Barbour, M. K. (2011, May). Examining research into primary and secondary e-learning. An invited presentation to Te Aho o Te Kura Pounamu – The Correspondence School, Wellington, New Zealand.
Sabbatical (University of Otago) - Primary and Secondary E-Learning - What We...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, May). Primary and secondary e-learning - What we know and where we should go. An invited presentation to the College of Education at University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
MUN 2011 - What Do We Really Know? Examining Research into K-12 Online LearningMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, November). What do we really know? Examining research into K-12 online learning. An invited presentation in the Doctoral Speaker Series in the Faculty of Education at Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL.
Barbour, M. K. (2011, June). K-12 online education. A presentation at the 2011 Online Teaching Conference, http://www.nextleveleducator.com/onlineteachingconference.html.
MidWest REL - Rural K–12 Students’ Learning in Virtual School EnvironmentsMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2010, August). Rural K–12 students’ learning in virtual school environments. A keynote presentation at the Regional Educational Laboratory – Midwest’s Online Learning Opportunities for Rural Schools Conference, Madison, WI.
iNACOL Southeastern Cmte (November 2013) - What Do We Really Know? What Does ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2013, November). What do we really know? What does the research say about K-12 online learning? A webinar presentation to the south-eastern committee of the International Association for K-12 Online Learning.
Sabbatical (University of Otago) - Primary and Secondary E-Learning - What We...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, May). Primary and secondary e-learning - What we know and where we should go. An invited presentation to the College of Education at University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
MUN 2011 - What Do We Really Know? Examining Research into K-12 Online LearningMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, November). What do we really know? Examining research into K-12 online learning. An invited presentation in the Doctoral Speaker Series in the Faculty of Education at Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL.
Barbour, M. K. (2011, June). K-12 online education. A presentation at the 2011 Online Teaching Conference, http://www.nextleveleducator.com/onlineteachingconference.html.
MidWest REL - Rural K–12 Students’ Learning in Virtual School EnvironmentsMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2010, August). Rural K–12 students’ learning in virtual school environments. A keynote presentation at the Regional Educational Laboratory – Midwest’s Online Learning Opportunities for Rural Schools Conference, Madison, WI.
iNACOL Southeastern Cmte (November 2013) - What Do We Really Know? What Does ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2013, November). What do we really know? What does the research say about K-12 online learning? A webinar presentation to the south-eastern committee of the International Association for K-12 Online Learning.
Brigham Young University - The State of K-12 Online Learning Research: Lookin...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2013, February). The state of K-12 online learning research: Looking forward. An invited presentation to the Department of Instructional Performance and Technology at Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.
EDEN 2011 - Student Perceptions and Preferences for Tertiary Online Courses: ...Michael Barbour
Kirby, D., Sharpe, D., & Barbour, M. K. (2011, June). Student perceptions and preferences for tertiary online courses: Does prior high school distance learning make a difference? A paper presented at the annual conference of the European Distance and E-Learning Network, Dublin, Ireland.
Sabbatical (University of Auckland) - Making a Difference with Educational Re...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, March). Making a difference with educational research: A new methodological paradigm. An invited presentation to the College of Education at the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
NYSCSS 2014 - Plug Nickels, Snake Oil, And Charlatans: What We Really Known A...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2014, March). Plug nickels, snake oil, and charlatans: What we really known about K-12 online learning? An invited keynote presentation to the New York State Council for Social Studies annual meeting, Albany, NY.
SITE 2011 - The Promise and the Reality: Exploring the Research on Virtual Sc...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, March). The promise and the reality: Exploring the research on virtual schooling. A paper presented at the annual conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education, Nashville, TN.
The first web-based distance education programs at the K-12 began in the early 1990s. Unlike distance education and online learning in general, much less is known about virtual schooling – even less of which is based on systematic research. What is known is often based solely on practitioner experiences. Regardless, the growth and practice of virtual schooling has far out-paced the production of reliable and valid research. This paper will focus upon describing the evolution of K-12 online learning in Canada and the United States, how that evolution has impacted rural schools, and what lessons can be learned from the experiences with K-12 online learning.
