A brief overview of pituitary adenomas, their subtypes, classification, investigation protocols, radiological evaluation, and their medical management.
4 th ventricle- Anatomical and surgical perspectivesuresh Bishokarma
4th ventricle connects the entire ventricular system of brain. Its connection with cisterns magna and cerebella pontine cistern via foramen of magenta and Luschka. CSF absorbs into the arachnoid granulation.
Foramen magnum meningiomas are challenging tumors, requiring special considerations because of the vicinity of the medulla oblongata, the lower cranial nerves, and the vertebral artery. It accounts for 1-3% of all intracranial Meningioma.
A brief overview of pituitary adenomas, their subtypes, classification, investigation protocols, radiological evaluation, and their medical management.
4 th ventricle- Anatomical and surgical perspectivesuresh Bishokarma
4th ventricle connects the entire ventricular system of brain. Its connection with cisterns magna and cerebella pontine cistern via foramen of magenta and Luschka. CSF absorbs into the arachnoid granulation.
Foramen magnum meningiomas are challenging tumors, requiring special considerations because of the vicinity of the medulla oblongata, the lower cranial nerves, and the vertebral artery. It accounts for 1-3% of all intracranial Meningioma.
Craniopharyngioma is thought to arise from ectodermally derived epithelial remnants of rathke’s pouch and there craniopharyngeal duct.
Neoplastic transformation of cells derived from tooth primordia give rise to adamantinomatous craniopharnygioma, whereas
such transformation in cells derived from buccal mucosa primodia give rise to papillary type
Pituitary tumor accounts for ~10% ICT. They are common in 3-4 decade and shows association with MEN I.
About 5% of PT are invasive usually with giant tumor (>4cm). Tumor can be classified as functional (hormone secreting) or non functional. This slides details the algorithmic approach in management of pituitary tumors.
Posterior fossa contains vital structures including cerebellum and brain stem and Vertebrobasilar vascular tree. Posterior fossa is supplied by AICA, PICA, SCA and PCA and their branches.
Craniopharyngioma is thought to arise from ectodermally derived epithelial remnants of rathke’s pouch and there craniopharyngeal duct.
Neoplastic transformation of cells derived from tooth primordia give rise to adamantinomatous craniopharnygioma, whereas
such transformation in cells derived from buccal mucosa primodia give rise to papillary type
Pituitary tumor accounts for ~10% ICT. They are common in 3-4 decade and shows association with MEN I.
About 5% of PT are invasive usually with giant tumor (>4cm). Tumor can be classified as functional (hormone secreting) or non functional. This slides details the algorithmic approach in management of pituitary tumors.
Posterior fossa contains vital structures including cerebellum and brain stem and Vertebrobasilar vascular tree. Posterior fossa is supplied by AICA, PICA, SCA and PCA and their branches.
Pituitary tumors: Most common type of pituitary tumor is pituitary adenoma. Most pituitary adenomas develop in adenohypophysis.
Pituitary tumors account for 12-19% of all primary brain tumors, making them 3rd most common primary brain tumors in adults.
These tumors are broadly classified based on whether they secrete excessive amounts of pituitary hormones or not.
2/3rd of the pituitary adenomas are secreting type.
Adrenal Gland and its Disorders with surgical management.Manish Shetty
Short and brief description of adrenal gland and its disorder.
it involves the basic anatomy, physiology and metabolism of adrenal hormones.
.Adrenal gland tumor like adrenal cortical tumor phaechromocytoma, incidentalaoma are mentioned in this PPT.
it explains the clinical symptoms, investigation and desired management of adrenal gland disorders.
Aula sobre discite infecciosa/osteomielite coluna vertebral apresentada como seminário no departamento de Neurocirurgia do Hospital de Clínicas da UNICAMP
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
3. Epidemiology:
• Most common tumor in sella region (except
CRANIOPHARYNGIOMAS in childhood)
• Prevalence is 19-28 cases per 100,000 people.
• Meta-analysis of autopsy data and radiologic
studies in healthy volunteers: pituitary adenomas
are found in 14% of autopsies and 23% of CT/MRI
studies
4. Epidemiology:
• Mean prevalence of 17%
• 4-20 % of all CNS tumors.
• Young adults (peak 3-4th decades);
• men = women (symptomatic prolactinomas and
Cushing disease are found more frequently in
women)
5. Tumor development
• Adenomas grow slowly!
• Initially confined to sella turcica → may grow out
of sella and compress /encase / destroy:
a) optic chiasm
b) cavernous sinus and internal carotids (lateral
extension)
c) hypothalamus
d) surrounding bony structures (e.g. sphenoid sinus)
6. Tumor development
• Locally invasive adenomas nearly always are
histologically benign! CNS metastases and, rarely,
distant metastases can occur!
• Pituitary adenomas never have calcifications!?
(look at CT – if calcium is present, it is
craniopharyngioma)?
