For more information, visit https://www.timberlandmedical.com
Timberland Medical Centre is a private hospital that has been in operation since 1994. We are strategically located at the 3rd Mile roundabout on Jalan Rock, Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Our hospital is 10 minutes from the Kuching International Airport and 15 minutes from the Central Bus Terminal. We continually seek to improve and upgrade our services and facilities, as we strive to provide the best medical care for our patients and customers.
Check a showcase of our Breast Cancer PowerPoint Presentation. Download Breast Cancer PowerPoint presentation now for great and creative presentation ideas on Breast Cancer Prevention & Control. This is our general marketing powerpoint presentation on breast cancer prevention & control. We invite you to download TheTemplateWizard's Breast Cancer PPT presentation for great ideas on healthcare presentations. We have created Breast Cancer sample powerpoint presentations that demonstrates how to use visuals and illustrations in your PowerPoint presentations.
Why go for Early Breast Cancer Screening?Anita Arora
In cases of breast cancer there are numerous inevitable factors that lead to its onset like aging, genetic disorders and gender. Being a female is a big risk factor as the presence of estrogen and progesterone can result in breast cancer cells growth. In such cases early detection and breast cancer screening goes a long way in ensuring that the patient can undergo a successful treatment.
Check a showcase of our Breast Cancer PowerPoint Presentation. Download Breast Cancer PowerPoint presentation now for great and creative presentation ideas on Breast Cancer Prevention & Control. This is our general marketing powerpoint presentation on breast cancer prevention & control. We invite you to download TheTemplateWizard's Breast Cancer PPT presentation for great ideas on healthcare presentations. We have created Breast Cancer sample powerpoint presentations that demonstrates how to use visuals and illustrations in your PowerPoint presentations.
Why go for Early Breast Cancer Screening?Anita Arora
In cases of breast cancer there are numerous inevitable factors that lead to its onset like aging, genetic disorders and gender. Being a female is a big risk factor as the presence of estrogen and progesterone can result in breast cancer cells growth. In such cases early detection and breast cancer screening goes a long way in ensuring that the patient can undergo a successful treatment.
A Topic Where Every Woman Must Know. Early warning signs of breast cancer.knip xin
PLEASE LIKE AND COMMENT FOR ANY CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM. This power point presentation was made to raise awareness about breast cancer. Slides include definition of breast cancer, signs and symptoms, diagnostic exam, stages of breast cancer and treatment.
Overview of breast cancer screening and diagnosis Linnet Thomas
Breast cancer development and progression
Diagnosis methods
Treatment methods
Existing screening and diagnostic tools
Emerging techniques for screening and diagnosis
Innovative products or technologies for breast cancer screening and diagnosis
Here in these slides we have explain about the Breast cancer Screening with the help of which one can get the x-ray image to identify the breast cancer and it is a mammogram which is used when one have no symptoms.
Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer most common in women 60 and older.
Women are more likely to develop vaginal cancer if they have the human papillomavirus (HPV) or if your birth mother took diethylstilbestol (DES) when she was pregnant.
There are several types of vaginal cancer:
Squamous cell carcinoma
About 70 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are squamous cell carcinomas. These cancers begin in the squamous cells that make up the epithelial lining of the vagina. These cancers are more common in the upper area of the vagina near the cervix. Squamous cell cancers of the vagina often develop slowly. First, some of the normal cells of the vagina get pre-cancerous changes. Then some of the pre-cancer cells turn into cancer cells. This process can take many years.
The medical term most often used for this pre-cancerous condition is vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). "Intraepithelial" means that the abnormal cells are only found in the surface layer of the vaginal skin (epithelium). There are 3 types of VAIN: VAIN1, VAIN2, and VAIN3, with 3 indicating furthest progression toward a true cancer. VAIN is more common in women who have had their uterus removed (hysterectomy) and in those who were previously treated for cervical cancer or pre-cancer.
In the past, the term dysplasia was used instead of VAIN. This term is used much less now. When talking about dysplasia, there is also a range of increasing progress toward cancer - first, mild dysplasia; next, moderate dysplasia; and then severe dysplasia.
