components of municipal solid waste (MSW).
 Learn the process of generation and handling of Municipal
solid waste (MSW)
 Know the municipal solid waste (MSW) collection activities
 Understand the various kinds of MSW disposal methods
such as land filling, incineration and organic MSW
composting.
 Know 4R's Concept and justify aspects and issues related
to recycling and composting of municipal solid waste
(MSW)

3. DEFINITION
 materials as solids, liquids or gases that may be
considered by owners no longer have value and
discarded. It is produced by almost all the activity
and depending on source, season, geographical
situation and the time (Robert, 1999).
 rubbish, waste, sedimentation of water treatment
plants, waste from contaminated air treatment
facilities and other waste are not required, and
the precipitation in the form of solid, semi-solids,
liquids or gases resulting from industrial,
commercial, mining and agricultural operations
and from activities activity in a community
(Robert, 1999).

4. classification of
solid waste
biodegradable
waste
rubbish

5. biodegradable waste
 Removal of non biodegradable garbage
can clog drain & river.
 This can prevent the flow of water and
make this place ideal for mosquito
breeding.
 Biodegradable rubbish will rot. Smell &
can pollute the environment.

6. RUBBISH
 One of a solid waste that must be
controlled so as not to affect the
environment clean.
 Example: newspaper & plastic that will
pollute the environment if not disposed of
properly.

9. DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE
 Domestic Solid Waste is waste generated
from households or residential units. They
generally consist of wet or organic waste
and inorganic waste portions. Wet waste
are usually made up of food and kitchen
waste and yard trimmings or other garden
waste. Inorganic waste usually consist of
paper, corrugated cardboard, plastic,
glass, wood, ferrous and non-ferrous
metals that are found in many household
products. Most often these inorganic waste
can be recycled.

10. Garden waste
Bulk waste

11. household waste

12. Harzardous waste

13. COMMERCIAL BUILDING & INDUS
 Solid waste generated from offices, banks,
retail stores, supermarkets, restaurants,
schools, hospitals etc.
 The remaining food will be produced from
many restaurants, hospitals and schools.

14. COMMERCIAL BUILDING &
INDUSTRI

15. COMMERCIAL BUILDING
&
INDUSTRI

16. SITE CONSTRUCTION &
DEMOLITION OLD BUILDING
 Including bricks, iron pipes, concrete,
boards, electrical wiring associated with the
construction works of buildings and building
changes.

17. SITE CONSTRUCTION &
DEMOLITION OLD
BUILDING

18. COUNCIL
 Including domestic solid waste /
waste from residential to commercial
and institutional buildings, rubbish
result of street cleaning

19. PUBLIC
WASTE

20. PUBLIC
WASTE

21. industri
 Resulting from industrial sites such as in
factories and companies is the final
balance of raw materials or processing
activities, the balance of the final
product.

Industrial solid waste generated is unique
to the industry and various industry and
other industries.

22. INDUSTRI
WASTE

23. INDUSTRI
WASTE

24. AGRICULTURE
 There are two main types of solid waste from
domestic animals such as cows, goats,
chickens, and ducks.
 The second is the rest of the crops such as
corn, rice, wheat

25. SPECIAL WASTE
 solid or semi-solids produced by laboratories in hospitals
or research centers.
 These wastes contain explosive materials, toxic
chemicals, radioactive materials or substances
pathologist.
 Any type of controlled solid waste set either: -
Dangerous or may endanger public health
It is difficult to be processed, stored or disposal

26. SPECIAL WASTE

27. SPECIAL WASTE

28. USE
MILL WASTE
HOME
INDUSTRIAL LEVEL
AND
TOWNSHIP TECHNOLOGICAL
CHANGE
INCOME
PER
CAPITA
CUSTOMS OR
CULTURAL SOCIETY
FREQUENCY OF
WASTE COLLECTION
CLIMATE
Factors that
influence
composition
solid waste

29. CLIMATE
 In areas with higher rainfall, the moisture
content was high (50%) compared to a dry
area. The higher rainfall areas, the
composition of the remaining pages as grass,
leaves, etc. are high.