AECT 2012 - The Landscape of K-12 Online Learning: Examining What Is KnownMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, November). The landscape of K-12 online learning: Examining what is known. A paper presented at the annual convention of the Association for Educational Communication and Technology, Louisville, KY.
While the use of online learning at the K-12 level of growing exponentially, the availability of empirical evidence to help guide this growth is severely lacking. The presenter provides an overview of the nature of K-12 online learning today and a critical examination of the literature and – lack of research – supporting its use. The presenter further describes some of the methodological issues surround the limited among of existing research.
School-Based Assessment or SBA has been a feature of CXC examinations from their inceptions in 1979. This issue highlights the CXC model of school-based assessment and its philosophical underpinnings, as well as a sampling of
stakeholder views on SBA. It also features the launch of the CXC mobile app CXC Connect and reports on performances in CXC suite of examinations.
Humanities Center - Opposing the Dominant K-12 Online Learning Narrative of E...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, October). Opposing the dominant K-12 online learning narrative of educational reformers. A brown bag presentation to the Humanities Center at Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
View the actual presentation at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZQMe_djyys
INACOL Southeast Cmte (2014) - Changing Role of the Teacher in K-12 Online an...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2014, February). Changing role of the teacher in K-12 online and blended learning. A webinar presentation to the south-eastern committee of the International Association for K-12 Online Learning.
In this presentation, I share the results I found from conducting a case study in a graduate educational learning technology course at a medium sized university in the southwest US. The purpose of this case study was to understand the meanings that graduate students assign to their experience with HyFlex design. The term HyFlex has its roots in two words: Hybrid – combines both online and face-to-face teaching and learning activities in a single course, and Flexible – students choose their mode of participation whether face-to-face, online, or both. Findings show four themes that capture the meanings the participating graduate students assigned to their experience with HyFlex design: accommodating students’ needs, increasing access to course content, differentiating instruction, and encouraging student control.
OLC 2015 - Virtual Schooling and K-12 Online Learning: A Bridge Still Too Far?Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2015, October). Virtual schooling and K-12 online learning: A bridge still too far? An invited feature presentation at the 21st annual Online Learning Consortium International Conference, Orlando, FL.
League of Women Voters Lansing Area (2021) - What Does the Research Tell Us? ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2021, February). What does the research tell us? How should research shape policy? [Online Presentation]. League of Women Voters Lansing Area.
AERA 2012 - Countering a Dominant Narrative of Educational Reformers: Examini...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, April). Countering a dominant narrative of educational reformers: Examining the research on the effectiveness of virtual schooling. A paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Vancouver, BC.
This proposal examines the rhetoric used by proponents of educational reform and the use of online learning as a solution for K-12 education. Using the research into K-12 online learning, I argue that those educational reformers use methodologically flawed research or promote an inaccurate understanding of research results to promote a corporate agenda in K-12 online learning. The proposed session will examine the limited amount of research into virtual schooling in an effort to better understand what this research indicates about the effectiveness of K-12 online learning.
EDGE 2010 - Examining Course Enrolment Data: Are Rural Students Taking Basic ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & Mulcahy, D. (2010, October). Examining course enrolment data: Are rural students taking basic level courses to avoid taking them on-line? A paper presentation at EDGE 2010: e-Learning – The Horizon And Beyond…, St. John’s, NL.
Brigham Young University - The State of K-12 Online Learning Research: Lookin...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2013, February). The state of K-12 online learning research: Looking forward. An invited presentation to the Department of Instructional Performance and Technology at Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.
EDEN 2011 - Student Perceptions and Preferences for Tertiary Online Courses: ...Michael Barbour
Kirby, D., Sharpe, D., & Barbour, M. K. (2011, June). Student perceptions and preferences for tertiary online courses: Does prior high school distance learning make a difference? A paper presented at the annual conference of the European Distance and E-Learning Network, Dublin, Ireland.