Adenocarcinoma
Cancer that begins in gland cells is called adenocarcinoma. About 15 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are adenocarcinomas. The usual type of vaginal adenocarcinoma typically develops in women older than 50. One certain type, called clear cell adenocarcinoma, occurs more often in young women who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero (when they were in their mother’s womb). (See the section called "What are the risk factors for vaginal cancer?" for more information on DES and clear cell carcinoma.)
Melanoma
Melanomas develop from pigment-producing cells that give skin its color. These cancers usually are found on sun-exposed areas of the skin but can form on the vagina or other internal organs. About 9 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are melanomas. Melanoma tends to affect the lower or outer portion of the vagina. The tumors vary greatly in size, color, and growth pattern. More information about melanoma can be found in our document called Melanoma Skin Cancer.
Sarcoma
A sarcoma is a cancer that begins in the cells of bones, muscles, or connective tissue. Up to 4 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are sarcomas. These cancers form deep in the wall of the vagina, not on its surface. There are several types of vaginal sarcomas. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type of vaginal sarcoma. It is most often found in children and is rare in adults. A sarcoma called leiomyosarcoma is seen more often in adults.
A Topic Where Every Woman Must Know. Early warning signs of breast cancer.knip xin
PLEASE LIKE AND COMMENT FOR ANY CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM. This power point presentation was made to raise awareness about breast cancer. Slides include definition of breast cancer, signs and symptoms, diagnostic exam, stages of breast cancer and treatment.
Overview of breast cancer screening and diagnosis Linnet Thomas
Breast cancer development and progression
Diagnosis methods
Treatment methods
Existing screening and diagnostic tools
Emerging techniques for screening and diagnosis
Innovative products or technologies for breast cancer screening and diagnosis
Here in these slides we have explain about the Breast cancer Screening with the help of which one can get the x-ray image to identify the breast cancer and it is a mammogram which is used when one have no symptoms.
Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer most common in women 60 and older.
Women are more likely to develop vaginal cancer if they have the human papillomavirus (HPV) or if your birth mother took diethylstilbestol (DES) when she was pregnant.
There are several types of vaginal cancer:
Squamous cell carcinoma
About 70 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are squamous cell carcinomas. These cancers begin in the squamous cells that make up the epithelial lining of the vagina. These cancers are more common in the upper area of the vagina near the cervix. Squamous cell cancers of the vagina often develop slowly. First, some of the normal cells of the vagina get pre-cancerous changes. Then some of the pre-cancer cells turn into cancer cells. This process can take many years.
The medical term most often used for this pre-cancerous condition is vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). "Intraepithelial" means that the abnormal cells are only found in the surface layer of the vaginal skin (epithelium). There are 3 types of VAIN: VAIN1, VAIN2, and VAIN3, with 3 indicating furthest progression toward a true cancer. VAIN is more common in women who have had their uterus removed (hysterectomy) and in those who were previously treated for cervical cancer or pre-cancer.
In the past, the term dysplasia was used instead of VAIN. This term is used much less now. When talking about dysplasia, there is also a range of increasing progress toward cancer - first, mild dysplasia; next, moderate dysplasia; and then severe dysplasia.
Adenocarcinoma
Cancer that begins in gland cells is called adenocarcinoma. About 15 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are adenocarcinomas. The usual type of vaginal adenocarcinoma typically develops in women older than 50. One certain type, called clear cell adenocarcinoma, occurs more often in young women who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero (when they were in their mother’s womb). (See the section called "What are the risk factors for vaginal cancer?" for more information on DES and clear cell carcinoma.)
Melanoma
Melanomas develop from pigment-producing cells that give skin its color. These cancers usually are found on sun-exposed areas of the skin but can form on the vagina or other internal organs. About 9 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are melanomas. Melanoma tends to affect the lower or outer portion of the vagina. The tumors vary greatly in size, color, and growth pattern. More information about melanoma can be found in our document called Melanoma Skin Cancer.
Sarcoma
A sarcoma is a cancer that begins in the cells of bones, muscles, or connective tissue. Up to 4 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are sarcomas. These cancers form deep in the wall of the vagina, not on its surface. There are several types of vaginal sarcomas. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type of vaginal sarcoma. It is most often found in children and is rare in adults. A sarcoma called leiomyosarcoma is seen more often in adults.
