1. The document discusses banana breeding, including its genetic resources, cultivated species, varieties, floral biology, objectives of breeding, and breeding methods such as introduction, hybridization, mutation breeding, and biotechnology approaches like tissue culture and micropropagation. 2. Key breeding objectives are developing dwarf varieties suitable for high density planting, improving disease and stress resistance, enhancing fruit quality and production, and adapting varieties to wider growing conditions. 3. Breeding methods used include introduction of new varieties, hybridization through controlled pollination, identifying mutants through natural variation or mutation breeding, and the application of tissue culture and genetic engineering techniques.

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3. COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE & FORESTRY
JHALAWAR
Breeding of Banana
Submitted by
PRADEEP KUMAR BAIRWA
Ph.DFruit science

4. INTRODUCTION
• Scientific name : Musa spp.
• Family : Musaceae
• Genus : 1. Musa
2. Ensete
• Chromosome No. : 22,33,44
• Origin : South East Asia
The banana is an edible fruit botanically a berry produced by several
kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in genus Musa. In some countries,
banana used for cooking may be called plantains. The fruit is variable in size, color
and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in starch.
Banana is a monoecious plant.
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6. Genetic resources of banana:
Genus musa divided into five section.
A) Australimusa: Like callimusa it has x=10 and x=20 chromosome.
B) Callimusa: This is ornamental value and x=10 and x=20. It is found in
indo-china, Malaya and borneo. Parthenocarpy is absent in this type.
C) Rhodochlamys: mostly diploid , spread from india to Indonesia. Five
to seven species are kept in this group.
D) Eumusa: Includes about 13-15 species of edible and wild banana.
E) Ingentimusa: It includes M. ingens (x=7, 2n=14) of new guinea which
grows to a height of over 10 m.
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7. CULTIVATED SPECIES
• Ensete ventricosa
• Musa acuminate
• M. coccinea
• M. basjoo
• M. textilis
• M. fehi
• M. balbisiana
• M. maclayi
• M. ornata
• M. velutina
• M. ingens
• M. beccarii
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8. Varieties
• AAAA
Bodles Alfort
• AAAB
FHIA-1 (Gold Finger)
• ABBB
Klue Teparod
Sawai
• ABB
Monthan
Karpuravalli
Bontha
• AA
Matti
Pisang Lilin
• AAA
Robusta
Dwarf Cavendish
Gros Michel
Red Banana
Amritsagar
• AAB
Poovan
Rasthali
Nendran
Rajapuri
Virupakshi
• AB
Lady Finger
Ney Poovan
Kunnan
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Some important banana varieties

