A budget is a plan for projected income and expenses over a defined period. Budgeting involves formulating budgets, while budgetary control uses budgets to plan and control all aspects of production. Key elements of budgetary control include preparing budgets for each department, conducting ongoing comparisons of actual vs. budgeted performance, and taking corrective actions on variances. Budgets can be classified by time period (long-term vs. short-term), function (sales, production, etc.), or flexibility (fixed vs. flexible). Zero-based budgeting requires justifying all expenses for each new period without relying on previous budgets.
Management Accounting - Meaning, Definition, Characteristics, Scope, Objectiv...RajaKrishnan M
Meaning Definition Characteristics Scope Objectives and Function Financial accounting and Management accounting - Management accounting and Cost accounting - Cost accounting and Management accounting and Financial accounting - Tools and Technics- Advantages and limitations
This ppt covers the following points :-
1. introduction of management accounting
2. Definition of management accounting
3. Nature, objective, tools and techniques, significance and limitations of management accounting
4. difference between financial and management accounting and also includes difference between cost and management accounting
5. management accountant and its roles
6. Management accounting organisation
Management Accounting - Meaning, Definition, Characteristics, Scope, Objectiv...RajaKrishnan M
Meaning Definition Characteristics Scope Objectives and Function Financial accounting and Management accounting - Management accounting and Cost accounting - Cost accounting and Management accounting and Financial accounting - Tools and Technics- Advantages and limitations
This ppt covers the following points :-
1. introduction of management accounting
2. Definition of management accounting
3. Nature, objective, tools and techniques, significance and limitations of management accounting
4. difference between financial and management accounting and also includes difference between cost and management accounting
5. management accountant and its roles
6. Management accounting organisation
Cost Accounting-
-Meaning of Cost Accounting
-Scope of Cost Accounting
-Nature of Cost Accounting
-Relationship b/w Financial Accounting & Cost Accounting
-Cost Accounting v/s Management Accounting
-Objectives of cost accounting
-Function of cost accountant
-Essentials of cost accounting
-Advantages of cost accounting
-Limitations of cost accounting
-Role of cost in cost accounting
-Cost Unit & Cost Centre
-Cost Techniques
-Costing Systems
-Costing Methods
-Cost Classification
-Components of total cost
-Cost Sheet.
Here are some basics of accounting like its definition, steps involved in it, book-keeping, objectives of accounting, functions and limitations of accounting for the beginners.
It is been tried to explain all these things in a quite easy manner.
Hope that it matches what you were looking for.
Presentation on Budget, Budgeting & Budgetary control
Contents:
1) Budgeting [characteristics]
2) Budgetary control
3) Difference in budget, budgeting, budgetary control
4) Essentials in budgetary control
5) Requisites for budgetary control system
6) Merits & limitations
7) Zero-based budgeting
8) Difference in Traditional & Zero based budgeting.
Cost Accounting-
-Meaning of Cost Accounting
-Scope of Cost Accounting
-Nature of Cost Accounting
-Relationship b/w Financial Accounting & Cost Accounting
-Cost Accounting v/s Management Accounting
-Objectives of cost accounting
-Function of cost accountant
-Essentials of cost accounting
-Advantages of cost accounting
-Limitations of cost accounting
-Role of cost in cost accounting
-Cost Unit & Cost Centre
-Cost Techniques
-Costing Systems
-Costing Methods
-Cost Classification
-Components of total cost
-Cost Sheet.
Here are some basics of accounting like its definition, steps involved in it, book-keeping, objectives of accounting, functions and limitations of accounting for the beginners.
It is been tried to explain all these things in a quite easy manner.
Hope that it matches what you were looking for.
Presentation on Budget, Budgeting & Budgetary control
Contents:
1) Budgeting [characteristics]
2) Budgetary control
3) Difference in budget, budgeting, budgetary control
4) Essentials in budgetary control
5) Requisites for budgetary control system
6) Merits & limitations
7) Zero-based budgeting
8) Difference in Traditional & Zero based budgeting.
Management Accounting studies the preparation and use of cost accounting information for managerial decision-making and control purposes. This course provides students with the tools needed to understand and address the important problems facing management accountants today. In order to keep up with the class, students should go over the relevant chapters and problems prior to each class. This must then be followed by a more in-depth review of the material and practice of problems after the class.