Cancer is basically uncontrolled multiplication of cells. Once the cells multiply, they also spread to other areas by means of blood or lymph. Breast is one of the common organs affected by cancer and has gained attention. In breast cancer, there is uncontrolled multiplication of the cells within the breast and this usually manifests as a lump.
This seminar slides were prepared by us for our own seminar with Consultant Surgeon Dato Imi from HRPZ II, Kelantan.
The information is extracted from CPG Breast Cancer 2nd edition, November 2010.
Supervised by DATO DR IMI SAIRI BIN AB HADI, General Surgeon, Breast and Endocrine
Understanding Hypertension - Info from Timberland Medical Centre, KuchingTimberlandMedicalCentre
For more information, visit https://www.timberlandmedical.com
Timberland Medical Centre is a private hospital that has been in operation since 1994. We are strategically located at the 3rd Mile roundabout on Jalan Rock, Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Our hospital is 10 minutes from the Kuching International Airport and 15 minutes from the Central Bus Terminal. We continually seek to improve and upgrade our services and facilities, as we strive to provide the best medical care for our patients and customers.
For more information, visit https://www.timberlandmedical.com
Timberland Medical Centre is a private hospital that has been in operation since 1994. We are strategically located at the 3rd Mile roundabout on Jalan Rock, Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Our hospital is 10 minutes from the Kuching International Airport and 15 minutes from the Central Bus Terminal. We continually seek to improve and upgrade our services and facilities, as we strive to provide the best medical care for our patients and customers.
For more information, visit https://www.timberlandmedical.com
Timberland Medical Centre is a private hospital that has been in operation since 1994. We are strategically located at the 3rd Mile roundabout on Jalan Rock, Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Our hospital is 10 minutes from the Kuching International Airport and 15 minutes from the Central Bus Terminal. We continually seek to improve and upgrade our services and facilities, as we strive to provide the best medical care for our patients and customers.
For more information, visit https://www.timberlandmedical.com
This presentation is by Dr LO SIAW PING, a visiting dietician at Timberland Medical Centre
Timberland Medical Centre is a private hospital that has been in operation since 1994. We are strategically located at the 3rd Mile roundabout on Jalan Rock, Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Our hospital is 10 minutes from the Kuching International Airport and 15 minutes from the Central Bus Terminal. We continually seek to improve and upgrade our services and facilities, as we strive to provide the best medical care for our patients and customers.
Cancer of Oesophagus and Stomach - Treatment & Information in Kuching, SarawakTimberlandMedicalCentre
For more information, visit https://www.timberlandmedical.com
This presentation is by Dr. Wong Kwong Hieng (MBBch,FRCS,AM) General Surgeon at Timberland Medical Centre.
Timberland Medical Centre is a private hospital that has been in operation since 1994. We are strategically located at the 3rd Mile roundabout on Jalan Rock, Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Our hospital is 10 minutes from the Kuching International Airport and 15 minutes from the Central Bus Terminal. We continually seek to improve and upgrade our services and facilities, as we strive to provide the best medical care for our patients and customers.
Timberland Medical Centre is a private hospital that has been in operation since 1994. We are strategically located at the 3rd Mile roundabout on Jalan Rock, Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Our hospital is 10 minutes from the Kuching International Airport and 15 minutes from the Central Bus Terminal. We continually seek to improve and upgrade our services and facilities, as we strive to provide the best medical care for our patients and customers.
This presentation is by Dr. Wong Kwong Hieng (General Surgeon at Timberland Medical Clinic) and covers what is breast cancer, and the breast cancer treatment available in Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia.
For more information, visit https://www.timberlandmedical.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
3. BREAST HEALTH FACTSBREAST HEALTH FACTSBeing breast aware is an art
D l iti ttit dDevelop a positive attitude
Give our breasts some attention as well , besides
four face
No one will know your breasts as intimately as you
ould because e “li e ” ith our breasts dailwould, because we live with our breasts daily
Breasts are organs in plain sight of you, therefore
the best chance to detect a growth earlierthe best chance to detect a growth earlier.