30. FREQUENCY OF WASTE COLLECTION
 More frequent garbage collection, the
more meningkatlah waste of paper and
rubbish

31. CUSTOM OR CULTURAL SOCIETY
 Some people are not eaten fast food.
 This means that the use of plastic and paper
waste is reduced, but increased raw food
waste.
 Most fast food is packaged or wrapped in
plastic, paper, bottled or canned.

32. INCOME PER CAPITA
 Low-income community that will generate
more raw waste than food waste with glass,
plastic or paper.
 There are also rural areas that produce very
little food waste for the remains are fed to
livestock animals such as chickens, ducks, and
so forth.

33. TECHNOLOGY CHANGES
 Most food sold in supermarkets is either packed
or ready wrapped with paper, boxed, in a
plastic bag, with aluminum foil or bottled.
 Dry foods also have been completed and the
pack weighed many kinds of frozen foods as
well as pizza, burgers, cakes, roti canai and
require only a microwave to heat it up.
 Food waste is decomposed is usually replaced
by a new synthetic waste that can not be
described.

34. The level of industrialization and
urbanization
 In rural areas, the waste of raw waste is
decomposed can be composted and the
resulting steel can be used on crops.
 In contrast to the urban or metropolitan
areas with the area around the house or
land is limited.

35. The use of mill waste in the home
 Mill waste is used for food waste generated
during preparation, cooking or serving food.
 Widespread use of the mill to reduce the
volume of waste collected per person, but had
no effect on the weight of waste.
 The rest of the ground is much smaller and
uniform.

36. Solid waste collection and transport
Factors considered:
i) Types of Containers:
- Depend on:
- characteristics of SW collected
– E.g. Large storage containers (Domestic SW:
flats/apartment)
– Containers at curbs
– Large containers on a roller (Commercial/Industrial)
•Collection frequency
•Space available for the placement of containers

37. - Residential; refuse bags (7 -10 litres)
- Rubbish bins - 20 -30 litres
- Large mechanical containers - more commonly
used to cut costs (reduce labor, time , &
collection costs)
- must be standardized to suit collection
equipment.

38. ii) Container Locations:
- side/rear of house
- alleys
- special enclosures (apartment/condos)
- Basement (apts. in foreign countries)/ newer
complexes
iii) Public Health:
- relates to on-time collection to avoid the spread
of diseases by vectors, etc.
iv) Aesthetics:
- must be pleasing to the eye (containers must
be clean, shielded from public’s view).

39. v) Collection of SW
- 60-80 percent of total SWM costs.
- Malaysia (other developing nations) - labor and
capital intensive.
- Major problems:
– Poor building layouts - e.g. squatters
– Road congestion - time cost, leachate, transport
costs.
– Physical infrastructure
– Old containers used (leaky/ damaged)
– Absence of systematic methods (especially at
apartments, markets with large wst. volume).

40. Collections were made by:
1.Municipal/ District Council
2.Private firm under contract to municipal
3.Private firm contract with private
residents

42. Types of collection
Municipal Collection Services:
a. Residential:
1. Curb (Kerb-side)
2. Alley
3. Set out and set back
4. Backyard collection

43. Curb (Kerb-side)
 House owner is responsible for placing solid waste
containers at the curb on scheduled day.
 The work man come, collect and empty the
container and put back at the curb.
 House owner is required to take back the empty
containers from the curb to his house.
 Quickest/ economical
 Crew: 1 driver + 1 or 2 collectors
 No need to enter property

44.  Collectors have to enter property
 Set out crew carries full containers from
resident storage location to curb/ alley before
collection vehicle arrives.
 Collection crew load their refuse into vehicle
 Set-back crew return the container to storage
area.
Set-out, set back

45. Alley service
The containers are placed at the alley line from
where they are picked up by workmen from
refuse vehicles who deposit back the empty
container.

