MUN 2011 - What Do We Really Know? Examining Research into K-12 Online LearningMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, November). What do we really know? Examining research into K-12 online learning. An invited presentation in the Doctoral Speaker Series in the Faculty of Education at Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL.
MidWest REL - Rural K–12 Students’ Learning in Virtual School EnvironmentsMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2010, August). Rural K–12 students’ learning in virtual school environments. A keynote presentation at the Regional Educational Laboratory – Midwest’s Online Learning Opportunities for Rural Schools Conference, Madison, WI.
Barbour, M. K. (2011, June). K-12 online education. A presentation at the 2011 Online Teaching Conference, http://www.nextleveleducator.com/onlineteachingconference.html.
Sabbatical (Te Kura/The Corrrespondence School) - Examining Research into Pri...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, May). Examining research into primary and secondary e-learning. An invited presentation to Te Aho o Te Kura Pounamu – The Correspondence School, Wellington, New Zealand.
Sabbatical (University of Otago) - Primary and Secondary E-Learning - What We...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, May). Primary and secondary e-learning - What we know and where we should go. An invited presentation to the College of Education at University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
iNACOL Southeastern Cmte (November 2013) - What Do We Really Know? What Does ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2013, November). What do we really know? What does the research say about K-12 online learning? A webinar presentation to the south-eastern committee of the International Association for K-12 Online Learning.
MUN 2011 - What Do We Really Know? Examining Research into K-12 Online LearningMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, November). What do we really know? Examining research into K-12 online learning. An invited presentation in the Doctoral Speaker Series in the Faculty of Education at Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL.
MidWest REL - Rural K–12 Students’ Learning in Virtual School EnvironmentsMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2010, August). Rural K–12 students’ learning in virtual school environments. A keynote presentation at the Regional Educational Laboratory – Midwest’s Online Learning Opportunities for Rural Schools Conference, Madison, WI.
Barbour, M. K. (2011, June). K-12 online education. A presentation at the 2011 Online Teaching Conference, http://www.nextleveleducator.com/onlineteachingconference.html.
Sabbatical (Te Kura/The Corrrespondence School) - Examining Research into Pri...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, May). Examining research into primary and secondary e-learning. An invited presentation to Te Aho o Te Kura Pounamu – The Correspondence School, Wellington, New Zealand.
Sabbatical (University of Otago) - Primary and Secondary E-Learning - What We...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, May). Primary and secondary e-learning - What we know and where we should go. An invited presentation to the College of Education at University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
iNACOL Southeastern Cmte (November 2013) - What Do We Really Know? What Does ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2013, November). What do we really know? What does the research say about K-12 online learning? A webinar presentation to the south-eastern committee of the International Association for K-12 Online Learning.
Sabbatical (University of Auckland) - Making a Difference with Educational Re...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, March). Making a difference with educational research: A new methodological paradigm. An invited presentation to the College of Education at the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Brigham Young University - The State of K-12 Online Learning Research: Lookin...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2013, February). The state of K-12 online learning research: Looking forward. An invited presentation to the Department of Instructional Performance and Technology at Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.
EDEN 2011 - Student Perceptions and Preferences for Tertiary Online Courses: ...Michael Barbour
Kirby, D., Sharpe, D., & Barbour, M. K. (2011, June). Student perceptions and preferences for tertiary online courses: Does prior high school distance learning make a difference? A paper presented at the annual conference of the European Distance and E-Learning Network, Dublin, Ireland.
AERA 2012 - Countering a Dominant Narrative of Educational Reformers: Examini...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, April). Countering a dominant narrative of educational reformers: Examining the research on the effectiveness of virtual schooling. A paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Vancouver, BC.
This proposal examines the rhetoric used by proponents of educational reform and the use of online learning as a solution for K-12 education. Using the research into K-12 online learning, I argue that those educational reformers use methodologically flawed research or promote an inaccurate understanding of research results to promote a corporate agenda in K-12 online learning. The proposed session will examine the limited amount of research into virtual schooling in an effort to better understand what this research indicates about the effectiveness of K-12 online learning.
