This seminar is presented as a part of weekly journal club and seminar regularly conducted at Apollo hospital,Kolkata Department of Radiation oncology.
Medulloblastoma- A primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood (WHO IV)
arising from the vermis in the inferior medullary velum.
It comprises up to 18% of all pediatric brain tumors.
WNT and Shh pathway plays major role in its pathogenesis.
c-erbB-2 (HER2/neu) oncogene expression has prognostic value. Norcantharidin, Vismodegib, Sonidegib are the future in medulloblastoma.
This seminar is presented as a part of weekly journal club and seminar regularly conducted at Apollo hospital,Kolkata Department of Radiation oncology.
Medulloblastoma- A primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood (WHO IV)
arising from the vermis in the inferior medullary velum.
It comprises up to 18% of all pediatric brain tumors.
WNT and Shh pathway plays major role in its pathogenesis.
c-erbB-2 (HER2/neu) oncogene expression has prognostic value. Norcantharidin, Vismodegib, Sonidegib are the future in medulloblastoma.
Posterior fossa contains vital structures including cerebellum and brain stem and Vertebrobasilar vascular tree. Posterior fossa is supplied by AICA, PICA, SCA and PCA and their branches.
In this presentation we will dscuss the imp imaging features of Posterior fossa tumors in pediatric age group.
Medulloblastoma
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Ependymoma
Brainstem Glioma
Schwanoma
Meningioma
Epidermoid Cyst
Arachnoid Cyst
Posterior fossa contains vital structures including cerebellum and brain stem and Vertebrobasilar vascular tree. Posterior fossa is supplied by AICA, PICA, SCA and PCA and their branches.
In this presentation we will dscuss the imp imaging features of Posterior fossa tumors in pediatric age group.
Medulloblastoma
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Ependymoma
Brainstem Glioma
Schwanoma
Meningioma
Epidermoid Cyst
Arachnoid Cyst
A brain tumor, known as an intracranial tumor, is an abnormal mass of tissue in which cells grow and multiply uncontrollably, seemingly unchecked by the mechanisms that control normal cells.
Intramedullary spinal cord tumor is the rare condition demanding high index of suspicion in diagnosis and high yield surgical expertise to produce good outcome.
Water dynamic of UBE Unilateral Biportal Endoscopy.pptxsuresh Bishokarma
Unilateral Biportal Endoscopy (UBE) is a fluid medium surgery. Continuous saline output is critical
Hydrostatic pressure. Managing the fluid is the key to successful surgery. It use the principle of Bernauli’s and Pascal law. Explore the water dynamic of UBE surgery.
Posterior lumbar fusion vs Lumbar interbody fusion Evidence based.pptxsuresh Bishokarma
Lumbar degenerative disc diseases (LDDD): irreversible process in lumbar disk architecture.
Sparse literature to choose proper technique to address these pathology with or without fusion surgery.
A clear benefit of lumbar fusion surgery: lowered pain and disability scores.
Lumbar surgery rates have increased steadily over time, and hence related complications.
Evidence of the superiority of one technique over the other is sparse.
Surgery offers greater improvement compared with non-operative treatment in LDDD.
Surgery in disc herniation resulted in faster recovery, However no added benefit of fusion surgery.
There was no obvious disadvantage of posterolateral fusion without internal fixation in patient with spondylosis.
Among patients with lumbar spinal stenosis without spondylolisthesis, decompression plus fusion surgery may not result in better clinical outcomes.
In patient with spondylolisthesis with or without stenosis, fusion is more effective than laminectomy in achieving a satisfactory outcome. Decompression only had the least satisfactory outcome.
Patients who underwent interbody fusion may have significantly higher fusion rates compared to posterior lumbar fusion only.
TLIF has advantages over PLIF in the complication rate, blood loss, and operation duration. The clinical outcome is similar, with a slightly lower postoperative ODI score for TLIF.
In the end, The choice of technique is still greatly based on the surgeons’ preference and experience.
Brain abscess may have hematogenous spread: Pneumococcus common or via Contiguous spread. Risk factors includes pulmonary abscess or AV fistulas, congenital cyanotic heart disease, immunocompromised, chronic sinusitis/otitis, dental procedures. Intraventricular rupture of abscess is life threatening. Timely diagnosis and treatment is the goal.
Pituitary tumor accounts for ~10% ICT. They are common in 3-4 decade and shows association with MEN I.
About 5% of PT are invasive usually with giant tumor (>4cm). Tumor can be classified as functional (hormone secreting) or non functional. This slides details the algorithmic approach in management of pituitary tumors.
Pineal gland is essentially an extra axial midline structure lying at the roof of dienchephalon rostral to the quadrigeminal cistern surrounded by important neurovascular structure, occurring in the geometric center of brain with same depth of trajectory had made the surgery in this region a formidable challenge to neurosurgeons, however radical resection must be the goal in selected pathologies, if not pure germ cell tumor.
