various special treatments like termite treatments, damp proofing, fire protections, acoustics etc required in building construction in civil engineering. Essential treatments before and after construction of residential as well as public buildings. Services essential for building construction for maintenance and long life of building

1. Prof. Karan S. Chauhan
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department Shri
Labhubhai Trivedi Institute Of
Engineering And Technology
Special
Treatment
Subject:-BuildingConstruction
SubjectCode:2130607
Shri Labhubhai Trivedi
Institute of Engineering &
Technology

2. Water
Resistant

3. There are some common types of waterproofing methods
used in construction industry. Waterproofing in buildings /
structures are generally required for:
Basement of structure
Walls
Bathrooms and kitchen
Balconies, decks
Terrace or roofs
Green roofs
Water tanks
Swimming pools

4. The following waterproofing methods are commonly used in
construction:
1. Cementitious Waterproofing
2. Liquid Waterproofing Membrane
3. Bituminous Membrane
4. Bituminous Coating
5. Polyurethane Liquid Membran

5. Cementitious waterproofing is the easiest method of
waterproofing in construction.
cementitious waterproofing is
The
easily
materials for
available from
suppliers of masonry products, and they’re easy to mix and
apply.
This method is often used in the internal wet areas such
as toilets.

6. This method is usually a rigid or semi-flexible type
waterproofing, but since it is used in internal areas such as
toilets, it is not exposed to sunlight and weathering.
Thus cementitious waterproofing does not go through
contract and expansion process.

8. Cementitious waterproofing is used in the following type of
structures:
Water Treatment Plants
Sewage Treatment Plants
Bridges
Dams
Railway & Subway Systems
Marine Cargo Ports & Docks
River Locks/Channels &
Concrete Dykes
Parking Structures & Lots
Tunnels

9. Liquid membrane is a thin coating which consists of usually
a primer coat and two coats of top coats which are applied
by spray, roller, or trowel. It offers more flexibility than
the cementitious types of waterproofing. The liquid cures
into a rubbery coating on the wall. The elongation
properties of the coating can reach as high as 280%. The
durability of the waterproofing coating depends on what
type of polymer the manufacturer use for the making of
the liquid waterproofing.

11. Liquid waterproofing membrane can be of spray-applied
liquid membrane composed of polymer-modified asphalt.
Polyurethane liquid membranes in separate grades for
trowel, roller, or spray are also available from various
manufacturers.

12. Bituminous coating is a type of coating used for
waterproofing and flexible protective coat in accordance
with its formulation and polymerization grade. Its
flexibility and protection against water can be influenced
by the polymer grade as well as reinforcement of fiber.
Bituminous coating is also called as asphalt coating. The
most common applications of bituminous coatings include
areas that are beneath screed wet.

14. It is an excellent protective coating and waterproofing agent,
especially on surfaces such as concrete foundations. Bituminous
coating is made of bitumen based materials and it is not suitable
for expose to sunlight.
It becomes very brittle and fragile when long exposure to the
sunlight unless it is modified with more flexible material such as
polyurethane or acrylic based polymers. The flexibility of the
finished products always depends on the solid content of the
polymer added to the bitumen.

15. Bituminous membrane waterproofing is a popular method used for
low-sloped roofs due to their proven performance. Bituminous
waterproofing membrane have torch on membrane and self-
adhesive membrane.
Self-adhesive compounds comprise asphalt, polymers and filler;
additionally, certain resins and oils may be added to improve
adhesion characteristics. The self-adhesive type has low shelf life
as bonding properties of the membrane reduces with time.

17. Torch on membrane have exposed and covered types.
Exposed membrane often has mineral granular aggregate
to withstand the wear and tear of the weathering and the
other types of membrane, contractor need to apply one
protective screed to prevent the puncture of the
membrane.

18. Polyurethane liquid membrane method of waterproofing is used for
the flat roof area and exposed to weathering. This waterproofing
method is expensive.
Polyurethane Liquid Membrane can offer higher flexibility.
Polyurethane is very sensitive to moisture content present,
therefore before application, one has to be very careful evaluating
the moisture content of the concrete slab, otherwise peeling or
de-bonding of membranes may happen after some time.