NYSCSS 2014 - Plug Nickels, Snake Oil, And Charlatans: What We Really Known A...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2014, March). Plug nickels, snake oil, and charlatans: What we really known about K-12 online learning? An invited keynote presentation to the New York State Council for Social Studies annual meeting, Albany, NY.
SITE 2011 - The Promise and the Reality: Exploring the Research on Virtual Sc...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, March). The promise and the reality: Exploring the research on virtual schooling. A paper presented at the annual conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education, Nashville, TN.
The first web-based distance education programs at the K-12 began in the early 1990s. Unlike distance education and online learning in general, much less is known about virtual schooling – even less of which is based on systematic research. What is known is often based solely on practitioner experiences. Regardless, the growth and practice of virtual schooling has far out-paced the production of reliable and valid research. This paper will focus upon describing the evolution of K-12 online learning in Canada and the United States, how that evolution has impacted rural schools, and what lessons can be learned from the experiences with K-12 online learning.
Humanities Center - Opposing the Dominant K-12 Online Learning Narrative of E...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, October). Opposing the dominant K-12 online learning narrative of educational reformers. A brown bag presentation to the Humanities Center at Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
View the actual presentation at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZQMe_djyys
OLC 2015 - Virtual Schooling and K-12 Online Learning: A Bridge Still Too Far?Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2015, October). Virtual schooling and K-12 online learning: A bridge still too far? An invited feature presentation at the 21st annual Online Learning Consortium International Conference, Orlando, FL.
AECT 2012 - The Landscape of K-12 Online Learning: Examining What Is KnownMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, November). The landscape of K-12 online learning: Examining what is known. A paper presented at the annual convention of the Association for Educational Communication and Technology, Louisville, KY.
While the use of online learning at the K-12 level of growing exponentially, the availability of empirical evidence to help guide this growth is severely lacking. The presenter provides an overview of the nature of K-12 online learning today and a critical examination of the literature and – lack of research – supporting its use. The presenter further describes some of the methodological issues surround the limited among of existing research.
ACSDE 2021 - Getting Us Started with K-12 Distance and Online Learning Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2021, February). Getting us started with K-12 distance and online learning [Webinar]. American Center For The Study Of Distance Education.
Sabbatical (Massey University) - An Introduction to a New Research Paradigm: ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, April). An introduction to a new research paradigm: Design-based research. An invited presentation to the National Centre for Teaching and Learning at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
EDGE 2010 - Examining Course Enrolment Data: Are Rural Students Taking Basic ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & Mulcahy, D. (2010, October). Examining course enrolment data: Are rural students taking basic level courses to avoid taking them on-line? A paper presentation at EDGE 2010: e-Learning – The Horizon And Beyond…, St. John’s, NL.
Sabbatical (University of Auckland) - Making a Difference with Educational Re...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, March). Making a difference with educational research: A new methodological paradigm. An invited presentation to the College of Education at the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Brigham Young University - The State of K-12 Online Learning Research: Lookin...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2013, February). The state of K-12 online learning research: Looking forward. An invited presentation to the Department of Instructional Performance and Technology at Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.
EDEN 2011 - Student Perceptions and Preferences for Tertiary Online Courses: ...Michael Barbour
Kirby, D., Sharpe, D., & Barbour, M. K. (2011, June). Student perceptions and preferences for tertiary online courses: Does prior high school distance learning make a difference? A paper presented at the annual conference of the European Distance and E-Learning Network, Dublin, Ireland.
AERA 2012 - Countering a Dominant Narrative of Educational Reformers: Examini...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, April). Countering a dominant narrative of educational reformers: Examining the research on the effectiveness of virtual schooling. A paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Vancouver, BC.
This proposal examines the rhetoric used by proponents of educational reform and the use of online learning as a solution for K-12 education. Using the research into K-12 online learning, I argue that those educational reformers use methodologically flawed research or promote an inaccurate understanding of research results to promote a corporate agenda in K-12 online learning. The proposed session will examine the limited amount of research into virtual schooling in an effort to better understand what this research indicates about the effectiveness of K-12 online learning.