Before embarking on an approach, the surgeon should be familiar with both the ventricular anatomy and the options for optimally Accessing lesions in third ventricle is a surgical challenge because of its difficult corridor as well as deeper location, need of neural incision, preservation of vascular, thalamus and hypothalamus and likely risk of fornix injury.
Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) are abnormal connections of arteries and veins in the brain, forming a tangled web of vessels instead of a normal capillary network treated with multimodalities including, SRS, embolisation and Microneurosurgery.
This slides updates the management of AVM highlighting the importance of SM grading, Pollock radiation grading etc.
Brain abscess is a common neurosurgical emergencies, of which periventricular warrants urgent attention either medically or surgically. This algorithmic approach may help understand the very essentials of Brain abscess.
Angulation, trajectory and depth of screw placement in spine is not everyone's cup of tea unless you have a very clear idea of its ergonomics and dynamics.
Radiosurgery is a discipline that utilizes externally generated ionizing radiation in certain cases to inactivate or eradicate a defined target(s) in the head or spine without the need to make an incision. Its uses in Neurosurgery is immense.
Gliomas are the commonest tumor of brain arising from the supportive cells of the brain with diverse form and presentation the treatment of which is surgical and demands adjuvant therapy for most of circumstances.
Foramen magnum meningiomas are challenging tumors, requiring special considerations because of the vicinity of the medulla oblongata, the lower cranial nerves, and the vertebral artery. It accounts for 1-3% of all intracranial Meningioma.
Brain metastasis is an advance diseases with poor overall prognosis management of which is full of controversies. This slide aims to make metastasis simplified.
Dandy–Walker malformation (DWM) encompasses cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle, complete or partial agenesis of cerebella vermis and enlarged posterior fossa while Dandy–Walker variant (DWV) comprises cystic posterior mass with variable hypoplasia of the cerebella vermis and no enlargement of the posterior fossa.
The caroticocavernous fistula is a specific type of dural arteriovenousfistula characterized by abnormal arteriovenous shunting within the cavernous sinus.
A caroticocavernous fistula results in high-pressure arterial blood entering the low-pressure venous cavernous sinus.
This interferes with normal venous drainage patterns and compromises blood flow within the cavernous sinus and the orbit.
Vascular crowding in the ventricle of brain is the chorioid plexus, the primary function of which is to secrete CSF has immensely diverse function which is still the huge scope in neuroscience exploration.
Liliequist membrane may be understood as a projection formed by an arachnoid membrane extending from the dorsum sellae to the mammillary bodies coined after Liliequist (1956). It has surgical importance in Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and cisternostomy.
The most common cause of death in young is non other than Head injury. The modern advances not only gave human mankind a luxury but with high velocity injury there is high burden of head injury too. This slide is updated with BTF 2016 guideline
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
2. Key concept
• MRI can differentiate malignant from benign
lesions
• Trend: lower grade tumors tend to occur in the
upper brainstem, and higher grade tumors in the
Lower brainstem/medulla
• Usually presents with multiple cranial nerve
palsies and long tract findings.
• Most are malignant, have poor prognosis, and are
not surgical candidates.
• Role of surgery primarily limited to dorsally
exophytic lesions and shunting.
31.08.2016 BRAIN STEM GLIOMA NINAS
3. • Brainstem gliomas (BSG) tend to occur during
childhood and adolescence (77% are < 20 yrs
old
• They comprise 1% of adult tumor
• BSG are one of the 3 most common brain
tumors in pediatrics.
31.08.2016 BRAIN STEM GLIOMA NINAS
4. PRESENTATION
• Upper brainstem tumors tend to present with
cerebellar findings and hydrocephalus
• Lower brainstem tumors tend to present with
multiple lower cranial nerve deficits and long
tract finding.
31.08.2016 BRAIN STEM GLIOMA NINAS
5. • Due to their invasive nature, signs and
symptoms usually do not occur until the
tumor is fairly extensive in size.
6. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
1. Gait disturbance
2. Headache
3. Nausea/vomiting
4. Cranial nerve deficits: diplopia, facial asymmetry
5. Distal motor weakness in 30%
6. Papilledema in 50%
7. Hydrocephalus in 60%, usually due to aqueductal
obstruction (often late, except with periaqueductal
tumors, e.g. below)
8. Failure to thrive (especially in age ≤ 2 yrs)
31.08.2016 BRAIN STEM GLIOMA NINAS
7. PATHOLOGY
• Heterogeneous group.
• There may be a tendency towards lower grade
tumors in the upper brainstem (76% were
low-grade) versus the lower brainstem (100%
of the glioblastomas were in the medulla)
31.08.2016 BRAIN STEM GLIOMA NINAS
9. • A cystic component is seen rarely.