. Toshihiro Ogiwara et al. Acta Neurochirurgica 2017 August 19
8. Microscopic Anatomy
• Routine staining:
a) chromophilic cells (acidophilic or basophilic)
b) chromophobic cells.
routine staining is meaningless - tumor can be
difficult to differentiate from normal tissue or
metastatic disease and immunohistochemical
staining and electron microscopy are essential!
.
9. Microscopic Anatomy
Adenoma - packeted arrangement of cells resembles that
of anterior pituitary, together with prominent vascular
network:
11. Clinical Features
HORMONAL FUNCTION CONTROL
A) hormonal hypersecretion (most commonly
prolactin!)
B) destruction of normal gland → hypopituitarism
(partial in 37-85% patients with nonsecretory
tumors, pan in 6-29% patients with nonsecretory
tumors)
• All MACROADENOMAS eventually cause
hypopituitarism.
12. Clinical Features
HORMONAL FUNCTION CONTROL
• If hypopituitarism occurs, hormone loss is
sequential: GH → gonadotropins → ACTH → TSH.
• Primary pituitary tumors rarely cause ADH
deficiency (except when induced by
hypophysectomy)
diabetes insipidus is more common in
CRANIOPHARYNGIOMAS.
13. Clinical Features
MASS EFFECT
1) Headache occurs in 20% (can be diffuse and
nonpulsatile and may be mistaken for daily
headaches; more often in females) – due to
stretching of diaphragma sellae and adjacent dural
structures; ICP is normal!!
Rizzoli P. et al “Headache in Patients With Pituitary
Lesions: A Longitudinal Cohort Study” Neurosurgery:
March 2016 - Volume 78 - Issue 3 - p 316–323
14. Clinical Features
2) crossing fibers in optic chiasm (superior
bitemporal quadrantanopia → full bitemporal
hemianopia - chief and earliest finding in most
patients!)
15. Clinical Features
• Relationship of pituitary and optic chiasm:
a) chiasm directly above pituitary (80%).
b) chiasm anteriorly to pituitary (9%) – PRE FIXED
c) chiasm behind pituitary (11%) – POST FIXED
16. Clinical Features
• further expansion compromises noncrossing
fibers - affects lower and finally upper nasal
quadrants.
any pattern of visual loss is possible, e.g.:
– asymmetrical loss results from chiasm ischemia
produced by vessel occlusion.
17. Clinical Features
3) Lateral extension into cavernous sinus → diplopia,
ophthalmoplegias, postganglionic Horner syndrome.
4) Hypothalamic compression (e.g. Stalk effect
leading to hyperprolactinemia, diabetes insipidus,
alterations in consciousness, memory, intake of food
and water).
5) Extension into sphenoid sinus → CSF rhinorrhea (≈
0.5% cases) - cortical bone separating sella from
sphenoid sinus is quite thin in normal individuals!
19. Diagnosis – MRI :
• Gold standard, more sensitive method for tumor
identification (esp. 1-mm cuts and magnified views through
sella – pituitary protocol)
Normal NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
• on T1-MRI shows increased signal (representing
neurosecretory granules in ADH-containing axons).
Normal ADENOHYPOPHYSIS:
• isointense with grey matter on all MR sequences.
• circumventricular organ without an intact BBB - enhances
homogeneously
20. Diagnosis – MRI :
• MICROADENOMAS enhance later and/or lesser than
normal pituitary tissue!
• other indirect MRI signs:
1) gland height ↑ (normally < 10 mm)
2) gland upper margin contour alteration from concave or
straight to convex
3) erosion of sella turcica floor adjacent to hypointensity area
4) displacement of pituitary stalk (normally midline) away from
hypointensity area.
23. Diagnosis – SPECT:
• 99mTc(V)-DMSA is actively taken up by adenomas relative to
other sellar/suprasellar lesions.
• Radiolabeled somatostatin or dopamine can potentially
differentiate hormone producing from nonfunctioning
pituitary adenomas and identify patients who would benefit
from pharmacotherapy, although the clinical feasibility of this
is unclear.
25. Diagnosis – Laboratory:
• IPSS: Inferior petrosal sinus sampling is used to localize
tumors not seen radiographically (e.g. many ACTH-secreting
microadenomas are < 5 mm).
• Central hypothyroidism is typically confirmed by the
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test, in
which serum TSH is measured serially post-TRH at 20 and 60
minutes, with a normal response defined as the 20- minute
TSH value being higher than the 60-minute TSH value. A flat
response is seen in pituitary disease, and delayed response,
with the 60-minute value higher than the 20-minute value, is
seen in hypothalamic disease.
26. Diagnosis – Laboratory:
• PROLACTIN
• Nonsecreting tumors are commonly associated with slight
elevations of serum prolactin (< 150*).
• STALK SYNDROME (compression of pituitary stalk,
interrupting dopaminergic fibers that inhibit prolactin
release).