20. Termite
Proofing

21. Termites, popularly Known as white ants cause considerable
damage to wood work, furnishing etc. of building. :
Termites are two Types :
1. Dry wood termites
2. Sub-terranean termites

22. These termites live in dry wood in small colonies, without
maintaining any connection with soil.
They travel and work through wooden structures only.

23. These termites have their main colonies in soil, under
ground.
They cannot survive without maintaining any connection
with their prime colonies in the soil.
However, they travel in search of food, mostly wood and
cellulose matter, through shelter tubes or galleries or
tunnels in other materials.

24. As they consume wood, secondary colonies are developed there.
These termites require moisture for their existence.
These termites enter the building through foundations or from
ground .
They also travel through cracks and crevices in masonry and
joints or cracks in floors.

25. To reduce or stopped all damages cause of termites we
require Anti-Termite Treatment.
It may be divided into two categories :
1. Pre-construction treatment
2. Post-construction treatment

26. This treatment is started right as the initial stage of
construction of building.
It can be divided into three operations :
1. Site preparation.
2. Soil treatment.
3. Structural barriers.

27. Site preparation:
This operation consists of removal of stumps, roots, logs, waste
wood and other fibrous matter from the soil at the construction
site.
Four liters of the above emulsion in water is required per cubic
meter of volume of mound. Holes are made in the mound at
several places by use of crow-bar and the insecticide emulsion is
poured in these holes.

28. Site preparation:
If the termites mounds are detected, these should be
destructed by use of insecticide solution, consisting of any
one of the following chemicals :
CHEMICAL
CONCENTRATION BY
WEIGHT
DDT 5 %
BHC 0.5 %
Aldrin 0.25%
Heptachlor 0.25 %
Chlordane 0.5 %

31. Soil treatment:
The best and only reliable method to protect building against
termites is to apply a chemical treatment to the soil at the time
of construction of the building.
It should be complete chemical barrier is created between the
ground from where the termites come and damage wood work in
the building.

32. Soil treatment:
An insecticide solution consists of any one of the
following chemicals in water emulsion :
CHEMICAL
CONCENTRATION BY
WEIGHT
Aldrin 0.5%
Heptachlor 0.5 %
Chlordane .0 %

33. Soil treatment:
Out of above chemicals and several other chemicals, Aldrex 30
E.C. has proved to be the most effective.
It has following advantages :
1. It is highly toxic to termites.
2. It can easily be applied after dilution with water.
3. It is insoluble in water. In other words, this chemical will
not dissolve in sub-soil water and disappear quickly from the
site.
4. It is effective even many years after application.

34. The emulsion should be applied evenly either with a
watering cane or sprayer at the following stages :
Stage 1:
In foundation pits, to treat
the bottom and sides up to a
height of about 30cm.
The emulsion required is at
the rates of 5 liters per
square meter.

35. Stage 2:
The refill earth on both
the sides of all built up
walls, for width of 30cm
and depth of 45cm
approximately.
The emulsion required is at
the rates of 5 liters per

36. Stage 3:
Before laying the floor, the
entire levelled surface is to be
treated at the rate of 5 liters of
emulsion per square meter.
Approximately 200ml of ‘Aldrex’
30 E.C. would be required to treat
one square meter of the covered
area.

37. Continuous impenetrable physical structural barriers may
be provided continuously at plinth level to prevent entry to
termites through walls.
These barriers may be in the form of concrete layer or
metal layer.
Cement concrete layer may be 5 to 7.5 cm thick.
It is preferable to keep the layer projecting about 5 to
7.5 cm internally and externally.

38. Metal barrier may consist of non-corrodible sheets of
copper or galvanized iron, of 0.8 mm thick.
These sheets are likely to be damaged ; In that case, they
become ineffective against termites movement.

