The effect of stress caused by environmental pollution and farming conditions on the health and yield of fish in intensive aquacultures is becoming increasingly important.
Yeast products are getting more and more popular in aquaculture. However many products (as a whole or as fractions) are on the aquaculture market at the moment and differentiating between one from another can be difficult. This small article aims at shading some lights on the subject and explains that all yeast products are not equal.
Yeast products are getting more and more popular in aquaculture. However many products (as a whole or as fractions) are on the aquaculture market at the moment and differentiating between one from another can be difficult. This small article aims at shading some lights on the subject and explains that all yeast products are not equal.
Brewers’ yeast and derived products have been successfully used in animal nutrition, including aquafeeds, for several decades now. Leiber GmbH, with two production sites in Germany and further facilities in Poland and Russia, have manufactured brewers’ yeast products for more than 60 years.
Nutritional composition for complementary foods,Nutritional and Functional Properties of
Extruded Cassava-Soybean Flour Composites,Capacity building and technology dissemination.
Yeast products are getting more and more popular in aquaculture. However many products (as a whole or as fractions) are on the aquaculture market at the moment and differentiating between one from another can be difficult. This small article aims at shading some lights on the subject and explains that all yeast products are not equal.
Yeast products are getting more and more popular in aquaculture. However many products (as a whole or as fractions) are on the aquaculture market at the moment and differentiating between one from another can be difficult. This small article aims at shading some lights on the subject and explains that all yeast products are not equal.
Brewers’ yeast and derived products have been successfully used in animal nutrition, including aquafeeds, for several decades now. Leiber GmbH, with two production sites in Germany and further facilities in Poland and Russia, have manufactured brewers’ yeast products for more than 60 years.
Nutritional composition for complementary foods,Nutritional and Functional Properties of
Extruded Cassava-Soybean Flour Composites,Capacity building and technology dissemination.
Unlocking the hidden potential of plant proteins using solid state fermentati...International Aquafeed
In the terrestrial animal feed industry the use of exogenous enzymes is a relatively common practice and today the global feed enzyme market is worth more than US$550 million. This saves the global feed market an estimated US$3-5 billion per year. To date the use of enzymes in aquaculture feeds has been limited, but interest is growing due to the increasing use of plant based protein ingredients and their by-products.
Bacteria are described in two ways:
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
The bacterial classification is based on 16S RNA sequences
Carl Woese, Oganizes the Domain Bacteria into 18 phyla
Bacterial phyla used in industrial microbiology and biotechnology
The global fish consumption for human nutrition increases. The supply of enough aquatic products is still possible, because the experienced fish capture peak in the 1990s is buffered by the increasing amount of fish from hatcheries, both onshore and offshore.
I am sure everyone involved in any fish vaccination would really rather prefer that they didn’t have to vaccinate. It is an expensive, time consuming, hazardous and stressful process. So why do we vaccinate fish?
Unlocking the hidden potential of plant proteins using solid state fermentati...International Aquafeed
In the terrestrial animal feed industry the use of exogenous enzymes is a relatively common practice and today the global feed enzyme market is worth more than US$550 million. This saves the global feed market an estimated US$3-5 billion per year. To date the use of enzymes in aquaculture feeds has been limited, but interest is growing due to the increasing use of plant based protein ingredients and their by-products.
Bacteria are described in two ways:
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
The bacterial classification is based on 16S RNA sequences
Carl Woese, Oganizes the Domain Bacteria into 18 phyla
Bacterial phyla used in industrial microbiology and biotechnology
The global fish consumption for human nutrition increases. The supply of enough aquatic products is still possible, because the experienced fish capture peak in the 1990s is buffered by the increasing amount of fish from hatcheries, both onshore and offshore.
I am sure everyone involved in any fish vaccination would really rather prefer that they didn’t have to vaccinate. It is an expensive, time consuming, hazardous and stressful process. So why do we vaccinate fish?
