brachial plexus, branches of brachial plexus, main nerves of brachial plexus and their innervations, disorders of brachial plexus injury, Erb's palsy, Klumpke's palsy, compression of brachial plexus
brachial plexus, branches of brachial plexus, main nerves of brachial plexus and their innervations, disorders of brachial plexus injury, Erb's palsy, Klumpke's palsy, compression of brachial plexus
After completion of this session, students should be able to discuss, identify, and describe:
The anatomical factors predisposing to nerve injuries.
The anatomy of deformity, weakness and sensory loss following the nerve injury.
The applied anatomy of clinical examination for specific nerves.
Surgical anatomy of treating nerve injuries.
4th year medical student's seminar presentation under supervision of orthopedic lecturer. Reference is from Dr. Sameh Doss Textbook of upper and lower limb, and also other multiple websites.
After completion of this session, students should be able to discuss, identify, and describe:
The anatomical factors predisposing to nerve injuries.
The anatomy of deformity, weakness and sensory loss following the nerve injury.
The applied anatomy of clinical examination for specific nerves.
Surgical anatomy of treating nerve injuries.
4th year medical student's seminar presentation under supervision of orthopedic lecturer. Reference is from Dr. Sameh Doss Textbook of upper and lower limb, and also other multiple websites.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
6. 12-2
Spinal Nerves
Spinal nerves attach to
the spinal cord via roots
Dorsal root
Has only sensory neurons
Attached to cord via rootlets
Dorsal root ganglion
○
Bulge formed by cell bodies
of unipolar sensory neurons
Ventral root
Has only motor neurons
No ganglion - all cell bodies
of motor neurons found in
gray matter of spinal cord
7. 12-3
Spinal Nerves
31 pair
each contains thousands of nerve fibers
All are mixed nerves have both sensory and motor
neurons)
Connect to the spinal cord
Named for point of issue from the spinal cord
8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1-C8)
12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1-T12)
5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1-L5)
5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1-S5)
1 pair of coccygeal nerves (Co1)
8. 12-4
Formation of Rami
Rami are lateral branches of a
spinal nerve
Rami contain both sensory
and motor neurons
Two major groups
Dorsal ramus
○ Neurons innervate the
dorsal regions of the body
Ventral ramus
○ Larger
○ Neurons innervate the
ventral regions of the
body
○ Braid together to form
plexuses (plexi)
9.
10.
11. 12-8
Brachial Plexus
Formed by ventral rami of
spinal nerves C5-T1
Five ventral rami form
three trunks that separate into
six divisions that then form
cords that give rise to nerves
Major nerves
Axillary
Radial
Musculocutaneous
Ulnar
Median
13. 12-10
Brachial Plexus: Radial Nerve
Motor components stimulate
Posterior muscles of arm, forearm, and
hand
○ Triceps, supinator, brachioradialis,
extensors
○ Cause extension movements at elbow
and wrist, thumb movements
Sensory components
Skin on posterior surface of arm and
forearm, hand
14. 12-11
Brachial Plexus:
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Motor components stimulate
Flexors in anterior upper arm:
(biceps brachii, brachialis)
○ Cause flexion movements at
shoulder and elbow
Sensory: Skin along lateral
surface of forearm
15. 12-12
Brachial Plexus: Ulnar Nerve
Motor components
stimulate
Flexor muscles in anterior
forearm (FCU, FDP, most
intrinsic muscles of hand)
Results in wrist and finger
flexion
Sensory: Skin on medial
part of hand
16. 12-13
Brachial Plexus: Median Nerve
Motor components
stimulate
All but one of the flexors of the
wrist and fingers, and thenar
muscles at base of thumb
(Palmaris longus, FCR, FDS,
FPL, pronator)
Causes flexion of the wrist
and fingers and thumb
Sensory components
Stimulate skin on lateral part
of hand
23. Mechanisms of Injury to the Brachial
Plexus
A.Traction: direct blow to the
shoulder with the neck laterally
flexed toward the unaffected
shoulder (gymnast falls on beam)
B.Direct trauma: direct blow to the
supraclavicular fossa over Erb’s point
C.Compression: Occurs when the
neck is flexed laterally toward the
patient’s affected shoulder,
compressing / irritating the nerves,
resulting in point tenderness over
involved vertebrae of affected
nerve(s)
(Troub, 2001)
28. Brachial Plexus Injuries
Upper Lesions of the Brachial
Plexus (Erb’s Palsy): resulting from
excessive displacement of the head to
opposite side and depression of shoulder
on the same side.