Topics :
System and process of controlling
Budgetary and non-budgetary control techniques
Use of computers and IT in Management control
Productivity problems and management
Control and performance
Direct and preventive control
Reporting
Budget control and budget making techniques in a hospitalmeghadevgan3
budget control and budget making techniques in a hospital:
1.definition of budget
2.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BUDGET, BUDGETING AND BUDGET CONTROL
3.THREE THINGS BUDGET NEEDS TO DO
4.PRINCIPLES OF GOOD BUDGETARY CONTROL
5.TYPES OF BUDGETS
6.BUDGET CONTROL
7.BUDGET COMMITTEE
8.STEPS IN THE BUDGETORY PROCESS
9.ROLE OF ADMINISTRATOR IN BUDGETING
10.BUDGETING TECHNIQUES
11.WHY BUDGETING IN HEALTH IS COMPLICATED?
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...
Budgetry control
1.
2. What is Budget?
The word budget can say- ‘ a small leather bag’.
The “bag” contains is an economic bill which is
presented by the Finance Minister in the parliament
every year.
Definition-
“A budget is a written plan covering projected
activities of a firm for a defined time period”.
It can also say that it is a fiscal plan by which
expenditure may be balanced against income.
3. Features of Budget:
1. Budgets are the blueprint of the desired plan of
action.
2. They are means of communications.
3. They indicate the business policies.
4. They provide services as declaration of policies.
5. They set goals.
6. They are the instruments of managerial control.
7. They are controlling tools.
4. Budgeting:
Budgeting refers to the management action of
formulating budgets.
Preparation of Budgeting is a planning function and
their application or implementation is a control
function.
“The entire process of preparing the budgets is
known as budgeting”
5. Objectives of Budgeting:
To obtain more economical use of capital.
To obtain waste & reduce expenses.
To plan and control the income & expenditure of the
firm .
To co-ordinates the activities of various departments.
To create a good business practice by planning for
future.
To fix responsibilities on different departments or
heads.
6. Budgetary control
To control over budget is know as budgetary control.
It is a process to supervise the actual budget and the
outcome from that budget, so that corrective measure
can be taken on time if any variances is there so.
7. First of all budgets are prepared and then actual results
are recorded.
So that comparison of budgeted and actual figures will
enable the management to find out discrepancies and
remedial measure can be taken at proper time.
The budgetary control is a continuous process which
help in planning and co-ordination. It provides a
method of control too.
8. “A system which uses budgets as a means of planning
& controlling all aspects of producing or selling
commodities & services”.
fig: Budgetary Control
Plan
Budgets/
Targets
Compare
Actual with
Budgets
Variance Action
9. Features of Budgetary Control
Budget are prepared for each department & the plans
& objectives are prepared before the management.
The Budgetary control co-ordinates the plans of
various departments and master budget is prepared.
The essential features of budgetary control is to
conduct continuous comparison of actual performance
with budgeted figures, revealing the variations.
Budgets are revised, if necessary, according to changed
conditions.
It help us to maintain the our budget.
10. Objectives of Budgetary Control
To ensure planning for future by setting up various
budget.
To co-ordinate the activities of different departments.
Elimination of wastes & increase in profitability.
To anticipate Capital expenditure for future.
To centralize the control system.
11. Requisites for successful Budgetary
control system
1. Clarifying objectives.
2. Proper delegation of Authority and responspility.
3. Proper communication system
4. Flexibility
5. Participation of all employees.
12. Budgetary Control
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Maximisation of profit
2. Proper co-ordination
3. Provides specific Aims
4. Tools for measuring performance
5. Economy
6. Corrective action
7. Reduces cost
8. Determines Weakness
1. Uncertain Future.
2.Revision required
3. Discourage efficient persons
4. Depends upon support of
Top Management
5. Conflict among different
departments.
14. Classification according to Time
Long term Budget: The period of long term budgets
various between five to ten years.
The long term planning is done by the top level
management; it is not generally known to lower level
of management.
Sort term Budgets: These budgets are generally for one
or two years and are in the form of monetary terms.
The consumer’s goods industries like sugar, cotton
textile etc. use short-term budgets.
15. Classification on the basis of Functions
Sales Budget
Sales Budget: is an estimate of expected sales during a
budget period.