NYSCSS 2014 - Plug Nickels, Snake Oil, And Charlatans: What We Really Known A...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2014, March). Plug nickels, snake oil, and charlatans: What we really known about K-12 online learning? An invited keynote presentation to the New York State Council for Social Studies annual meeting, Albany, NY.
SITE 2011 - The Promise and the Reality: Exploring the Research on Virtual Sc...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, March). The promise and the reality: Exploring the research on virtual schooling. A paper presented at the annual conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education, Nashville, TN.
The first web-based distance education programs at the K-12 began in the early 1990s. Unlike distance education and online learning in general, much less is known about virtual schooling – even less of which is based on systematic research. What is known is often based solely on practitioner experiences. Regardless, the growth and practice of virtual schooling has far out-paced the production of reliable and valid research. This paper will focus upon describing the evolution of K-12 online learning in Canada and the United States, how that evolution has impacted rural schools, and what lessons can be learned from the experiences with K-12 online learning.
Humanities Center - Opposing the Dominant K-12 Online Learning Narrative of E...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, October). Opposing the dominant K-12 online learning narrative of educational reformers. A brown bag presentation to the Humanities Center at Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
View the actual presentation at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZQMe_djyys
OLC 2015 - Virtual Schooling and K-12 Online Learning: A Bridge Still Too Far?Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2015, October). Virtual schooling and K-12 online learning: A bridge still too far? An invited feature presentation at the 21st annual Online Learning Consortium International Conference, Orlando, FL.
AECT 2012 - The Landscape of K-12 Online Learning: Examining What Is KnownMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, November). The landscape of K-12 online learning: Examining what is known. A paper presented at the annual convention of the Association for Educational Communication and Technology, Louisville, KY.
While the use of online learning at the K-12 level of growing exponentially, the availability of empirical evidence to help guide this growth is severely lacking. The presenter provides an overview of the nature of K-12 online learning today and a critical examination of the literature and – lack of research – supporting its use. The presenter further describes some of the methodological issues surround the limited among of existing research.
ACSDE 2021 - Getting Us Started with K-12 Distance and Online Learning Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2021, February). Getting us started with K-12 distance and online learning [Webinar]. American Center For The Study Of Distance Education.
Sabbatical (Massey University) - An Introduction to a New Research Paradigm: ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, April). An introduction to a new research paradigm: Design-based research. An invited presentation to the National Centre for Teaching and Learning at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
EDGE 2010 - Examining Course Enrolment Data: Are Rural Students Taking Basic ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & Mulcahy, D. (2010, October). Examining course enrolment data: Are rural students taking basic level courses to avoid taking them on-line? A paper presentation at EDGE 2010: e-Learning – The Horizon And Beyond…, St. John’s, NL.
AERA 2014 - What Do We Actually Know? Examining the Research into Virtual Sch...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2014, April). What do we actually know? Examining the research into virtual schools for useful models. A presentation at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Philadelphia, PA.
ACSDE 2019 - The Landscape of K-12 Online Learning: Exploring What is KnownMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2019, May). The landscape of K-12 online learning: Exploring what is known. An invited webinar by American Center For The Study Of Distance Education.
WSU Humanities Fall Symposia 2013 - Privatizing Public Education Through Cybe...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2013, September). Privatizing public education through cyber schooling: Examining truth and myth in the dominant narrative of K-12 online learning. A presentation at the Wayne State University Humanities Center Fall Symposia, Detroit, MI.
Binghamton University's Virtual AP Conference 2014 - Online and blended educa...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2014, June). Online and blended education: What does it look like? An invited keynote presentation to the Binghamton University's Virtual Advanced Placement Conference, Binghamton, NY.
REL Southeast 2015 - Designing Data Systems for the Hard Questions: Data El...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & Huerta, L. (2015, April). Designing data systems for the hard questions: Data elements and structures for effectively assessing and improving VirtualSC. A presentation to the Blended and Online Research Alliance's South Carolina Workshop, Columbia, SC.