Effect of dietary inclusion of seaweeds on intestinal proteolytic activity of...International Aquafeed
In the last years considerable attention has been paid on the use of seaweeds (SW) as a possible ingredient for aquafeeds. Red, green and brown SW can be taken from their natural habitat and brought to the shore by the action of winds and tides. Otherwise, biomass can be obtained from secondary and tertiary treatment of effluents. Wastewater treatment utilising photosynthetic organisms is an interesting alternative to reduce the ecological impact of domestic, industrial or aquaculture effluents. Generally, high-quality algal biomass is yielded from algal cultivation, representing an excellent source of hydrocolloids, carotenoids, and bioactive substances, which allows different industrial applications. In addition, there is currently an increasing interest for the potential of SW in human and animal nutrition.
A survey made at the end of an aqua industry forum meeting in Vietnam last year has shown that for 63 percent of the participants, the most limiting challenge for developing aquaculture was health and disease management. Indeed, in recent years, we have seen numerous diseases appearing and impacting aquaculture production, such as WSSV and EMS in shrimp, or Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA) in salmonids. Working around the classic Host-Pathogen-Environment triad, new technologies and management techniques have been developed to better control diseases in aquatic animals: vaccination, which has led to the decrease of antibiotic use in salmonids; biosecurity procedures in hatcheries and in farms; biofloc technology. All of these technologies have proven successful. Their further development and expanded use will certainly improve the way aquatic animals are farmed.
A brief info on the immunostimulants and probiotics in aquaculture. hope it will help whoever visits and go through the seminar.
Please comment if any mistakes found for my rectification as well as for others.
thank you
Background: Infectious diseases cause significant production losses in aquaculture every year. Since the gut
microbiota plays an essential role in regulating the host immune system, health and physiology, altered gut
microbiota compositions are often associated with a diseased status. However, few studies have examined the
association between disease severity and degree of gut dysbiosis, especially when the gut is not the site of the
primary infection. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge on whether bath treatment with formalin, a disinfectant
commonly used in aquaculture to treat external infections, might affect the gut microbiome as a consequence of
formalin ingestion. Here we investigate, through 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, changes in the distal gut
microbiota composition of a captive-reared cohort of 80 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), in consequence of an
external bacterial skin infection due to a natural outbreak and subsequent formalin treatment.
Results: We identified Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi as the causative disease pathogen and we show that the distal
gut of diseased salmon presented a different composition from that of healthy individuals. A new, yet undescribed,
Mycoplasma genus characterized the gut of healthy salmon, while in the sick fish we observed an increase in terms
of relative abundance of Aliivibrio sp., a strain regarded as opportunistic. We also noticed a positive correlation
between fish weight and Mycoplasma sp. relative abundance, potentially indicating a beneficial effect for its host.
Moreover, we observed that the gut microbiota of fish treated with formalin was more similar to those of sick fish
than healthy ones.
Conclusions: We conclude that external Tenacibaculum infections have the potential of indirectly affecting the host
gut microbiota. As such, treatment optimization procedures should account for that. Formalin treatment is not an
optimal solution from a holistic perspective, since we observe an altered gut microbiota in the treated fish. We
suggest its coupling with a probiotic treatment aimed at re-establishing a healthy community. Lastly, we have
observed a positive correlation of Mycoplasma sp. with salmon health and weight, therefore we encourage further
investigations towards its potential utilization as a biomarker for monitoring health in salmon and potentially other
farmed fish species.
Keywords: Microbiota, Atlantic salmon, Infectious diseases, Dysbiosis, Tenacibaculosis, Aliivibrio, Mycoplasma,
Biomarkers, Fish growth
The Salmonidae family, collectively known as Salmonids, comprises of salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, but it is the trout and Atlantic salmon, of the genus Salmo, which gives the family their name. A slender teleost fish, they can range in size between just 13 cm to a whopping 2 m in length. With a single row of sharp teeth, Salmonids are predators, choosing to feed on smaller fish, aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Despite spawning in fresh water Salmonids are mostly anadromous, spending their lives at sea, choosing only to return to rivers to reproduce.
