Breast cancer originates from breast tissue, most commonly from the inner lining of milk ducts or lobules. The breast is made up of a network of mammary ducts that lead to lobes containing lobules, which secrete milk stimulated by hormones. Breast cancer is classified based on histology and the presence of receptors for estrogen, progesterone and HER2. Factors like genetics, lifestyle, and environment contribute to breast cancer risk. Treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and hormonal therapy depending on cancer stage and receptor status.
estrogen signaling pathway, breast cancer
Estrogen
Estrogen receptor and signaling pathway
Introduction of cancer and gene involvement
Causes of breast cancer
Type of breast cancer
Different approaches to treat breast cancer
Estrogen receptor antagonism
Tamoxifen And CYP2D6: Using Pharmacogenetics to discover a new drugRyan Squire
Dr. Matthew Goetz, assistant professor of oncology and pharmacology at the Mayo Clinic, shared his pharmacogenomic research findings related to risks and occurrence of breast cancer. He explained that in order to truly personalize medicine, you must account for all possible theories and variables. Goetz continued to say that although many believe pharmacology to be boring, it is a key component of the future model of care. Some may say, so this drug doesn’t work–why not just try another drug? It’s much more complicated than that.
Dr. Goetz touched on the variety of cases in his study in breast cancer patients, some with strange and perplexing results. When giving the same drug to multiple patients, each yielded a variety of different results. Some patients had successful reduction in tumor size, while others resulted in no change and some even experienced tumor growth as a result of the drug. Personalized health care is the answer to this, for lack of a better term, ’shot-in-the-dark’ type of therapy. If physicians can understand each patient’s biology and genetic makeup individually, they can better apply treatments and medications. This would therefore reduce health care costs and enable patients to receive much more efficient treatments.
estrogen signaling pathway, breast cancer
Estrogen
Estrogen receptor and signaling pathway
Introduction of cancer and gene involvement
Causes of breast cancer
Type of breast cancer
Different approaches to treat breast cancer
Estrogen receptor antagonism
Tamoxifen And CYP2D6: Using Pharmacogenetics to discover a new drugRyan Squire
Dr. Matthew Goetz, assistant professor of oncology and pharmacology at the Mayo Clinic, shared his pharmacogenomic research findings related to risks and occurrence of breast cancer. He explained that in order to truly personalize medicine, you must account for all possible theories and variables. Goetz continued to say that although many believe pharmacology to be boring, it is a key component of the future model of care. Some may say, so this drug doesn’t work–why not just try another drug? It’s much more complicated than that.
Dr. Goetz touched on the variety of cases in his study in breast cancer patients, some with strange and perplexing results. When giving the same drug to multiple patients, each yielded a variety of different results. Some patients had successful reduction in tumor size, while others resulted in no change and some even experienced tumor growth as a result of the drug. Personalized health care is the answer to this, for lack of a better term, ’shot-in-the-dark’ type of therapy. If physicians can understand each patient’s biology and genetic makeup individually, they can better apply treatments and medications. This would therefore reduce health care costs and enable patients to receive much more efficient treatments.
Brca2 mutation and their influence to cancergalinayakubova
brca2 mutation and their influence to cancer . and also the types of cancers caused by them. also mentions management and risk factors and classic pedigree of brca2 mutation. also mentions statistics of brca1 and brca2
Estrogen
Estrogen receptor and signaling pathway
Introduction of cancer and gene involvement
Causes of breast cancer
Type of breast cancer
Different approaches to treat breast cancer
Estrogen receptor antagonism
Brca2 mutation and their influence to cancergalinayakubova
brca2 mutation and their influence to cancer . and also the types of cancers caused by them. also mentions management and risk factors and classic pedigree of brca2 mutation. also mentions statistics of brca1 and brca2
Estrogen
Estrogen receptor and signaling pathway
Introduction of cancer and gene involvement
Causes of breast cancer
Type of breast cancer
Different approaches to treat breast cancer
Estrogen receptor antagonism
From Queens Library's expert-led panel, Cancer Awareness: What You Need to Know, featuring professionals from New York Hospital Queens, North Shore LIJ, the American Cancer Society, and the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society
Breast Cancer Causes, Types, Symptoms, Signs, Stages and TreatmentOddwayInternational
Signs and symptoms of breast cancer include a lump in the breast, a rash, discharge from the nipple or pain in the breast area. Read more @ https://www.oddwayinternational.com/blog
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
Breast cancer
1.