46. Backyard service
The workers with the vehicles carry a bin,
wheel – barrow or sack or cloth to the yard and
empty the solid waste container in it.
The bin is taken to solid waste vehicles where it
is emptied.

47. Commercial-Industrial Collection Services:
i. Large movable and stationary containers
ii. Large stationary compactors (to form bales)

48. Collection Frequency:
residential areas : everyday/ once in 2 days
communal/ commercial : daily
food waste - max. period should not exceed :
•the normal time for the accumulation of
waste to fill a container
• the time for fresh garbage to putrefy and
emit fouls odor
• the length of fly-breeding cycle ( < 7 days).

52. Treatment and disposal of solid waste
Several methods are used for treatment and
disposal. These are:
1.Composting
2.Incineration
3.Landfilling
4.Pyrolysis
5.Recycling

54. Composting
 It is a process in which organic matter of solid waste is
decomposed and converted to humus and mineral
compounds.
 Compost is the end product of composting, which
used as fertilizer.
 Three methods of composting:
(a) composting by trenching
(b) open windrow composting
(c) mechanical composting

55. Composting by trenching
 Trenches 3 - 12 m long, 2 – 3 m wide and 1- 2 m deep
with spacing 2 m.
 Dry wastes are filled up in 15 cm. On top of each layer
5 cm thick sandwiching layer of animal dung is sprayed
in semi liquid form.
 Biological action starts in 2- 3 days and decomposition
starts.
 Solid waste stabilize in 4- 6 months and changed into
brown colored odorless powdery form known as
humus.

57. Open windrow composting
 Large materials like broken glass, stone, plastic articles
are removed.
 Remaining solid wastes is dumped on ground in form
of piles of 0.6 – 1 m height.
 The width and length of piles are kept 1- 2 m and 6 m
respectively.
 Moisture content maintained at 60%.
 Temp. increases in side pile.
 After pile for turned for cooling and aeration to avoid
anaerobic decomposition.
 The complete process may take 4- 6 week.

59. Mechanical composting
It requires small area compare to trenching and
open windrow composting.
The stabilization of waste takes 3- 6 days.
The operation involved are
reception of refuse
segregation
shredding
stabilization
marketing the humus

61. Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that
involves
the combustion of organic substances
contained in waste materials.
Incineration and other high temperature waste
treatment systems are described as "thermal
treatment".
Incineration of waste materials converts the
waste into ash, flue gas, and heat.
Incinerators are used for this process.

63. Important points regarding incineration
Supplying of solid waste should be continuous.
Waste should be proper mixed with fuel for
complete combustion.
Temp. should not less than 670 ˚C.

64. Advantages
Most hygienic method.
Complete destruction of pathogens.
No odor trouble.
Heat generated may be used for steam power.
Clinkers produced may be used for road
construction.
Less space required.
Adverse weather condition has no effect.

65. Disadvantages
Large initial expense.
Care and attention required otherwise
incomplete combustion will increase air
pollution.
Residues required to be disposed which require
money.
Large no of vehicles required for
transportation.

66. Burning Wastes
• Mass burn
incineration
• Air pollution
• Waste to
energy

68. Landfilling
 A landfill site is a site for the disposal
of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form
of waste treatment.
 Historically, landfills have been the most common
methods of organized waste disposal and remain so
in many places around the world.
 The dumping is done with layers of 1- 2 m.
 The layer is covered with soil of 20 cm thickness.

70. Advantages
Simple method.
No costly plant required.
No residues or by products need to be
disposed.
Separation not required.
Unused land can be used.
Methane gas can be used ass fuel.

71. Disadvantages
Large land required.
Proper dumping site may not be available.
Odor problem.
Use of insecticides required.
Leachate should be collected regularly.
Methane gas should be collected properly.
Green house gas problem.