39. It is a maintenance treatment for those buildings which are already
under attack of termites.
To stop and prevent the movement of termites from the ground, holes
are drilled using machine from inside your premises at the junction of
the wall and the floor at an angle of 45 degrees.
The holes are drilled along the side of the entire inner and outer wall at
a diameter of 12 mm (1/2" approx.) to a depth of 125mm (5 Inches
Approx.) to an intervals of approximately 300 mm (12 inches Approx).

40. Our special formulation of insecticide is then poured into these holes to
soak the masonry. In your premises, the partition walls are also treated.
The drilling operation is not carried out on the RCC slabs, because it act
as a mechanical barrier and the termites cannot penetrate them, but
passes through expansion joints.
The wood work in contact with the masonry in a building is particularly
susceptible to termite infestation, such as door and window frames, wall
panels, wardrobes, shelves, wooden cupboards, etc.

41. Protective treatment for these areas is provided by a way
of spraying an insecticide specially formulated by us on all
vulnerable unpainted wood work.

42. Thermal
Insulation

43. The term Thermal Insulation is used to indicate the
construction or provisions by way of which transmission of
heat from or in the room is retarded.
The aim of thermal insulation is to minimize the transfer
of heat between outside and inside of the building.

44. Depending on the Climate, we spend
more or less Energy on Heating (or,
Cooling). The Demand of Energy can
be significantly reduced by
Insulating our Homes …

45. What do we need Thermal Insulation of Buildings for?
1. Warm, Dry and Hygienic Rooms
2. Reduce Heating & Cooling Energy
3. Save Money
Which are the Main Success Factors for a Thermal
Insulation System?
1. Technical Performance
2. Costs
3. End Users‘ and Workers‘ Safety
4. Environmental Profile
Health
and
Comfort

46. Comfort:
Due to thermal insulation, the room remains cool in summer
and warm in winter than outside. This results in
comfortable living.
Fuel Saving:
Due to thermal insulation, the demand of heating in winter
and refrigeration in summer is considerably reduced. This
results in lot of fuel saving and maintenance cost.

47. Prevention & Condensation:
Use of thermal insulation materials inside a room results in
prevention of condensation on interior malls and ceilling etc.
Water System:
Use of thermal insulation materials prevents the freezing of
water taps in extreme winter, and heat loss in case of hot water
system.

48. Conduction:
Thermal conduction is the molecular transport of heat under the
effect of a temperature gradient.
The amount of heat transfer by conduction depends upon
1. Temperature difference
2. Thickness of solid medium
3. Area of exposed surface
4. Conductivity

49. Convection:
Convection mechanism of heat occurs in liquids and gases,
whereby flow processes transfer heat. Free convection is
flow caused by differences in density as a result of
temperature differences. Forced convection is flow caused
by external influences (wind, ventilators, etc.).

50. Radiation:
Thermal radiation mechanism occurs when thermal energy is
emitted similar to light radiation. When the radiation strikes an
object, some of the energy is absorbed and transformed into
heat.
One of the ways of reducing heat absorption from radiation is to
introduce a suitable reflecting surface

51. Thermal conductivity ( k ) :
Heat passes through solid materials by means of conduction and the
rate at which this occurs depends on the thermal conductivity of the
material in question and the temperature drive.
In general the greater the density of a material, the greater the
thermal conductivity, for example, metals has a high density and a high
thermal conductivity.

52. Thermal resistivity ( 1/k ) :
This is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity and is denoted by
1/k .
Thermal conductance ( c ) :
Transfer of heat through the vibration of molecules within a
fiber or between fibers in physical contact with each other.

53. Thermal resistance ( R ) :
A measure of the ability to retard heat flow rather than the
ability to transmit heat.
“R” is the numerical reciprocal of “U” or “C”, thus combination
with numerals to designate thermal resistance values: R-11 equals
11 resistance units. The higher the “R”, the higher the insulating
value.

54. 1. Slab or Block Insulation
2. Blanket Insulation
3. Loose Fill Insulation
4. Bat Insulation
5. Insulation Board
6. Reflective Sheet Materials
7. Light Weight Materials

55. Slab or Block Insulation
Slab or block insulation is made in rigid units, normally smaller in
area than insulation board, through some of them may be made
from two or more pieces of insulation board cemented together to
make a thick slab.
It is made also from cork, shredded wood, and cement, mineral wool
with binder, cellular glass, foamed concrete, foamed plastic, cellular
hard rubber, concrete made with “perlite, vermicullite, expanded
clay as aggregate”.