4. WHAT CAN YOU DO?WHAT CAN YOU DO?
1: monthly self breast examination ( SBE) beginningy ( ) g g
at age of 18
2: annual physical exam from your doctor after age of
40
3: consider regular screening mammograms from
the age of 40 onwardsthe age of 40 onwards
4: ask your doctor how to determine your personal
risk for breast cancerrisk for breast cancer
5: if you suspect any abnormalities, see your doctor
immediately .Be responsible for your own breasty p y
health!
5. MEN TOO!Know your own breasts. It is the first step towards
being breast awarebeing breast aware.
Everyone ‘s breasts are different in texture, shape and
sizesize
Self breast exam ( SBE) is one way of knowing your
breastsbreasts
SBE should be done ONCE a month.
8. Breast cancer screening refers to
“testing” the breast in asymptomatic
women (with no symptoms) for thewomen (with no symptoms) for the
purpose of detecting unsuspected
b h lbreast cancer at a stage where early
intervention can affect outcome.intervention can affect outcome.
9. Breast cancer takes years to develop.
Early in the disease, most breast cancer cause noy
symptoms.
When breast cancer is detected at a localized stageWhen breast cancer is detected at a localized stage
(has not spread to lymph node), the 5-year survival
rate is 98%ate s 98%
If cancer has spread to regional LN, rate drop to
83%83%
If cancer has spread to distant organs (liver, lung,
bone brain) rate is only 26%bone, brain), rate is only 26%
10. Screening mammogramg g
Is an x-ray exam of the breast in a woman who has no
symptoms.
The goal is to find cancer when it is too small to be felt
by a woman or her doctor.
Finding such small cancer by a screening mammogram
greatly improves a woman’s chance for successful
treatment.
11. What is Mammography?
A mammogram is a special X-ray image of
the breast Two X rays are taken for eachthe breast. Two X-rays are taken for each
breast. The X-rays are usually done by a
trained woman radiographer Thetrained woman radiographer. The
mammograms are then reported by a
radiologist.g
Radiologists are doctors who have specialg p
training in diagnosing diseases by looking at
images of the inside of the body produced
d f ldusing x-rays, sound waves, magnetic fields,
or other methods.
12. How Do I Prepare for a Mammogra
1. It is a simple procedure and there is no need to fast. Wear a 2-
piece outfit, either pants with blouse or skirt with blouse. This
is not absolutely essential but helps so that you only need to
remove your upper clothing.
2. You should not apply any talcum powder, perfume or
deodorant to your upper body, and armpit areas. These may
cast “white spots” on the mammogram, which may affect the
interpretation of the mammogram by the radiologist.
13. 3. If you have breast pain, you may wish to schedule your
mammography after your period is over. This is normally
h h f h l l h h bthe phase of the menstrual cycle where the breasts are
less tender.
4. If you have previous mammograms, please bring themg g
along with you so that a comparison can be made
between them. This helps the radiologist reading your
films, especially in the detection of subtle abnormal
details on your mammogram. It helps to improve the
accuracy of the report.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. When Should I Go For a Mammogram?
The present guidelines for screening of
t ti ( h d t hasymptomatic women (women who do not have
any symptoms related to the breast) are:
b lAt age 35-40: baseline mammogram
At age 40-49: annual mammograms
At age 50 and above: mammograms at one or two
year intervals depending on several factors such asy p g
hormone replacement therapy, risk profile
22. Can I have a mammogram if I am younger
h 35 ld?than 35 years old?
Symptomatic women, that is women who have
signs or symptoms related to the breast like a lump,
i l di h l i (b i )nipple discharge, mastalgia (breast pain),
unexplained decrease or increase in breast size or
appearance will require a mammogram to resolveappearance, will require a mammogram to resolve
the particular problem.
Th i li i h h iThere is no age limit when there is a symptom or
sign in your breast. The above guidelines are for
women without any symptoms or signs of breastwomen without any symptoms or signs of breast
problems.
23. Is Mammography Perfect?Is Mammography Perfect?
Mammography may be the key to successful
treatment and cure of the disease. However,
mammography can fail in detection of some cancers
since not all breast cancers produce a recognizable
change in the mammogram and this occurs more
often when the woman has dense breast tissue.