Sabbatical (University of Auckland) - Making a Difference with Educational Re...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, March). Making a difference with educational research: A new methodological paradigm. An invited presentation to the College of Education at the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
NYSCSS 2014 - Plug Nickels, Snake Oil, And Charlatans: What We Really Known A...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2014, March). Plug nickels, snake oil, and charlatans: What we really known about K-12 online learning? An invited keynote presentation to the New York State Council for Social Studies annual meeting, Albany, NY.
SITE 2011 - The Promise and the Reality: Exploring the Research on Virtual Sc...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, March). The promise and the reality: Exploring the research on virtual schooling. A paper presented at the annual conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education, Nashville, TN.
The first web-based distance education programs at the K-12 began in the early 1990s. Unlike distance education and online learning in general, much less is known about virtual schooling – even less of which is based on systematic research. What is known is often based solely on practitioner experiences. Regardless, the growth and practice of virtual schooling has far out-paced the production of reliable and valid research. This paper will focus upon describing the evolution of K-12 online learning in Canada and the United States, how that evolution has impacted rural schools, and what lessons can be learned from the experiences with K-12 online learning.
AECT 2012 - The Landscape of K-12 Online Learning: Examining What Is KnownMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, November). The landscape of K-12 online learning: Examining what is known. A paper presented at the annual convention of the Association for Educational Communication and Technology, Louisville, KY.
While the use of online learning at the K-12 level of growing exponentially, the availability of empirical evidence to help guide this growth is severely lacking. The presenter provides an overview of the nature of K-12 online learning today and a critical examination of the literature and – lack of research – supporting its use. The presenter further describes some of the methodological issues surround the limited among of existing research.
School-Based Assessment or SBA has been a feature of CXC examinations from their inceptions in 1979. This issue highlights the CXC model of school-based assessment and its philosophical underpinnings, as well as a sampling of
stakeholder views on SBA. It also features the launch of the CXC mobile app CXC Connect and reports on performances in CXC suite of examinations.
Humanities Center - Opposing the Dominant K-12 Online Learning Narrative of E...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, October). Opposing the dominant K-12 online learning narrative of educational reformers. A brown bag presentation to the Humanities Center at Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
View the actual presentation at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZQMe_djyys
INACOL Southeast Cmte (2014) - Changing Role of the Teacher in K-12 Online an...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2014, February). Changing role of the teacher in K-12 online and blended learning. A webinar presentation to the south-eastern committee of the International Association for K-12 Online Learning.
In this presentation, I share the results I found from conducting a case study in a graduate educational learning technology course at a medium sized university in the southwest US. The purpose of this case study was to understand the meanings that graduate students assign to their experience with HyFlex design. The term HyFlex has its roots in two words: Hybrid – combines both online and face-to-face teaching and learning activities in a single course, and Flexible – students choose their mode of participation whether face-to-face, online, or both. Findings show four themes that capture the meanings the participating graduate students assigned to their experience with HyFlex design: accommodating students’ needs, increasing access to course content, differentiating instruction, and encouraging student control.
OLC 2015 - Virtual Schooling and K-12 Online Learning: A Bridge Still Too Far?Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2015, October). Virtual schooling and K-12 online learning: A bridge still too far? An invited feature presentation at the 21st annual Online Learning Consortium International Conference, Orlando, FL.
League of Women Voters Lansing Area (2021) - What Does the Research Tell Us? ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2021, February). What does the research tell us? How should research shape policy? [Online Presentation]. League of Women Voters Lansing Area.
AERA 2012 - Countering a Dominant Narrative of Educational Reformers: Examini...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, April). Countering a dominant narrative of educational reformers: Examining the research on the effectiveness of virtual schooling. A paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Vancouver, BC.