League of Women Voters Lansing Area (2021) - What Does the Research Tell Us? ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2021, February). What does the research tell us? How should research shape policy? [Online Presentation]. League of Women Voters Lansing Area.
NERA 2014 - In The Public Interest: Examining the Profit Motive in Cyber Char...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2014, October). In the public interest: Examining the profit motive in cyber charter schooling. A roundtable presentation to the Northeastern Education Research Association, Trumbull, CT
IDEAL-NM 2010 Keynote - Rural Virtual Schooling: Research on the Teaching and...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2010, September). Rural virtual schooling: Research on the teaching and learning experience. A keynote presented to the second annual Innovative and Digital Education and Learning – New Mexico eTeacher and Site Coordinator conference, Albuquerque, NM.
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Bridgewater Academy - Researching K-12 Online Learning
1. Researching K-12 Online
Learning
While the practice of K-12 online learning is approximately two
decades old, the available literature into K-12 online learning is much
more limited. The amount of research literature that is available is
even more limiting. This session will examine the current state of
research in K-12 online learning, with the goal of identifying what is
actually known and where there are areas that the research has been
misused or misunderstood.
Michael K. Barbour
Assistant Professor
Wayne State University
2. Agenda
1. What does the literature and research say?
2. What does this mean for K-12 online learning?
3. What should we do next?
4. Literature Reviews
1. Rice (2006)
– Journal of Research on Technology in
Education
1. Barbour & Reeves (2009)
– Computers and Education
1. Cavanaugh, Barbour, & Clark (2009)
– International Review of Research in Open
5. What does the literature say?
• “based upon the personal experiences of
those involved in the practice of virtual
schooling” (Cavanaugh et al., 2009)
• described the literature as generally falling
into one of two general categories: the
potential benefits of and challenges facing K-
12 online learning (Barbour & Reeves, 2009)
6. What about research?
• “a paucity of research exists when
examining high school students enrolled
in virtual schools, and the research base
is smaller still when the population of
students is further narrowed to the
elementary grades”
(Rice, 2006)
7. Is this a problem?
“indicative of the foundational descriptive work
that often precedes experimentation in any
scientific field. In other words, it is important to
know how students in virtual school engage in
their learning in this environment prior to
conducting any rigorous examination of virtual
schooling.”
(Cavanaugh et al., 2009)
8. What does the research say?
1. Comparisons of student performance based upon
delivery model (i.e., classroom vs. online)
2. Studies examining the qualities and characteristics
of the teaching/learning experience
– characteristics of
– supports provided to
– issues related to isolation of online learners (Rice, 2006)
1. Effectiveness of virtual schooling
2. Student readiness and retention issues (Cavanaugh
et al., 2009)
10. Student Performance
• performance of virtual
and classroom students
in Alberta were similar
in English and Social
Studies courses, but
that classroom students
performed better
overall in all other
subject areas (Ballas &
Belyk, 2000)
11. Student Performance
• over half of the students who
completed FLVS courses
scored an A in their course and
only 7% received a failing
grade (Bigbie & McCarroll,
2000)
• students in the six virtual
schools in three different
provinces performed no worse
than the students from the
three conventional schools
(Barker & Wendel, 2001)
12. Student Performance
• FLVS students performed
better on a non-mandatory
assessment tool than students
from the traditional classroom
(Cavanaugh et al., 2005)
• FLVS students performed
better on an assessment of
algebraic understanding than
their classroom counterparts
(McLeod et al., 2005)
14. Students and Student Performance
Ballas & performance of virtual and participation rate in the
Belyk, 2000 classroom students similar assessment among virtual
in English & Social Studies students ranged from 65% to
courses, but classroom 75% compared to 90% to
students performed better 96% for the classroom-based
in all other subject areas students
Bigbie & over half of the students between 25% and 50% of
McCarroll, who completed FLVS students had dropped out
2000 courses scored an A in of their FLVS courses over
their course and only 7% the previous two-year
received a failing grade period