72. Pyrolysis
Heating of the solid waste at very high temp. in
absence of air.
Carried out at temp. between 500 ˚C – 1000
˚C.
Gas, liquid and chars are the by products.

74. Recycling
 Recycling is processing used materials into new
products .
 It reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials,
reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution
(from incineration) and water pollution
(from landfilling).
 Recycling is a key component of modern waste
reduction and is the third component of the
"Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.

75. Recyclable materials include many kinds
of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles,
and electronics.
Although similar in effect, the composting or
other reuse of biodegradable waste – such
as food or garden waste – is not typically
considered recycling.
Materials to be recycled are either brought to a
collection centre or picked up from the
curbside, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed
into new materials.

78. • We live in an era of over-consumption.
• Everything can be bought. Everything is monetized.
Durable
• products are rare.
• And this consumption—goods production, transportation,
packaging and waste management—is all too often at the
expense of the environment. At the expense of life.
• At our children's and grandchildren's expense.

79. • We must reduce waste production at the source.
• This means reducing the quantity of waste during
production, distribution, purchasing, use and elimination
(which, by the way, you can avoid!).

80. • A plastic bag takes 200-450 years to decompose4;
• Plastic bags are made primarily of petroleum.
• Twelve million barrels of petroleum are needed to make 100
billion plastic bags
• Nine plastic bags contain enough fossil fuel to make a car run
for a kilometer!
• Plastic bags are among the 10 most frequently found items on
beaches;
• Plastic bags caused major flooding in Bangladesh when they
blocked the sewer system in the capital city;
• Every year, more than a million sea birds, 100,000 marine
mammals and an incalculable number of fish are intoxicated,
strangled, infested, suffocated or have their intestines blocked
by plastic bags.

81. • Turtles, dolphins and
whales confuse bags
floating in the ocean with
jellyfish.
• When they swallow
bags, these animals
choke and die since the
plastic blocks their
digestive systems;
• Birds, turtles and fish
get tangled in bags,
getting caught and
eventually choking;
• Every year, 24,000
metric tons of plastic
end up in the ocean;

82. • A food item is over-packaged when it is wrapped in more
packaging than necessary.
• Avoid food in individual portions and that sold per unit: small
fruit juices, cheese sticks, small yogurts, etc.
• These sizes are systematically more expensive than larger
ones or bulk food.
• And, they come in containers or packaging that can't be
reused (at least they can be recycled).
Do an experiment:
For one month, save all the packaging from all the products you
buy.
After several days, you may already be able to imagine the
mountain that you will accumulate over a month's time.

83. • Avoid abrupt stops and starts. Not only will you save the wear
and tear on your breaks and tires, you could save up to 40%
on every tank of gas.
• Don't drive too fast: Going from 90km/h to 100km/h increases
your gas use by 10%; from 100km/h to 120km/h = 20% more!
Gas consumption is optimal at 60-70 km/h.
• Turn off your engine as soon as you are parked or stopped for
more than 10 seconds.
• Leaving your engine to idle for 10 seconds uses more gas
than stopping and restarting your vehicle (restarting your car
several times has little impact on the battery or the starter;
• Idling dirties your spark plugs, and can cause a 4-5% increase
in your gas use;

84. • In winter, keep warming the car to a minimum--idle for no more than
30 seconds before you start driving.
• The transmission, tires, bearings and other mobile parts can only
warm up when the vehicle is moving;
• When you start moving, don't accelerate quickly or drive fast for the
first five kilometers.
• The vehicle will warm up optimally and you will keep gas costs to a
minimum...
• Keep tire pressure up. Just one under-inflated tired could increase
your gas consumption by 4%, without even mentioning that its
lifespan may be reduced by 15,000 kilometers;
• Remove any unused, heavy items from your vehicle. 100 pounds (≈
45 kilos) can increase your gas consumption by 2%.
• Do regular oil and filter changes will help you save up to 50% in gas!
• Do preventive tune-ups. Poor maintenance can increase your gas
consumption up to 15%;