A sales budget is known as a nerve centre or backbone
of the enterprise.
A sales budget is the starting point on which other
budgets are also based.
Sales budget lays down a comprehensive plan &
programme for preparing sales department.
16. Factors to be taken while preparing sales
budget:
Past sales Figures
Availability of Raw Materials
Seasonal Fluctuations
Assessment &report by salesman
Availability of finances
17. Production Budget
The production budget is prepared in relation to the sales
budget.
Whatever is to be sold should be produced in time so that it is
delivered to the customer.
Two Important considerations are involved in the preparation of
production of budget:
a) What is to be produced?
b) When is to be produced?
The preparation of production budget involves the following
stages:
1. Production Planning
2. Consideration of plant capacity
3. Stock quantity to be held
4. Considering sales budget.
18. Cost of production budget
The production budget calculates the number of units of
products that must be manufactured, and is derived from a
combination of the sales forecast and the planned amount
of finished good inventory to have on hand
The production budget is typically prepared for a "push"
manufacturing system, as is used in a material
requirements planning environment.
The production budget is typically presented in either a
monthly or quarterly format. The basic calculation used by
the production budget is:
+ Forecasted unit sales
+ Planned finished goods ending inventory balance
= Total production required
19. Research and Development budget
It is a series of investigative activities to improve
existing products and procedures or to lead to the
development of new products and procedures.
In addition, this report brings together the
expenditure and personnel figures for the R&D
performers in the economy, i.e. for the Business,
Higher Education and Government sectors.
The main aim is to prepare this is to know which
sector need special importance for budgeting process.
e.g. Agriculture, textile, Mining, IT sector ,
Infrastructure, Health etc.
20. Cash budget
Cash budget is based on cash forecast.
Cash forecast is an estimate showing the amount of
cash which would be available in a future period.
Importance:
It is prepared in advance.
It is an estimated of cash receipt and payment.
It is expressed in terms of money values.
Uses:
1. Helps in determining future cash requirement.
2. Help in making plan
3. Help in cash control and liquidity of the enterprises.
21. Master Budget
The master budget is the summary of various functional
budgets.
It can also say that it is a backup plan representing in one
sheet for the detail analysis.
It is prepared by integrating various budgets into one
consolidated budget .
Steps involved in Preparation of Master budget.
1. Sales budget, as the starting point
2. Production budget
3. Cost of production budget
4. Cash budget
5. Project income statement and the balance sheet
22. Classification on the basis of Flexibility
Fixed Budget: “Fixed budget is a budget which is
designed to remain unchanged irrespective of the level
of activity actually attained”.
Flexible Budget: A flexible budget is defined as a
budget which by recognizing the differences fixed,
semi-fixed and variable cost is designed to change in
relation to the level of activity.
23. Installation of the system(B.C)
There are certain steps necessary to install a good budgetary
control system in an organization. They are as follows-
1. Determination of the objectives- (Objectives need to clear for
what to do)
2. Organization for budgeting-( Responsibility allocated to
executive)
3. Budget centre- (space for appraisal)
4. Budget officer -( Convener play the role to describe the
budget)
5. Budget Manual ( duties allocated to different officer)
6. Budget committee (for preparation and execution of budgets)
7. Budget Period- (financial year, or Quarter , month to prepare)
8. Determination of Key factors( A factor which influences all
other budgets known as Key factor)
24. Zero Base Budgeting(ZBB)
Zero-based budgeting (ZBB) is a method of budgeting in which
all expenses must be justified for each new period.
• The process of zero-based budgeting starts from a "zero base," and
every function within an organization is analysed for its needs and
costs.
• Budgets are then built around what is needed for the upcoming period,
regardless of whether each budget is higher or lower than the previous
one.
25. It Implies that-
Every budget starts with a zero base.
No previous figure is to be taken as a base for adjustments.
Every activity is to be carefully examined a fresh
Each budget allocation is to be justified on the basis of anticipated
circumstances
Advantages:
1. Management by objectives becomes a reality.
2. Effective cost control can be achieved.
3. Controls wasteful expenditure
Disadvantages:
1. The possibility of being manipulated by senior managers and a bias
towards short-term planning.
2. Zero-based budgeting is also quite resource-intensive.
3. It takes a lot more time and effort to draw up a budget from scratch rather
than modify an existing budget