In the present study, the protective effect of herbal-based conditioners as an immunostimulants was tested on tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) juvenile at various times of their culture period to enhance their resistance against bacterial infection. The trial comprised of a single formulation of herbal-based bioconditioners with scheduled water changes during the treatment. Three period of exposure (6 h, 12 h and 24 h) with herbal-based bioconditioners as well as a control are performed in completely randomized design of experiment followed by a challenge test using single pathogenic bacteria: Vibrio parahaemolyticus at concentration of 105 cells ml-1. Percentage survival and host-pathogen interaction were determined at the end of exposure and challenge test. Various challenge tests showed that herbal-based bioconditioners (AquaHerb) significantly increase the percentage survival (P<0.05)><0.05). In addition, tiger grouper immune system performance was found to be better than in the control group. Finally, by combining the positive impact of herbal-based Bioconditioners, this prophylactic approach can become a very effective alternatives to the use of antibiotics and other synthetic compounds.
Key Words: Herbal-based bioconditioners, V. parahaemolyticus, Tiger grouper, Percentage survival
With the continued expansion of cultured fish and shellfish species, aquaculture has become a key component of the animal health industry. Aquaculture is the fastest growing industry around the world with around 80 million tones produced annually.
Much has been made of gut health recently. By unpacking the concept, we can arrive at a better understanding of the driving factors, influences, indicators and implications of gut health for aquaculture.
Feed Management - Potential impact of nutrient substitutes in aquafeeds on fi...International Aquafeed
In most major aquafeed–based intensive aquaculture production systems there is a high reliance on nutritionally balanced complete aquafeeds. In situations where on–farm feeds are made, farmers attempt to produce a balanced feed using vitamin and mineral premixes. In all regions of the world, the increase in the cost of raw ingredients for commercially manufactured or on–farm aquafeeds resulted in an increase in aquafeed prices from 20 to 40 percent, thus forcing farmers to adopt alternative strategies to secure feeds.
Similar to Brewers’ yeast as a supplement in aquaculture (20)
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The use of feed in recirculating aquaculture systems...International Aquafeed
One of the greatest operating costs in aquaculture is the use of commercial feed pellets, which can comprise of up to 50-60 percent of total expense in some farms.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
In the past 50 years, the global demand for fish products has doubled, and more than 45 percent of the world’s seafood today now comes not from wild catches, but from either land-based or offshore fish farms. To meet this rising demand for seafood worldwide, more fish have to be raised in fish farms, and aquaculture is an essential link in the agricultural chain.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
Mexico, with a population of 122 million is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The country is known for its Pacific and Gulf of Mexico beaches and its diverse landscape of mountains, deserts and jungles. Ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chichen Itza (Mayan) and Spanish colonial-era towns are scattered throughout the country.
The quality and digestibility of proteins is one of the most important issues in shrimp nutrition. Marine proteins (mainly fish meal) can only be partially replaced by standard vegetable proteins like soybean meal.
KRILL OIL: Phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantityInternational Aquafeed
The nutritional quality of larvae diets affects fishes’ fillet quality and quantity. Studies show that phospholipids increase fish larvae growth and development; so phospholipids are an essential component of the early weaning diet.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
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The main purpose of a feed barge is to provide an efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming operations. The second purpose is to provide a safe worksite for operators.
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The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
It is often thought that vacuum coating was firs t invented in Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented the firs t vacuum coater.
The Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance with mos t modern production specifications.
It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.
International Aquafeed spoke to Peter Raeven, Account Manager for Dinnissen, about the previous 25 years of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater as well as any future plans that Dinnissen might have for their now well es tablished brand.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
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2. FEATURE
Brewers’ yeast
as a supplement in aquaculture
by Jan Frericks, Leiber GmbH, Germany
T
he effect of stress caused by envi- therapeutic antibiotics for fish. The transfer of nutrients accumulate within the cells of the
ronmental pollution and farming genes for resistance between different spe- yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Being
conditions on the health and yield cies of bacteria is accelerated, leading to an organically bound ensures high availability
of fish in intensive aquacultures is exacerbation of the problem of resistance in of these active substances. Dried brewers’
becoming increasingly important. the treatment of human diseases worldwide. yeast is used very often in fish nutrition due
Future-oriented production methods in to the high bioavailability of the constituent
Factors such as stocking density, con- the fish farming industry should therefore compounds.