This proposal examines the rhetoric used by proponents of educational reform and the use of online learning as a solution for K-12 education. Using the research into K-12 online learning, I argue that those educational reformers use methodologically flawed research or promote an inaccurate understanding of research results to promote a corporate agenda in K-12 online learning. The proposed session will examine the limited amount of research into virtual schooling in an effort to better understand what this research indicates about the effectiveness of K-12 online learning.
EDGE 2010 - Examining Course Enrolment Data: Are Rural Students Taking Basic ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & Mulcahy, D. (2010, October). Examining course enrolment data: Are rural students taking basic level courses to avoid taking them on-line? A paper presentation at EDGE 2010: e-Learning – The Horizon And Beyond…, St. John’s, NL.
Sabbatical (Massey University) - An Introduction to a New Research Paradigm: ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, April). An introduction to a new research paradigm: Design-based research. An invited presentation to the National Centre for Teaching and Learning at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
AERA 2014 - What Do We Actually Know? Examining the Research into Virtual Sch...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2014, April). What do we actually know? Examining the research into virtual schools for useful models. A presentation at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Philadelphia, PA.
ACSDE 2019 - The Landscape of K-12 Online Learning: Exploring What is KnownMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2019, May). The landscape of K-12 online learning: Exploring what is known. An invited webinar by American Center For The Study Of Distance Education.
Binghamton University's Virtual AP Conference 2014 - Online and blended educa...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2014, June). Online and blended education: What does it look like? An invited keynote presentation to the Binghamton University's Virtual Advanced Placement Conference, Binghamton, NY.
IDEAL-NM 2010 Keynote - Rural Virtual Schooling: Research on the Teaching and...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2010, September). Rural virtual schooling: Research on the teaching and learning experience. A keynote presented to the second annual Innovative and Digital Education and Learning – New Mexico eTeacher and Site Coordinator conference, Albuquerque, NM.
NERA 2014 - In The Public Interest: Examining the Profit Motive in Cyber Char...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2014, October). In the public interest: Examining the profit motive in cyber charter schooling. A roundtable presentation to the Northeastern Education Research Association, Trumbull, CT
REL Southeast 2015 - Designing Data Systems for the Hard Questions: Data El...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & Huerta, L. (2015, April). Designing data systems for the hard questions: Data elements and structures for effectively assessing and improving VirtualSC. A presentation to the Blended and Online Research Alliance's South Carolina Workshop, Columbia, SC.
WSU Humanities Fall Symposia 2013 - Privatizing Public Education Through Cybe...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2013, September). Privatizing public education through cyber schooling: Examining truth and myth in the dominant narrative of K-12 online learning. A presentation at the Wayne State University Humanities Center Fall Symposia, Detroit, MI.
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CIDER 2024 - State of the Nation: K-12 e-Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & LaBonte, R. (2024, May). State of the nation: K-12 e-learning in Canada [Webinar]. Canadian Institute of Distance Education Research.
DLAC 2024 - L’état de l’apprentissage électronique de la maternelle à la 12e ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., LaBonte, R., & Mongrain, J. (2024, February). L’état de l’apprentissage électronique de la maternelle à la 12e année au Canada [Poster]. Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
DLAC 2024 - State of the Nation: K-12 e-learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & LaBonte, R. (2024, February). State of the nation: K-12 e-learning in Canada [Poster]. Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
LaBonte, R., Barbour, M. K., & Childs, E. (2024, February). Comparing CANeLearn design principles for K-12 online learning with researched models & standards: Principles to guide quality policy & practice [Panel]. Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
SITE Interactive 2023 - Meet the Editors: Publishing About K-12 Online and Bl...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & Rice, M. (2023, August). Meet the editors: Publishing about K-12 online and blended learning research and practice [Keynote]. Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education Interactive, online.
SITE Interactive 2023 - Where Did We Go Wrong? An Exploration of the Failure ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., Hodges, C. B., & Rice, M. (2023, August). Where did we go wrong? An exploration of the failure to prepare for mass school closure [Panel]. Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education Interactive, online.