• Calcifications are also rare.
31.08.2016 BRAIN STEM GLIOMA NINAS
10. Growth patterns that can be identified by MRI that may
correlate with prognosis
• 1. diffuse: all are malignant (most are anaplastic
astrocytomas, the rest are glioblastomas). On MRI these
tumors extend into the adjacent region in vertical axis (e.g.
medullary tumors extend into pons and/or cervical cord) with
very little growth towards obex, remaining intraaxial.
• 2. cervicomedullary: most (72%) are low-grade astrocytomas.
The rostral extent of these tumors is limited to the
spinomedullary junction. Most bulge into the obex of the 4th
ventricle (some may have an actual exophytic component).
31.08.2016 BRAIN STEM GLIOMA NINAS
11. • 3. focal: extent limited to medulla (does not
extend up into pons nor down into spinal cord).
Most (66%) are low-grade astrocytomas
• 4. dorsally exophytic: may be an extension of
“focal” tumors . Many of these may actually be
low grade gliomas including:
• a) Pilocytic astrocytomas,
• b) Gangliogliomas : very rare, only 13 cases
reported as of 1984. Compared to other BSGs,
these patients tend to be slightly older and the
medulla is involved more frequently.
31.08.2016 BRAIN STEM GLIOMA NINAS
12. Evaluation
• MRI
• The diagnostic test of choice. MRI evaluates
status of ventricles, gives optimal assessment of
tumor (CT is poor in the posterior fossa) and
detects exophytic component.
• T1WI: almost all are hypointense, homogeneous
(excluding cysts).
• T2WI: increased signal, homogeneous (excluding
cysts).
Gadolinium enhancement is highly variable.
31.08.2016 BRAIN STEM GLIOMA NINAS
13. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
• Most do not enhance on CT, except possibly
an exophytic component.
• If there is marked enhancement, consider
other diagnoses (e.g. high grade vermian
astrocytoma).
31.08.2016 BRAIN STEM GLIOMA NINAS
14. Treatment
Surgery
• Biopsy: should not be performed when the
MRI shows a diffuse infilt rating brainstem
lesion (does not change treatment or
outcome).
• Treatment is usually non -surgical.
31.08.2016 BRAIN STEM GLIOMA NINAS
15. • Exceptions where surgery may be indicated:
– 1. tumors with a dorsally exophytic component2: see
below these may protrude into 4th ventricle or CP
angle tumor which tend to enhance with IV contrast,
tend to be lower grade.
– 2. some success has been achieved with non-
exophytic tumors that are not malignant
astrocytomas.
– (surgery in malignant astrocytomas is without benefit)
– 3. shunting for hydrocephalus
16. Dorsally exophytic tumors
• These tumors are generally histologically benign (e.g.
gangliogliomas) and are amen able to radical subtotal resection.
• Prolonged survival is possible, with a low incidence of disease
progression at short-term follow-up.
• Surgical goals in exophytic tumors include:
– 1. enhanced survival by subtotal removal of exophytic component
broad attachment to the floor of 4th ventricle is typical and usually
precludes complete excision (although some “safe entry” zones have
been described. An ultrasonic aspirator facilitates debulking.
– 2. establishing diagnosis: radiographic differentiation of exophytic
brainstem gliomas tumors from other lesions (e.g. medulloblastoma,
ependymoma and dermoids) may be difficult.
– 3. tumors that demonstrate recurrent growth after resection remained
histologically benign and were amenable to re-resect ion.
31.08.2016 BRAIN STEM GLIOMA NINAS
17. • Complications of surgery generally consisted
of exacerbation of pre-operative symptoms
(ataxia, cranial nerve palsies) which usually
resolved with time.
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18. Medical Management
• No proven chemotherapeutic regimen.
• Steroids are usually administered.
• In pediatrics, there is some indication of
response to temozolomide.
31.08.2016 BRAIN STEM GLIOMA NINAS
19. Radiation
• Tradition ally given as 45–55 Gy over a six
week period, five days per week. When
combined with steroids, symptomatic
improvement occurs in 80% of patients.
• Possible improved survival with so called
“hyperfractionation” where multiple smaller
doses per day are used.
31.08.2016 BRAIN STEM GLIOMA NINAS
20. Prognosis
• Most children with malignant BSG will die within
6–12 months of diagnosis.
• XRT may not prolong survival in patients with
grade III or IV tumors.
• A subgroup of children have a more slowly
growing tumor and may have up to 50% five-year
survival.
• Dorsally exophytic tumors comprised of pilocytic
astrocytomas may have a better prognosis.
31.08.2016 BRAIN STEM GLIOMA NINAS