85. • Air conditioning can increase your gas consumption by 20%!
Open your windows, go for a sunroof or tint your windows;
• Before turning off your car, turn off all energy-consuming
accessories: radio, telephone battery chargers, conditioning
systems, etc. By doing so, you will reduce the demand on the
engine and thus on the gas use the next time you start your
car;
• A car with a manual transmission has better gas mileage than
one with an automatic transmission (Note: the engine works
more efficiently and uses less gas in the higher gears--4th and
5th);
• A motorized vehicle with four wheels uses 5-10% more gas
than a motorized vehicle with two wheels;
• When buying a vehicle, make sure to ask about its
consumption. Gas use of 10 litres/100 km instead of 13
liters/100 km makes for savings of 2,000 every five years!

86. • Water: The source of life
• The human body is made up of at least 60% water. Blood
contains 83% water.
• Clean drinking water is essential to our wellbeing and
health.
Remember: a person can survive a month without food,
but only five to seven days without water.

87. Reuse means thinking before deciding that we’re missing a
product/object.
•o Don’t I have something similar that I forgot I have?
•o Do I really need it?
•o Can a friend or someone in my family lend it to me?
Reuse is about thinking before getting rid of an object, it’s about
reclaiming it.
•o Does a relative or a needy family need it?
•o The local school might put it to good use.
•o Does a community organization or an aid agency recycle it?
•o A garage sale might help make ends meet .
•o Does the community’s garage collect it?

88. • To reduce your consumption (and therefore avoid
unnecessary spending);
• To reduce your production of waste and the disposal of
packaging;
• To do something good and make those around you
happy;
• To preserve the environment, its resources and raw
materials.

89. • By buying used, recycled and recyclable products or
products with recycled material, you reuse something
that has already been consumed or used.

90. • Like reuse, recycle means recovering an object and giving it a
second life.
• While reusing an object means using it without really modifying it or
favoring multi-purpose objects and products over single-use ones,
recycling means bringing an object back to a state of raw material:
paper goes back to pulp, plastics are melted and moulded into new
products, etc.
• What was once considered waste becomes a resource, thus
breaking with the linear extraction-production-consumption-
destruction logic.
• With this new mindset, an environmentally friendly cycle and
sustainable development are established, and that reduces
consumption and its negative impact.
• After collection, recuperated materials head to a recycling center
where paper, cardboard, plastics, glass and metals are just sorted.
• Each material is then compressed in a cubic tonne and sold to
companies that do the actual recycling of these resources.

91. Preserves our more and more of our precious natural
resources by minimizing forest and mining activities;
•• Preserves huge amounts of water;
•• Reduces energy demands during manufacturing;
•• Bypasses air, water and soil contamination during mining
and disposal (dumps, incinerators);
•• Favours the conservation and protection of the
environment and ecosystems;
•• Reduces pollution (each tonne of recycled materials
saves 2.8 tonnes greenhouse gases).

92. • You surely recognize this symbol. It’s the Möbius ribbon,
the logo for recycling. It guarantees that a product and/or
its packaging is made entirely of recycled materials.
• When the symbol is white on a black background, the
product contains recycled materials.
• Products containing postconsumer recycled materials are
ideal because they have already been used at least once
(and you will surely recycle them again when the time
comes!).
• The percentage of recycled fibers is sometimes written in
the center of the logo.

93. • Cardboard
• Tissues;
• Toilet paper
• Paper towels;

94. • Egg cartons;
• Fruit trays;
• Animal litter;
• Cereal and shoe boxes;
• Phone books;
• Thermal insulations;
• Roof coverings.

95. • Corrugated cardboard boxes;
• Construction materials;
• Paper grocery bags.