tamination, toxins, pollutants and outbreaks of be targeted towards minimising the use of In addition to this, brewers’ yeast has
disease have a negative effect on the immune antibiotics and medicinal drugs. It is of great cell walls that are composed of mannan-
status of the fish. The consequence of this is importance to analyse the negative effects oligosaccharides (MOS). This complex net-
an increased susceptibility to infection through caused by environmental pollution and farm- work of mannans and ßglucans serves as a
bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic pathogens. ing methods. substrate for the beneficial gut flora. The
Increased loss rates and reduced growth More crucial still will be to influence the fish's limited digestive tract benefits in
performance result in lower profitability for animal's metabolism so that external toxins particular from the prebiotic properties of
the fish production industry. have a lesser impact, even under intensive the yeast cell walls, which stabilise the gut
As a consequence, the monetary and conditions. A healthy gut and a functioning and ensure a healthy balance of microflora
"The cell wall of brewers’ yeast comprises approximately 20-25%
mannans and 25-30% ß-glucans. ß1,3/1,6(D) glucan molecules can
be isolated from it using special hydrolytic processes. The molecules
consist of characteristic (1,3)-beta-glycosidic linked D-glucose
subunits connected with with irregular beta-(1,6)-linked side chains of
various length. Only this free ß-glucan structure from Saccharomyces
cerevisiae has an immunomodulatory effect on the metabolism"
quantitative overheads for the vaccination non-specific immune response are fundamen- (eubiosis). In addition to this, the mannan-
and medicinal treatment of the fish increases. tal prerequisites for this. oligosaccharides in brewers’ yeast are able
In many cases, antibiotics are given not only to bind harmful toxins in the food, and
therapeutically, but also prophylactically as a Excellent for the gut thus inhibit their absorption and resultant
standard additive in fish feed. Brewers’ yeast cells are like miniature metabolic harm. Last but not least, the for-
The intensive farming methods used for power houses, and are responsible for the mation of a biofilm on the intestinal mucosa
fish cultivation in aquatic environments with alcoholic fermentation that takes place during enhances this protective barrier against
a direct connection to the groundwater are the brewing stage of beer production. In the pathogens.
especially liable to facilitate the very rapid course of the fermentation of malt extract,
and direct spread of problematic production high concentrations of minerals and trace Glucan and the immune system
residues to humans. Resistant pathogens and elements, amino acids and nucleotides, B The cell wall of brewers’ yeast com-
germs do not just limit the effectiveness of vitamins and enzymes, as well as many micro- prises approximately 20-25 percent mannans
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2012
3. WHO CARES...
…If profits in the aquaculture industry are as appetising as a sea bass dinner?
As feed prices soar and formulation moves towards sustainability, aquaculture producers
must maximise feed efficiency to stay on the menu.
In all phases of the fish’s life, proper nutrition will improve health. With decades of dedicated research,
the “Alltech Aqua Advantage” programme responds to the challenges of today’s aquaculture producers
through nutritional innovation, addressing issues such as growth and performance, feed efficiency,
flesh quality and immunity.
So, when asked who cares about your profitability? Remember
DOES!
Silver Sponsor of
XV International Symposium
on Fish Nutrition and Feeding
Molde, Norway • 4-7 June 2012
alltech.com | facebook.com/AlltechNaturally | @Alltech
4. FEATURE
Tests were recently performed
on several species of fish that Oral administration tests
Purified ß1,3/1,6(D)glucans enhance the
confirm a stimulatory effect on the animals' non-specific immune response. This is
non-specific immune system of particular value in the fish farming industry,
as there are multiple stress and environmen-
tal factors that impact and stress the fish. If
they become infected, the specific immune
system is only able to respond slowly and
inadequately. In such situations, a heightened
non-specific capability can support or acceler-
ate the specific immune response and the
production of specific antibodies.