29. This causes excessive traction or
even tearing of C5 and 6 roots of
the plexus. It occurs in infants
during a difficult delivery or in
adults after a blow to or fall on
shoulder.
32. Effects:
Motor: paralysis of
the supraspinatus,
infraspinatus,
subclavius,
biceps brachii,
part of brachialis,
coracobrachialis;
deltoid
teres minor.
Sensroy: sensory loss on the lateral side
of the arm.
33. Deformity:
waiter tip postion
c. limb will hang by the side,
d. medially rotated by sternocostal part
of the pectoralis major;
e. pronated forearm (biceps paralysis)
36. Lower Lesions of the Brachial Plexus
(Klumpke Palsy)
traction injuries by excessive abduction of
the arm
i.e. occurs if person falling from a height
clutching at an object to save himself or
herself.
Can be caused by cervical rib.
T1 is usually torn (ulnar and median
nerves)
40. Motor Effects: paralysis of all the
small muscles of the hand.
Sensory effects: loss of sensation
along the medial side of the arm.
deformity: claw hand caused by
hyperextension of the
metacarpophalangeal joints and
flexion of the interphalangeal
joints.
41.
42.
43.
44. Symptoms:
• a limp or paralyzed arm
• severe pain, especially in
the neck and shoulders,
but also in the arm
• numbness in the arm or
hand
• diminished arterial pulses
in the arm
46. Imaging studies :
X-ray of cervical spine :
Fracture of lateral masses of cervical vertebrae are
strongly associated with pre-ganglionic injuries.
Chest x-ray :
May show 1st and 2nd rib fracture or an elevated
hemidiaphragm, which denotes phrenic nerve
paralysis and proximal injury to upper plexus.
Fractures of scapula and clavicle and Humerus may
indicate infraclavicular plexus injuries.
47. INVESTIGATIONS
EMG :
Most important use of EMG studies is for serial evaluation
of injury to search for signs of re innervation.
A decreased in number of fibrillation potentials and positive
sharp potentials typically seen in dennervated muscles
regenerating axons have reached the motor end plates.
The appearance of prolonged, polyphasic and low-amp
indicated re-innervation.
Seen several weeks before the onset of voluntary muscle
contraction and signify that a further period of
observation is in order.
48.
49.
50. CT Myelography :
If plexus injury is strongly suspected a myelogram and
subsequent CT scan should be obtained 2-3 months
after injury.
It may be inaccurate early after the injury because clotted
blood may occlude the opening into the pseudomeningocele.
A delay of 6-12 weeks is recommended before myelogram is
advised.
Advantages:
-detect partial root avulsion
-excellent visualization of bony structures
-no CSF flow artifacts and
-multiplanar reconstruction.
Disadvantages:
- high radiation dose
-poor visualization of lower brachial plexus
due to bony artifacts.
51.
52. CT myelogram showing a normal brachial plexus (left) and injured brachial plexus
(right)
54. Nerve root avulsion. Axial T2-weighted (A) and
coronal MIP 3D STIR SPACE (B) images show the
avulsed left T1 nerve root (large arrows) and C8
nerve root (small arrow) with
pseudomeningocele formation
58. OBSTETRIC OR NEONATAL
Consevative
• The majority of patients with brachial plexus palsy
at birth will recover from neurologic deficit.
• 1-2 week rest of affected limb
• No traction of affected arm, no pressure under
axila.
• Those who do not recover during 3-6month
period will Require surgical intervention.
60. Treatment Surgical options
d. nerve transfers
e. nerve grafting
f. muscle transfers
g. free muscle transfers
h. neurolysis of scar around the brachial
plexus in incomplete lesions.
61. Advances in nerve injury Rx
Carlstedt obtained promising initial
results with the repair of preganglionic
lesions by replanting nerve rootlets
directly into the spinal cord.
This is a dramatic advance because
preganglionic lesions were previously
thought to be irreparable
62.
63. Types of Nerve repairs
Epineural repair
Group fascicular repair
Perineural repair