96. • Plastics are made of oil or natural gas—non-renewable
and polluting resources.
• Therefore, plastic is not a decomposable organic
material. That is, except thin plastic products, such as
plastic bags (bags take 200 to 450 years to decompose!
Remember:
• 120,000 pieces of plastics are floating on every km2 of
ocean, killing over a million sea birds, 100,000 sea
mammals and an infinite number of fish every year).

98. • Like plastic, glass is an inert material, so it does not move or
change. A buried glass bottle takes 4,000 years to decompose.
• This is why it’s a good idea to recycle glass.
• Recycling glass is all the more important since making new
glass
• requires a lot of energy: the basic mix of sand, sodium
carbonate and lime have to be heated to between 1500°C and
1600°C.
• Recycling brown, green or transparent glass makes for energy
savings of 30%.
• By recycling just one bottle, you save enough energy to light a
100-watt bulb for four hours!
• What’s more, recycling glass takes 50% less water, causes
20% less air pollution and creates 80% less mine waste than
making glass from scratch !

99. • Like glass and plastic, most metals can be recycled
indefinitely!
• Recycling metals preserves the environment in many
ways.
• On the top of that list is mining, which is a very
destructive and polluting activity.
• By recycling metal, we avoid extracting, refining,
transporting—all activities requiring a lot of energy and
water.
• In consequence, that keeps us from producing
considerable greenhouse gases.

100. • Most of the materials thrown in the garbage can be used
and processed in ways other than being destroyed.
• This is what is called re co ve ring . Reusing, recycling and
composting are the most frequently used methods for
recovering waste.
• When it’s not possible to reuse or recycle objects—such
as dead batteries, ink cartridges or cell phones, which all
contain toxic elements labeled hazardous household
waste—there is one last option before throwing them
away: scrap dealers, recycling workers and recovers.

101. • Electronic devices
• Left-overpaint
• Cell phones
• Inkcartridges
• Rechargeable batteries
• Carbatteries and batteries
• Used oil
• Unused tires

102. Composting
Composting is the transformation of
organic material (plant matter) through
decomposition into a soil-like material
called compost.
Invertebrates (insects and earthworms),
and microorganisms (bacteria and fungi)
help in this transformation.

103. Kinds
 Bin composting
 Tumbler composting
 Sunken pail composting
 Sheet composting
 Anaerobic composting
 Vermicomposting

104. Why do it
 Environmentally responsible
 Keeps biodegradable waste out of
landfills and sewage plants
 Alternative to burning
 Gives you a vibrant garden
without chemical fertilizers
 Saves money
 Learning tool

105. What it involves
 Adding ingredients
 Maintaining proper temperature
 Turning
 Maintaining moisture
 Harvesting

106. Bin composting
“backyard composting”

107. Composting bins
 Ready made
 Homemade
 Bin-less pile

108. Ready made
 Expensive
 Limited capacity
 Good if space is an
issue

109. Homemade
 Three bins are best
 One to fill
 One that’s “cooking”
 One to turn others into or to draw from

110. Bin-less pile
 Just a pile with no partitions
 Hard to maintain sufficient depth to
achieve high enough temperatures
 Easy and nothing to build
 Moveable

111. What you can compost
 Yard waste
 Kitchen scraps
 Newspaper
 Cardboard

112. What not to compost
 Meat scraps
 Bones
 Dairy products
 Pet waste
 Diseased plants
 Invasive weeds

113. C:N ratio
 Should be 30 parts carbon to 1 part
nitrogen by weight
 Grass Clippings 19:1
 Leaves 40:1
 Equal weight of each would give you
approximately 30:1 ratio for pile

114. What’s what
 Brown (Carbon)
 Leaves
 Dirt
 Grocery bags
 Bird seed hulls
 Wood chips
 Green (Nitrogen)
 Grass clippings
 Plant clippings
 Fertilizer
 Coffee grounds

115. C:N ratio, my take
Whatever!

116. Care of compost
 Passive
 Let sit
 Takes months and months
 Active
 Turn often
 Keep moist (H2O 40-60% of weight)
 Have proper ratio of C:N (30:1)
 2-6 weeks (depending on ingredients)