- Hook effect (s. prozone effect) - resulting in false negatives or
inaccurately low results – too much antigen (prolactin)
interferes with results (H: diluting blood sample; modern labs
do it automatically):
28. Aggressive Pituitary Tumors
• 25-55% of pituitary tumors are invasive
• WHO Classification
– Typical adenomas
– Atypical adenomas
– Pituitary carcinomas
Di Ieva, A. et al. (2014) Aggressive pituitary adenomas—diagnosis and emerging treatments
Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.64
29. Atypical Adenomas
• Atypical morphological features
• Elevated mitotic index
• Ki-67 ≥ 3%
• Positive p53 staining
• 2.7% - 15% of all pituitary tumors
Di Ieva, A. et al. (2014) Aggressive pituitary adenomas—diagnosis and emerging treatments
Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.64
30. Pituitary Carcinomas
• Must have craniospinal dissemination or
systemic metastases
• 0.2% of all pituitary tumors
• Can share morphological features with
pituitary adenomasDi Ieva, A. et al. (2014) Aggressive pituitary adenomas—diagnosis and emerging treatments
Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.64
33. Hardy Classification System
Di Ieva, A. et al. (2014) Aggressive pituitary adenomas—diagnosis and emerging treatments
Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.64
34. Knosp Classification System
Di Ieva, A. et al. (2014) Aggressive pituitary adenomas—diagnosis and emerging treatments
Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.64
43. The Right Plan: What does not change
• Goal of Surgery
– Same indications, end points, criteria of
success
• Basic techniques of tumor resection
– Suction, curettes
• Angle of approach and relevant
anatomy
44. The Right Plan: What does not change
• Major complications to avoid:
– Carotid injury
– Optic nerve damage, CSF leak, endocrine
complications, post-op hemorrhage
Picture from Johns Hopkins i-star lab website
45. The Right Plan: What does change
• Speculum use
• Nasal trauma
• Visual perspective
– 3-D at a distance = microscope
– 2-D plus proprioception up close =
endoscope
– Narrow vs wide visual working space
One surgeon vs Two surgeons
46. Visualization Difference
Simmen DB, Briner HR, Jones N. Endoscopically assisted bimanual operating technique. In Stamm AC(ed):
Transnasal endoscopic skull base and brain surgery. New York: Thieme. 2011. p 92-8.
47. Visualization Difference
Nomikos P, Fahlbusch R, Buchfelder M. Recent developments in transsphenoidal surgery
of pituitary surgery. Hormones (Athens). 3(2):85-91, 2004.
48. Looking Around Corners
Perneczky A, Müller-Forell W, van Lindert E, Fries G. Keyhole concept in
neurosurgery. New York: Thieme. 1999
49. Tools and Working Space
Simmen DB, Briner HR, Jones N. Endoscopically assisted bimanual operating technique. In
Stamm AC(ed): Transnasal endoscopic skull base and brain surgery. New York: Thieme.
2011. p 92-8.
56. Hadad G, Bassagaisteguy L, Timperley D, Stamm AC. Management of skull base defects after extended
endoscopic skull base surgery: from free grafts to vascularized flaps. In Stamm AC(ed): Transnasal
endoscopic skull base and brain surgery. New York: Thieme. 2011. p 379-85.
57. Reconstruction
Hadad G, Bassagaisteguy L, Timperley D, Stamm AC. Management of skull base defects after extended
endoscopic skull base surgery: from free grafts to vascularized flaps. In Stamm AC(ed): Transnasal
endoscopic skull base and brain surgery. New York: Thieme. 2011. p 379-85.
58. - 39.1% pituitary adenomas, 11.8% meningiomas
- CSF leak most common complication (15.9%)
- <6% CSF leak after adoption of nasal-septal flap
72. Transcranial Options – Extended
Bifrontal
Recinos PF, Goodwin CR, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Brem H. Transcranial surgery for pituitary macroadenomas. In Quiñones-
Hinojosa A (ed): Schmidek and Sweet Operative Neurosurgical Techniques, 6th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier: 2012. p. 280-291
73. Transcranial Options – Extended
Bifrontal
Recinos PF, Goodwin CR, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Brem H. Transcranial surgery for pituitary macroadenomas. In Quiñones-
Hinojosa A (ed): Schmidek and Sweet Operative Neurosurgical Techniques, 6th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier: 2012. p. 280-291
74. Transcranial Options - COZ
Recinos PF, Goodwin CR, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Brem H. Transcranial surgery for pituitary macroadenomas. In Quiñones-
Hinojosa A (ed): Schmidek and Sweet Operative Neurosurgical Techniques, 6th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier: 2012. p. 280-291
75. Transcranial Options - COZ
Recinos PF, Goodwin CR, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Brem H. Transcranial surgery for pituitary macroadenomas. In Quiñones-
Hinojosa A (ed): Schmidek and Sweet Operative Neurosurgical Techniques, 6th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier: 2012. p. 280-291
82. Take Home Points
• The expanded endscopic endonasal
approach has greatly increased possible
exposure of the anterior skull base
• Large transnasal exposures can be done
safely provided that vascularized tissue is
used to close the defect
• Expanded endonasal approaches are good
options in cases of previous failed surgery
and radiation
• Management of aggressive pituitary tumors
requires a multidisciplinary approach