57. Blanket Insulation
Blanket insulation is made from fibrous material, such as
mineral wool, wood fiber, cotton fiber, or animal hair,
manufactured in the form of a mat.
Mats are made in various thickness and cut in a variety of
widths, sometimes with a paper cover.

59. Loose Fill
Usually it is bulky and can be divided into two main types;
1. Fibrous
2. Granular
Fibrous type is made from mineral wool, rock, glass or slag wool, or
vegetable fiber – usually wood fiber.
Granular insulations are made from expanded minerals such as
perlite and vermicullite or from ground vegetable matter such as
granulated cork.

61. Batts
They are similar in basic manufacture to blankets, but they
are smaller in size and greater in thickness usually 50 to 90
mm. Some are paper covered, some are made without a
cover and fit between framing members by friction see
Figure.

63. Structural Framing Board (Insulation Board)
It is made from a variety of substances, such as cane, wood
and mineral fibers. It is used for exterior or interior
sheating, insulating roof decking, roof insulating board, and
interior finishing board.

64. Reflective Insulation
They are composed of metallic or other special surfaces with or
without some type of backing.
Unlike others, reflective insulations rely on their surface
characteristics, thickness of air space, temperature differences
etc. for their insulating value.

66. Sprayed-On Insulation
Produced by mixing some fibrous or cellular material with an
adhesive and blowing the mixture on to the surface to be
insulated.
Areas that are difficult to be insulated are treated in this
manner (shape, location, etc.).

68. Foamed-in Place Insulation
Made from synthetic liquid resins.
Two ingredients are used which, when mixed, produce a
foam which solidifies to fill the space into which the
mixture was introduced.

69. Corrugated Insulation
Made from paper, corrugated or cemented into multiple
layers.
Some types are sprayed with an adhesive which hardens to
give the product extra stiffness, while others are faced
with foil to provide extra insulative values.

71. Acoustical
Construction

72. Sound control is necessary in order to;
Improving hearing conditions and reduce unwanted noise in
any given room
To control the transmission of sound from one room to
another through walls, floors, and ceilings.

73. Sound Mechanics:
Sound travels through the air as waves, in the form of small
pressure changes occuring regularly above and below the normal
atmospheric pressure.
The average variation in pressure in a sound wave, above and below
the normal, is called SOUND PRESSURE. It is related to the
loudness of a sound.
The loudness or strength of a sound – its intensity is measured in
DECIBELS (dB).

75. The fraction of sound energy absorbed by a material at a
specific frequency, during each sound wave reflection, is called
the SOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT of that surface.
Most sounds contain a range of frequencies, it is necessary to
use an average of the absorption coefficient when considering
sound absorption.

76. To obtain that average, it has been customary to average four
(4) coefficient from 250 to 2000 Hz inclusive and call the result
the NOISE-REDUCTION COEFFICIENT (NRC), which is
expressed as a percentage.
For example glass, concrete and masonry would have an NRC
rating of 0.05 or less. Some other materials might have a rating
of 0.90 or better.

77. Acoustical materials can be classified into 3 groups:
1. Acoustical tiles
2. Assembled accoustical units
3. Sprayed-on accoustical materials

78. Acoustical materials can be classified into 3 groups:
1. Acoustical tiles
2. Assembled accoustical units
3. Sprayed-on accoustical materials

79. Acoustıcal Tiles
They are made from wood, cane, or asbestos fibers, matted and
bonded into sheets of various thickness (5-32 mm).
The sheets are cut into tiles of several sizes. Edges may be square
cut, or tongue-and-grooved.
These tiles are intended primarily for ceiling applications.
They can be applied to solid surfaces with adhesives, nailed to
strips attached to a ceiling frame or underside of a solid deck (see
Figure a) or installed in a suspended ceiling frame (see Figure b)

80. Figure a

81. Figure b