Palpable cancers are not always visible and visible
cancers are not always palpable.
24.
25. Wh t d di l i tWhat do radiologists
look for on yourlook for on your
mammogram?mammogram?
26. l ifi i1: calcifications
tiny mineral deposits within the breast tissue,
hi h l k lik ll hi h filwhich look like small white spots on the films.
This may or may not be caused by cancer
(a): macrocalcifications: coarse calcium deposits,
most likely caused by aging of the breast arteries,
ld fl l d
g g
old injuries or inflammation. Related to non-
cancerous condition, do not require a biopsy
(b): microcalcifications: tiny specks of calcium, may
appear alone or in clusters. More concerning, butpp g,
still do not always mean that cancer is present. The
shape and layout of the microcalcifications helps
radiologist judge how likely it is that cancer isradiologist judge how likely it is that cancer is
present.
29. 2: MASS
Mass can be caused by many things, including cysts, non-
cancerous solid tumours and cancerous tumours.
If the mass is not a simple cyst( non-cancerous, fluid-filled
sacs), further imaging tests are required.g g q
Your prior mammogram may help show that a mass has not
changed for many years, which would be mean that thechanged for many years, which would be mean that the
mass is likely a benign condition and biopsy would not be
needed.
If the mammogram show something suspicious, tissue
must be removed and looked at under the microscope to
ll f h b d h dl btell if it is cancer. This can be done with a needle biopsy
or an open surgical biopsy.
30.
31. What happens if there is some abnormality onpp y
my mammogram?
A palpable lump or an abnormality detected onp p p y
screening mammogram may require further
examination like breast ultrasound or specialexamination like breast ultrasound or special
mammographic procedures such as stereotactic
guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) coreguided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), core
biopsy or wire localization.
32. Breast Ultrasound
Also known as sonography
high frequency sound waves are used to look inside a
f h b dpart of the body.
33.
34.
35.
36. Role of ultrasound of the breastRole of ultrasound of the breast
in screeningg
Mammography is NOT perfect and picks up on
average 85% of the breast cancers. As the densityaverage 85% of the breast cancers. As the density
of the breast increases, the cancer pick up rate for
mammograms decreases.
Women who do not have much fatty tissue in
th i b t b fit f lt dtheir breasts can benefit from ultrasound
screening examinations in addition to routine
mammogram. It has been used as a standarda og a . as bee used as a s a da d
adjunct to mammography in many centers.
37. Current evidence does not recommend ultrasound
alone as a reliable screening tool for breast canceralone as a reliable screening tool for breast cancer.
It l k fi d t il t d t t t l iIt lacks fine detail, cannot detect most calcium
deposits, is largely dependent on the operator (the
di l i t lt d t h l i t l kradiologist or ultrasound technologist, also known as
the sonographer), and cannot document how much
b i h b i d d l h i h fbreast tissue has been imaged and also has its share of
false pick-ups or missed cancers.
38. Mammography continues to be the most
i i l f bimportant screening tool for breast cancer
and combining the mammography withg g p y
ultrasound may prove to be an important
t i iti it i ithway to increase sensitivity in women with
dense breast tissue.
43. What happens if there is some abnormalitypp y
on my mammogram?
A palpable lump or an abnormality detectedp p p y
on screening mammogram may require
further examination like breast ultrasoundfurther examination like breast ultrasound
or special mammographic procedures such
t t ti id d fi dl i tias stereotactic guided fine needle aspiration
cytology (FNAC), core biopsy or wire
localization.
44. Ultrasound guided biopsyg p y
If the mass is too small or too deep within
h b b f l l d i ithe breast to be felt, ultrasound imaging can
be used so that the doctor can see the needle
on a screen as it moves toward and into the
massmass
45.
46.
47.
48. Wire localizationWire locali ation
Is a procedure used to guide a surgical/excisional
b t bi f ll th t ld b h dbreast biopsy of a small mass that would be hard
for the surgeon to locate.
It can also be useful with areas that look suspicious
on the x-ray ( microcalcifications) but do not haveon the x ray ( microcalcifications) but do not have
a distinct lump
Can be done under ultrasound guidance or
mammographic guidance