2. Breast cancer (malignant
breast neoplasm) is cancer
originating from breast
tissue, most commonly
from the inner lining of milk
ducts or the lobules that
supply the ducts with milk.
3. The breast is a glandular
organ.
It is made up of a network
of mammary ducts.
Each breast has about 15-
20 mammary ducts that
lead to lobes that are made
up of lobules.
The lobules contain cells
that secrete milk that are
stimulated by estrogen and
progesterone which are
ovarian hormone.
4. A. Breast Duct System
B. Lobules
C. Breast Duct System
D. Nipple
E. Fat
F. Chest Muscle
G. Ribs
A. Cells lining duct
B. Basement membrane
C. Open central duct
5. A. Breast Duct System
B. Lobules
C. Breast Duct System
D. Nipple
E. Fat
F. Chest Muscle
G. Ribs
A. Cells lining duct
B. Extra cancer like cells
C. Intact basement
membrane
D. Open central duct
7. Although breast cancer has many different histologies, the
considerable majority of breast cancers are derived from the
epithelium lining the ducts or lobules, and are classified as
mammary ductal carcinoma.
Invasive ductal carcinoma
Ductal carcinoma in situ
Invasive lobular carcinoma
8. Grading focuses on the appearance of the breast
cancer cells compared to the appearance of normal
breast tissue. Normal cells in an organ like the
breast become differentiated, meaning that they
take on specific shapes and forms that reflect their
function as part of that organ. Cancerous cells lose
that differentiation.
9. Stage 0 is a pre-cancerous or marker condition, either ductal
carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS).
Stages 1–3 are within the breast or regional lymph nodes.
Stage 4 is metastatic cancer that has a less favorable
prognosis.
10. Breast cancer cells may or may not have many different types of
receptors.
estrogen receptor (ER)
progesterone receptor (PR)
human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) HER2/neu
11. Cells with or without these receptors are called ER positive
(ER+), ER negative (ER-), PR positive (PR+), PR negative (PR-),
HER2 positive (HER2+), and HER2 negative (HER2-).
Cells with none of these receptors are called basal-like or
triple negative.
12. ER receptors belong to a super-family of nuclear hormone
Receptors.
The main function of the estrogen receptor is as a DNA-binding
transcription factor that regulates gene expression when they
are bound to estrogens.
ER is generally expressed at low levels in normal breast
epithelial cells.
ER interactions with a number of other DNA-bound
transcription factors, such as the AP-1 complex or the SP-1
family of transcription factors.
13.
14. The progesterone receptor (PR) also known as NR3C3
(nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 3), is an
intracellular steroid receptor that specifically binds
progesterone.
15. HER2/neu stands for "Human Epidermal growth factor
Receptor 2" and is a protein giving higher aggressiveness in
breast cancers. It is a member of the ErbB protein family,
more commonly known as the epidermal growth factor
receptor family.
17. Only 5-10% of breast cancers are inherited.
Families that do have genetic defects in one of two genes,
breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) or breast cancer gene 2
(BRCA2), have a much greater risk of developing both breast
and ovarian cancer.
Other inherited mutations – including the ataxia-
telangiectasia mutation gene, the cell-cycle checkpoint kinase
2 (CHEK-2) gene and the p53 tumor suppressor gene – also
make it more likely that will develop breast cancer.
18. BRCA1 (Breast Cancer 1)
BRCA2 (Breast Cancer 2)
TP53 gene
ATM gene
19. BRCA1 is a human caretaker gene that produces a protein
called breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein, responsible
for repairing DNA.