ICETOL 2023 - Shaping the Future of Teacher LearningMichael Barbour
Hodges, C. B., & Barbour, M. K. (2023, June 19). Shaping the Future of Teacher Learning [Paper]. International Conference on Educational Technology and Online Learning, Cunda/Ayvalık, Turkey
EDEN 2023 - Digital Teacher Education for a Better Future: Recommendations fo...Michael Barbour
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BOLTT 2023 - CANeLearn Research: Applications for Practice (French)Michael Barbour
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TUC Research Day 2023 - State of the Nation: K-12 e-Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
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Barbour, M. K., Moore, S., & Veletsianos, G. (2023, April). Questionable-cause logical fallacy and modality scapegoating: Synthesis of research on mental health and remote learning [Paper]. A part of the “Examining the Impact of COVID-19 on Education Systems Around the World” at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.
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Sabbatical (Te Kura/The Corrrespondence School) - Examining Research into Primary and Secondary E-Learning
1. Examining Research
into Primary and
Secondary E-Learning
Secondary E-Learning
Secondary E-Learning
Michael K. Barbour
Assistant Professor
Wayne State University
2. Agenda
1. What does the literature say?
2. What do we know based on the research?
3. What should we do next?
4. Literature Reviews
1. Rice (2006)
– Journal of Research on Technology in
Education
1. Barbour & Reeves (2009)
– Computers and Education
1. Cavanaugh, Barbour, & Clark (2009)
– International Review of Research in Open
5. What does the literature say?
• “based upon the personal experiences of
those involved in the practice of virtual
schooling” (Cavanaugh et al., 2009)
• described the literature as generally falling
into one of two general categories: the
potential benefits of and challenges facing K-
12 online learning (Barbour & Reeves, 2009)
6. What about research?
• “a paucity of research exists when
examining high school students enrolled
in virtual schools, and the research base
is smaller still when the population of
students is further narrowed to the
elementary grades”
(Rice, 2006)
7. Is this a problem?
“indicative of the foundational descriptive work
that often precedes experimentation in any
scientific field. In other words, it is important to
know how students in virtual school engage in
their learning in this environment prior to
conducting any rigorous examination of virtual
schooling.”
(Cavanaugh et al., 2009)
8. What does the research say?
1. Comparisons of student performance based upon
delivery model (i.e., classroom vs. online)
2. Studies examining the qualities and characteristics
of the teaching/learning experience
– characteristics of
– supports provided to
– issues related to isolation of online learners (Rice, 2006)
1. Effectiveness of virtual schooling
2. Student readiness and retention issues (Cavanaugh
et al., 2009)
10. Student Performance
• performance of virtual
and classroom
students in Alberta
were similar in English
and Social Studies
courses, but that
classroom students
performed better
overall in all other
subject areas (Ballas &
Belyk, 2000)
11. Student Performance
• over half of the students who
completed FLVS courses
scored an A in their course
and only 7% received a
failing grade (Bigbie &
McCarroll, 2000)
• students in the six virtual
schools in three different
provinces performed no
worse than the students from
the three conventional schools
(Barker & Wendel, 2001)
12. Student Performance
• FLVS students performed
better on a non-mandatory
assessment tool than students
from the traditional classroom
(Cavanaugh et al., 2005)
• FLVS students performed
better on an assessment of
algebraic understanding than
their classroom counterparts
(McLeod et al., 2005)
14. Students and Student Performance
Ballas & performance of virtual and participation rate in the
Belyk, 2000 classroom students similar assessment among virtual
in English & Social Studies students ranged from 65% to
courses, but classroom 75% compared to 90% to
students performed better 96% for the classroom-based
in all other subject areas students
Bigbie & over half of the students between 25% and 50% of
McCarroll, who completed FLVS students had dropped out