10. FLORAL BIOLOGY
Inflorescence :
• Spadix type Inflorescence.
• Inflorescence emerges from the center of the pseudostem 10 to 15 month after planting.
• Female, male & Hermaphrodite flowers are present at same inflorescence.
• The basal nodes at the inflorescence bear pistillate flowers and the upper nodes bear
staminate flowers.
• Protogyny flower, Peduncle elongates as flowers open in sequence.
• Monoecious plant, produce more male flowers than female flowers.
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12. Male Flower
• Male flowers have well developed anthers,
abortive ovary with slender style and stigma,
tightly enclosed in bracts which from a conical
structure.
• 5 stamens with long anthers that may or may
not produce pollen.
• Flower length 7.4 cm.
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13. Female flower
• flowers have an inferior elongated Female
trilocular ovary with 3 fused carpels bearing 6
petal ( 5 free and 1 fused) surrounding a thick style
and non-functional staminodes ovaries of female
flowers later become the fruit or fingers.
• Female floewer are larger than male flower.
• Flower length 13.9 cm.
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14. Aenthesis Time : Morning
Pollination :
• Morning time is a most favorable
for banana pollination.
• Mainly occurred by birds and bees.
• Which visit the floerts for nectar secreted at the tips of the ovary.
• Ovule must be fertilized within 24 hrs. of flower opening, after which they begin to
distintegrate.
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15. Objectives of breeding :
• To develop dwarf statured banana suitable for high density planting and to
prevent damage from high wind velocity.
• Production of good quality fruits.
• Resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses i.e. nematodes, panama wilt, bunchy top,
sigatoka leaf spot, moko disease and pseudostem weevil etc.
• To develop varieties with wider agro-ecological adaptability.
• Development of make fertile parthenocarpic diploids with resistance to major
diseases and pests.
• Developing longer finger size.
• Suitability for export.
• Good keeping quality.
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16. Breeding Methods
1.Introduction :
• Introduction of germplasm or variety from one agroclimatic region to other agro
climatic region within the country.
• Some cultivars of banana was made with resistance to biotic stresses e.g. Lady
Finger resistant to bunchy top virus introduced from Australia and is being
evaluated at IIHR, Banglore and TNAU, Coimbatore, Valery from west indies
were introduced for utilization in improvement programme.
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17. 2.Hybridization :
• In India, Breeding work was started at CBRS,Adhuthurai,TN in 1949.
• Pollination is best carried out in the morning.
• The bunches of female parent are bagged at shooting and each successive hand is
pollinated as it is exposed.
• The development of CO 1 banana-
Kallar Laden(AAB) × M. balbisiana cv.Sawai(BB)
AB × Kadali(AA)
CO 1(AAB)
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18. 3.Mutation breeding :
• Bud mutation in indian banana is very common perhaps due to spontaneous
rearrangement of chromosomes in somatic meristem and structural re-assortment.
• A great majority of edible bananas are triploids, a condition that interferes with
normal equilibrium of plants and may provide the requisite stimulus to structural
rearrangement of chromosomes, leading ultimately to the evolution of a new gene
complex.
• Several natural sports of well established commercial clones have been recognized
e.g High gate (AAA) is a semi-dwarf mutant of Gros Michel (AAA), Motta
Poovan (AAB) is a sport of Poovan (AAB), Ayiranka Rasthali is a sport of
Rasthali, Barhari Malbhog is a sport of Malbhog, Krishna Vazhai is a natural
mutant of Virupakshi (or Pome), and Sambrani Monthan (ABB) a mutant of
Monthan (ABB).
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19. 4.Biotechnology :
• Plant tissue culture and molecular biology techniques are applied to enhance the
handling and improvement of banana.
• Important application and germplasm exchange, embryo culture/rescue for in-vitro
seed germination, cryopreservation of germplasm and genome manipulation
through genetic engineering using cell suspension or protoplast culture. Al though,
Vylsteke et Al.(1996) reported that somaclonal variation through micro
propagation is of limited use in plant breeding, it has been successfully applied in
Taiwan for the development of improved Cavendish banana cultivars with
resistance to fusarium wilt and acceptable fruit quality.
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20. Tissue Culture/ Micro Propagation
• Micro propagation (tissue culture or in-vitro culture) refers to the
multiplication of plants, in aseptic condition and in artificial growth
medium by using a plant part or single cell or group of cell in a test tube
under very controlled and hygienic conditions.
• The tissue culture propagation of banana for the first time in India, was
pioneered by Dr. R. Dore Swamy at the Indian Institute of Horticultural
Research, Bangalore.
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21. Why Tissue Culture ??
• Suckers generally may be infected with some pathogens and nematodes.
• Similarly due to the variation in age and size of sucker the crop is not
uniform, harvesting is prolonged and management becomes difficult.
• Therefore, tissue culture plants are recommended for planting.
• They are healthy, disease free, uniform and authentic.
• So, properly hardened secondary seedlings are only recommended for
planting
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Micro propagation
Steps
Steps of Micro propagation

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• True to the type of mother plant under good management.
• Pest and disease free seedlings.
• Uniform growth, increases yield.
• Early maturity of crop .
• Round the year planting possible as seedlings are made available throughout the year.
• Two successive ratoons are possible in a short duration which minimizes cost of
cultivation.
• 95 % - 98 % plants bear bunches.
• New varieties can be introduced and multiplied in a short duration.
Advantages of Tissue Culture…

24. Name of the clone/cultivars Name of the biotic and
abiotic stress
Musa balbisiana Drought
Culcutta-4 Black sigatoka
Pisang Lilin Panama wilt(racel)
SH3142(diploid hybrid) Race 1 of Fusarium
Musa acuminita sp malaccennsis Race 1 and race 2 of fusarium
Musa acuminate sp Burmannica Bacterial wilt race 2,moko disease
Pisang jari buaya(PJB) Burrowing nematode
Tongat and anaikomban Nematodes
Source of resistance
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