15. Students and Student Performance
Cavanaugh et FLVS students performed speculated that the virtual
al., 2005 better on a non- school students who did
mandatory assessment take the assessment may
tool than students from have been more
the traditional classroom academically motivated and
naturally higher achieving
students
McLeod et FLVS students performed results of the student
al., 2005 better on an assessment performance were due to
of algebraic understanding the high dropout rate in
than their classroom virtual school courses
counterparts
17. The Students
• the vast majority of VHS
Global Consortium students
in their courses were
planning to attend a
four-year college (Kozma,
Zucker & Espinoza, 1998)
• “VHS courses are
predominantly designated as
‘honors,’ and students
enrolled are mostly college
bound” (Espinoza et al., 1999)
18. The Students
The preferred characteristics
include the highly motivated,
self-directed, self-disciplined,
independent learner who
could read and write well,
and who also had a strong
interest in or ability with
technology (Haughey &
Muirhead, 1999)
19. The Students
• “only students with a high
need to control and structure
their own learning may
choose distance formats
freely” (Roblyer & Elbaum,
2000)
• IVHS students were “highly
motivated, high achieving,
self-directed and/or who liked
to work independently” (Clark
et al., 2002)
20. The Students
• the typical online student
was an A or B student
(Mills, 2003)
• 45% of the students who
participated in e-learning
opportunities in Michigan
were “either advanced
placement or
academically advanced”
students (Watkins, 2005)
22. Student Reality???
• two courses with the highest enrollment of online
students in the US are Algebra I & Algebra II
(Patrick, 2007)
• largest proportion of growth in K–12 online
learning enrollment is with full-time cyber schools
(Watson et al., 2008)
• many cyber schools have a higher percentage of
students classified as “at-risk” (Klein, 2006)
• at-risk students are as those who might otherwise
drop out of traditional schools (Rapp, Eckes &
Plurker, 2006)
35. Problematic Research
Online 7 principles of Interviews with teachers and course
Course effective online developers at a single virtual school,
Design course content with no verification of whether the
for adolescent interviewees’ perceptions were actually
Barbour learners effective or any student input at all for
(2005; 2007) that matter.
Online 37 best Interviews with teachers at a single
Teaching practices in virtual school selected by the virtual
asynchronous school itself. Their teachers’ beliefs
DiPietro et online teaching were not validated through observation
al. (2008) of the teaching or student performance.
41. Assistant Professor
Wayne State University, USA
mkbarbour@gmail.com
http://www.michaelbarbour.com
http://virtualschooling.wordpress.com
Editor's Notes
Benefits = Expanding educational access; Providing high-quality learning opportunities; and Allowing for educational choice Challenges = Student readiness issues and retention issues
American Journal of Distance Education (United States) - 8 US Journal of Distance Education (Canada) - 4 Cdn / 1 Aus Distance Education (Australia) - 2 Aus / 4 US Journal of Distance Learning (New Zealand) - 1 NZ / 1 Cdn / 1 US-Cdn Last five years - 24 articles out of a total of 262 related to K-12 distance education
This is actually quite normal
Common link between both assessments is the pre-occupation of researchers with comparing student performance in an effort to show the effectiveness of online
As research into comparing student performance between face-to-face and online environments is both the common theme and, by far, the dominant theme... Let’s take a closer look at this body of research.
Canadian province of Alberta - online students do as well as classroom students in Social Studies and English, classroom students better in other areas
In their two-year evaluation, Bigbie and McCarrol found that more than 50% of Florida Virtual students get As in their courses and very few students failed I n examining 6 virtual schools in 3 Canadian provinces, Barker and Wendel found that online and classroom students performed the same
In a NCREL funded study, Cavanaugh and her colleagues found online students in Florida performed better than classroom students Similarly in another NCREL funded study, McLeod and his colleagues found online students in Florida performed better in algebra
But does this tell really tell the full story???
Ballas & Belyk had dramatically differing participation rates - how would the 20%-30% missing from the online group have scored? Bigbie & McCarroll had a significant drop-out rate in the online courses - how would the results have differed had those students stayed enrolled?