117. Let’s get real
Concerns Solutions
I don’t have room Use commercial bin
It takes too long  Maintain proper conditions
 Cut up large pieces
It smells Not if you maintain C:N ratio
Temps too low to kill
diseases, fungi, weed seeds
Use local community composting
facility for problem pieces,
compost the rest
Attracts animals Bury food waste in center

118. Uses
 Early stages as mulch
 Keeps weeds from growing
 Helps retain moisture
 Beneficial minerals go into soil
 Later stages for soil amending
 Enriches soil
 Helps with moisture retention
 Removes/reduces need for chemical
fertilizers that leach into our ground water

119. What method is right for me???
 How much space do I have?
 Is it indoor or outdoor or both?
 What do I want to compost?
 How much waste do I have a week?
 How and where do I want to use the compost?
 How much time can I spend on it a week?
 What’s my ewww! factor?
 How committed am I to composting?

120. Resources
 Purdue Extension office
 Library
 Internet

121. Anaerobic
Vermi
Sheet
Pail
Tumbler
Bin
composting
Just do it!

122.  GROUP 1&2
Know the sources, types, composition, quantities
and main elements in municipal solid waste
(MSW) management
 Define municipal solid waste (MSW).
 Identify the sources, types, composition and
quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW).
 Describe main elements involved in municipal
solid waste (MSW) management.
 Explain strategies for effective and environmental
friendly waste management (Integrated Municipal
solid waste (MSW) Management System).
ASSIGNMENT 2

123.  GROUP 3&4
Understand the characteristics, composition and
components of municipal solid waste (MSW).
 Explain the characteristics of municipal solid
waste (MSW) such as moisture content, bulk
density, particle size, permeability,
biodegradation of organic waste and odour
generation.
 Explain the composition and components of
municipal solid waste (MSW).
ASSIGNMENT 2

124.  GROUP 5&6
Understand the process of generation and handling
of Municipal solid
 Explain municipal solid waste (MSW) generation
and collection.
 Analyze factors influencing the generation of
municipal solid waste (MSW).
 Explain method of handling and separating
municipal solid waste (MSW) by location
ASSIGNMENT 2

125.  GROUP 7&8
Understand the municipal solid waste (MSW)
collection activities
 Define collection of municipal solid waste (MSW).
 Describe collection method of municipal solid
waste (MSW).
 Explain transfer stations and transportation.
 Identify the aspects related to collection, transfer,
transport,separation and processing of municipal
solid waste (MSW).
ASSIGNMENT 2

126.  GROUP 9&10
Understand the various kinds of MSW disposal
methods such as land filling, incineration and
organic MSW composting.
 Describe municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal
(sanitary landfill, incineration and composting).
 Explain the environmental, social, economical,
and political information available for municipal
solid waste (MSW) disposal site selection.
 Identify the effects of incineration, sanitary
landfill and composting to the environment.
ASSIGNMENT 2

127.  GROUP 11&12
Know 4R's Concept and justify aspects and issues
related to recycling and composting of municipal
solid waste (MSW)
 Describe waste reduction, reuse, recovery and
recycling concepts.
 Identify the impact of reuse/recycle/reduction on
landfill design and operation.
 Explain on conventional and innovative waste
utilization/recycling technologies.
 Investigate the aspects and issues related to
recycling and composting of municipal solid waste
(MSW).
ASSIGNMENT 2

129. Sedari masa itu adalah emas. Apabila
anda inginkannya anda perlu
melombongnya terlebih dahulu.
Selepas itu, ia perlu dibersihkan
daripada lumpur dan kotoran serta
dipanaskan di dalam relau yang panas.
Kemudian ia ditempa dgn lembut dan
berhati-hati. Begitu juga dengan masa
anda. Ia menjadi emas yang cantik
apabila anda berusaha dan tekun bagi
menjadikannya begitu.