20. BRCA2 (Breast Cancer 2 susceptibility protein) is a protein
that in humans is encoded by the BRCA2 gene and belongs to
the tumor suppressor gene family.
The BRCA2 gene is located on the long (q) arm of
chromosome 13 at position 12.3 (13q12.3).
21.
22. BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins are involved in control of
homologous recombination and double-strand break repair
in response to DNA damage .
Modulation of chromatin and DNA structure
Activation of DNA damage checkpoints.
23.
24. p53 (also known as protein 53 or tumor protein 53), is a
tumor suppressor protein that in humans is encoded by the
TP53 gene. p53 is crucial in multicellular organisms, where it
regulates the cell cycle and, thus, functions as a tumor
suppressor that is involved in preventing cancer.
27. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a serine/threonine
protein kinase that is recruited and activated by DNA double-
strand breaks. It phosphorylates several key proteins that
initiate activation of the DNA damage checkpoint, leading to
cell cycle arrest, DNA repair or apoptosis.
28. Factors that Cannot be Lifestyle Risks
Prevented Oral Contraceptive Use
Gender Not Having Children
Aging Hormone Replacement
Genetic Risk Factors Therapy
(inherited) Not Breast Feeding
Family History Alcohol Use
Personal History Obesity
Race High Fat Diets
Menstrual Cycle Physical Inactivity
Estrogen Smoking
29. Exposure to Estrogen
Radiation
Electromagnetic Fields
Xenoestrogens
Exposure to Chemicals
31. Surgery is usually the first line of attack against breast cancer.
Lumpectomy
Mastectomy
Lymph node removal
Prophylactic mastectomy
Prophylactic ovary removal
Cryotherapy
32. Chemotherapy treatment uses medicine to weaken and destroy
cancer cells in the body, including cells at the original cancer
site and any cancer cells that may have spread to another part
of the body.
Chemotherapy is used to treat:
early-stage invasive breast cancer to get rid of any cancer cells
that may be left behind after surgery and to reduce the risk of
the cancer coming back.
advanced-stage breast cancer to destroy or damage the
cancer cells as much as possible.
34. Hormonal therapy medicines treat hormone-receptor-positive
breast cancers in two ways:
by lowering the amount of the hormone estrogen in the body
by blocking the action of estrogen on breast cancer cells
35. There are several types of hormonal therapy medicines,
including:
aromatase inhibitors
selective estrogen receptor modulators
estrogen receptor downregulators.
36. Aromatase inhibitors stop the production of estrogen in post-
menopausal women
There are three aromatase inhibitors:
Arimidex (chemical name: anastrozole)
Aromasin (chemical name: exemestane)
Femara (chemical name: letrozole)
37. SERMs work by sitting in the estrogen receptors in breast cells.
There are three SERMs:
tamoxifen (also called tamoxifen citrate; brand name:
Nolvadex)
Evista (chemical name: raloxifene)
Fareston (chemical name: toremifene)
38. ERDs work in a similar way to SERMs.
ERDs also:
reduce the number of estrogen receptors.
change the shape of breast cell estrogen receptors so they
don't work as well.
There is one ERD available to treat hormone-receptor positive
breast cancer:
Faslodex (chemical name: fulvestrant)
39. 1)Roles of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in homologous recombination, DNA replication fidelity and
the cellular response to ionizing radiation.Simon N Powell*,1 and Lisa A Kachnic2
2)Pathology of hereditary breast cancer.Leonard Da Silva and Sunil R Lakhani.
3)TP53 Status and Response to Treatment in Breast Cancers.Mariana Varna,1, 2 Guilhem
Bousquet,1, 2 Louis-Franc¸ois Plassa,3 Philippe Bertheau,1, 2, 4and Anne Janin1, 2, 4.
4)The Role of Estrogen Receptors in Breast Cancer Metastasis.Suzanne A.W. Fuqua1.
5)New Molecular Classifications of Breast Cancer.Mary Cianfrocca, DO1 and William
Gradishar.