Fish are subject to similar, added stresses
during vaccinations too. A study by Siwicki
et al. (2011) investigated the effect of orally
administered ß1,3/1,6(D)glucan (100mg or
and 25-30 percent ß-glucans. ß1,3/1,6(D) ß-glucan products is not only the source and 200mg Leiber® BetaS per kg of feed) on the
glucan molecules can be isolated from it using characteristic molecular structure, but also the antibody secreting cells (ASC) and specific
special hydrolytic processes. The molecules purity of the product. A minimum content of antibody titres after immunisation of rainbow
consist of characteristic (1,3)-beta-glycosidic 70 percent pure ß1,3/1,6(D)glucan should be trout fingerlings (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by
linked D-glucose subunits connected with aimed for. The standard grade Leiber® BetaS immersion with anti-enteric redmouth disease
with irregular beta-(1,6)-linked side chains of has a ß-glucan content of 80 percent. The met- vaccine (AquaVac ERM). Inoculation was per-
various length. Only this free ß-glucan struc- abolic activity of this product has already been formed one week after the start of administra-
ture from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an tested on many animal species and verified. tion with Leiber® BetaS.
immunomodulatory effect on the metabolism. Tests were recently performed on sev- These two parameters were measured
In contrast with intact yeast cells or man- eral species of fish that confirm a stimulatory on day seven, 14, 21, 28 and 40 in the
nan-oligosaccharides, free ß1,3/1,6(D)glucan effect on the non-specific immune system. blood serum and adrenal glands. Both dos-
molecules are able to pass through the pro- Rainbow trout and carp received 0.02 percent age levels stimulated the number of specific
tective epithelial barrier in the gut with the ßglucan (Leiber® BetaS) administered in their ASCs and specific antibody levels, whereby
help of specialised M cells. In gut-associated feed ration. The potential killing activity of 0.02 percent Leiber® BetaS in the fish
lymph tissue (GALT), ß-glucans act like anti- phagocytes, the proliferative response of T feed was more effective. In each case the
gens, stimulating specific macrophage recep- and Blymphocytes and the concentration of improvements were significant from day 21
tors with their characteristic surface structures immunoglobulins and lysozymes in the blood onwards.
(epitopes) (Engstad and Robertsen 1993). A serum was measured four weeks and eight The beneficial effect of ß1,3/1,6(D)glucan
cascade of immune responses is triggered, weeks after beginning administration. In two is well known in the fish nutrition industry. The
and non-specific immune system cells such as repetitions, a significant stimulation of these administration of 0.02 percent Leiber® BetaS
monocytes, natural killer cells, B-cells, T-cells parameters was demonstrated in both rain- in fish feed activates the non-specific immune
or lysozymes are released or activated. They bow trout and carp. status of the fish on the one hand, and on
put the animal on a high state of alert and In subsequent infection studies using two the other, acts as an adjuvant during vaccina-
preparedness to defend against all types of bacterial (Aeromonas salmonicida; Yersinia tions, thus enhancing the immunocompetence
foreign attack. What differentiates this from ruckeri) and one viral pathogen (IPN virus), of the fish. Its safe and simple method of
an actual infection is that ß-glucan does not the survival rate of rainbow trout and carp use, as well as the fact that ß-glucan from
possess any pathogenic properties, and acts with 0.02 percent Leiber® BetaS in their feed Saccharomyces cerevisiae is harmless to fish
without causing any adverse health effects. showed an absolute increase of 30-40 percent and the environment, will become yet more
A quality criterion for the effectiveness of (Siwicki, et al. 2008; Siwicki, et al. 2009). important in the future. ■
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2012
5. FEATURE
AquaStar ®
Fast growth in
improved environment!
Probiotic strains to support gut health.
Biodegrading strains and enzymes
to stabilize water quality and pond bottom.
• Im
pr
an oved gu
d pe
• Im rform t health
prov ance
• Co ed w
n ater
qual
ba trol of pa ity
cteri thog
a enic
aquastar.biomin.net
Naturally ahead
May-June 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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