Cavanaugh and her colleagues speculated that the online students were simply better students McLeod and his colleagues speculated their results were due to the fact that weaker students had dropped out of the online course
Let’s examine who the literature says is enrolled in K-12 online learning...
First year evaluation of VHS - majority are planning to attend a four year college Second year evaluation - most are honors students and college bound
Highly motivated, self-directed, self-disciplined, independent learners who could read and write well, and had a strong interest in or ability with technology
need to control and structure their learning highly motivated, high achieving, self-directed, independent workers
A or B students half are academically advanced or AP students
However, is that really the description of all K-12 online learning students?
Supplemental - algebra Full-time - higher proportion of at-risk students
The research is based upon the best and the brightest.
However, we know from practice that this does not reflect all or even the majority of K-12 online learners. So the population of students the research focuses on is one of the main limitations of the usefulness (and even the believability) of much of that research.
Another problem is what we measure... 1. Correlation does not equal causality 2. Single studies measure if there is a difference between two groups beyond chance Need for meta-analysis...
A K-12 online learning example from earlier Cathy took 16 individual studies and combined the results to determine an overall effect size.
Things that hurt student learning
0.15 - The amount a student would increase simply from being a year older and a year wiser / maturity
0.25 - The amount student learning increases based upon an average teacher
0.40 - The magic number... If it doesn’t reach beyond 0.4, it likely isn’t worth it. Some scholars have argued as high as 0.6 or 0.8. Recall earlier I mentioned three different meta-analysis related to K-12 online learning.
Cavanaugh (2001) - developmental effects Cavanaugh et al. (2004) - reverse effects Means et al. (2009) - online = teacher effects & blended = developmental effects + teacher effects
In fact, if you look at many of the factors that proponents of K-12 online learning trumpet, most have little impact on student learning beyond what an average teacher and the normal process of aging would have. So, what do Hattie’s findings tell us?
Good teachers and the act of teaching well can have significant impacts Some design and delivery lessons applicable to K-12 online learning: direct instruction, mastery learning, worked examples, concept mapping, setting goals But this is just the research on student performance, what about the other research?
Most of the remainder research is also problematic - primarily due to methodological limitations and overreaching Barbour - principles of effective online course design based upon interviews with teachers at a single virtual school DiPietro et al. - best practice in online teaching based upon interviews with teachers at a single virtual school
Which naturally leads to the question of how should we be doing educational research when it comes to K-12 online learning?
Begins with the involvement of the local stakeholders in identifying the challenges to be addressed and the interventions to be used. In addition to trying to solve the local problem, there is a focus on the development of theory to explain what occurs in the local context. Finally, there are multiple cycles of analysis and revisions to ensure that changes become part of the routine of those involved in the system. Probably the only example or closest example of DBR in the K-12 online learning field is the Virtual High School Global Consortium.
The VHS Global Consortium was established through a five year, $7.4 million federal grant, as such there was an expectation for evaluations and research. This research was conducted with the VHS staff as a full participant (i.e., being involved in identifying the issues that needed to be examined, assisting in the design and completion of the research, implementing the recommendations, and then repeating the process to ensure the recommendations had the desired outcomes). As a result of these cycles of inquiry that examined a variety of problems in this specific context, along with the close relationship between VHS staff and the SRI International evaluation team in the design of both the virtual school and the evaluations, much of what is still known about virtual schools comes from this refined approach. It is also worth noting that the VHS has not only continued to operate since the end of the initial federal funding, but has thrived. In fact, the VHS is one of the largest and most successful virtual schools, and one of the few virtual schools that doesn’t rely upon direct government funding.
It all depends. If all we have is a single method that we use to design, delivery and support online learning; how is that really different than the teacher that lectures every single day, expecting their students - who are frantically taking notes - to keep up. The way we design, delivery and support online learning targeted to at-risk students must be different than online learning targeted to AP students. One of the best ways to figure out how to do that and do it well, is to have our research focus on local challenges through methodologies like design-based research.