2000 courses scored an A in of their FLVS courses over
their course and only 7% the previous two-year
received a failing grade period
15. Students and Student Performance
Cavanaugh et FLVS students performed speculated that the virtual
al., 2005 better on a non- school students who did
mandatory assessment take the assessment may
tool than students from have been more
the traditional classroom academically motivated and
naturally higher achieving
students
McLeod et FLVS students performed results of the student
al., 2005 better on an assessment performance were due to
of algebraic understanding the high dropout rate in
than their classroom virtual school courses
counterparts
17. The Students
• the vast majority of VHS
Global Consortium students
in their courses were
planning to attend a
four-year college (Kozma,
Zucker & Espinoza, 1998)
• “VHS courses are
predominantly designated
as ‘honors,’ and students
enrolled are mostly college
bound” (Espinoza et al., 1999)
18. The Students
The preferred characteristics
include the highly
motivated, self-directed,
self-disciplined,
independent learner who
could read and write well,
and who also had a strong
interest in or ability with
technology (Haughey &
Muirhead, 1999)
19. The Students
• “only students with a high
need to control and structure
their own learning may choose
distance formats freely”
(Roblyer & Elbaum, 2000)
• IVHS students were “highly
motivated, high achieving,
self-directed and/or who liked
to work independently” (Clark
et al., 2002)
20. The Students
• the typical online student
was an A or B student
(Mills, 2003)
• 45% of the students who
participated in e-learning
opportunities in Michigan
were “either advanced
placement or
academically advanced”
students (Watkins, 2005)
29. Problematic Research
Online 7 principles of Interviews with teachers and course
Course effective online developers at a single virtual school,
Design course content with no verification of whether the
for adolescent interviewees’ perceptions were actually
Barbour learners effective or any student input at all for
(2005; 2007) that matter.
Online 37 best Interviews with teachers at a single
Teaching practices in virtual school selected by the virtual
asynchronous school itself. Their teachers’ beliefs
DiPietro et online teaching were not validated through observation
al. (2008) of the teaching or student performance.
33. Virtual High School Global Consortium
• first annual evaluation
– Kozma, Zucker &
Espinoza, 1998
• focused specifically on
the seven goals set by
VHS
• identified five areas to
focus on for future
practice
34. Virtual High School Global Consortium
• second annual
evaluation
– Espinoza, Dove, Zucker
& Kozma, 1999
• again focused
specifically on the
seven goals set by VHS
• identified three areas
to focus on for future
practice
35. Virtual High School Global Consortium
• third annual evaluation
– Kozma, Zucker,
Espinoza, McGhee,
Yarnall & Zalles, 2000
• re-examined status of
last year’s evaluation
finding
• focused upon only one
of the seven goals set
by VHS
36. Virtual High School Global Consortium
• content-specific
investigations
– Yamashiro & Zucker, 1999
• examined quality of
netcourses offered by
VHS
• developed standards for
future course
development
37. Virtual High School Global Consortium
• content-specific
investigations
– Elbaum, McIntyre &
Smith, 2002
• seventeen essential
elements for online
teaching
• written by VHS staff
38. Virtual High School Global Consortium
• final evaluation
– Zucker & Kozma, 2003
• examined students,
teachers,
administrators
perceptions of the
program
• outlined successes and
areas to focus on for
future years
41. Assistant Professor
Wayne State University, USA
mkbarbour@gmail.com
http://www.michaelbarbour.com
http://virtualschooling.wordpress.com
Editor's Notes
American Journal of Distance Education (United States) - 8 US Journal of Distance Education (Canada) - 4 Cdn / 1 Aus Distance Education (Australia) - 2 Aus / 4 US Journal of Distance Learning (New Zealand) - 1 NZ / 1 Cdn / 1 US-Cdn Last five years - 24 articles out of a total of 262 related to K-12 distance education
Cavanaugh and her colleagues speculated that the online students were simply better students McLeod and his colleagues speculated their results were due to the fact that weaker students had dropped out of the online course