Bosnian Escape To Freedom

Bosnian Escape To Freedom
Escape to Freedom
Bosnia is a country located on the Balkan Peninsula in Eastern Europe. After the end of the Soviet
Union a number of European states were created, which included Bosnia. There was conflict
between ethnic and religious groups because borders were changed. A war broke out in 1992
because Serbs and Croats living in Bosnia wanted the territory for themselves. Serbian leader
Slobodan Milosevic sent the Yugoslav Army to eastern Bosnia and killed thousands. They started an
"ethnic cleansing" process; they destroyed large areas where Bosnian Muslims lived; they were
captured, beaten, tortured and sent to concentration camps. The Serbs had a policy for raping the
Bosnian women because this destroyed bonds between families. More than 800,000 Bosnians fled
their country, having lost their homes and loved ones.
There are many Bosnians living outside their country. According to the book, The Bosnian Diaspora,
an estimate of 1.4 million Bosnians live outside of Bosnia. The largest Bosnian Diaspora occurred
because of the war, which caused thousands of Bosnians to flee their home, most of them Muslim.
"From 1991 to 1994, 11,500 immigrated. The number fell to 8,300 in 1995, then rose to 11,900 in
1996. In 1994, with the U.S. Census records listing Bosnians as a separate category, 337 refugees
were granted permanent residence. There were an additional 3,818 refugees in 1995 and 6,246 in
1996. In 1996, 19,242 Bosnians filed for refugee status. Of these, 14,654 were
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My Life During The Bosnian War
From stepping out of your home to buy groceries, to seeing an armored tank in front of your house,
to giving your child to a stranger seems like a nightmare. According to a Ted Talk given by war
correspondent Janine di Giovanni on Wednesday in New York City, this nightmare was someone's
real life. During the Bosnian war that lasted three and a half years, people had to live without water,
electricity, heat, power and food, Giovanni recalled that her Bosnian friend saw a tank in the middle
of the street while leaving for work. The following events changed her life forever; she was forced
to give her child away to a stranger for his safety and didn't see him for a long time. Giovanni shared
her experiences as a war correspondent in places such as Bosnia, Syria, Iraq and Rwanda. "It has
taught me everything, not just about being a reporter but about being a human being," she said, "I
learned about compassion, I learned about ordinary people who could be heroes, I learned about
sharing, I learned about camaraderie, most of all I learned about love." ... Show more content on
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Little red chairs portrayed the children who lost their lives and she talked about how it broke her
heart. Recalling her experiences in Syria, she pointed to the fact that Syrians weren't ready to accept
the war and how they didn't want to leave their houses at first. She also talked about how her time in
Rwanda was horrific and described how bodies of people were piled up on each other as tall as her

The Causes And Consequences Of The Angolan Civil War
The Angolan Civil War was a major civil conflict from 1975 to 2002. The war started after Angola
gained independence from Portugal in November 1975. A power struggle between the People's
Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the National Union for the Total Independence of
Angola (UNITA) and National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), it had caused drastic
consequences. Throughout the cycles of war and peace of the three decades, the United Nations
(UN) has played different roles in Angola. The late 1980s saw the UN's first political involvement,
when the Security Council agreed to oversee Namibia's independence – since 1965 illegally
occupied by South Africa – which the New York Accords of December 1988 linked to the
withdrawal of Cuban troops stationed in Angola. However, the success in its intervention lasted for
only three years before the civil war broke out once again. One of the well–known operations was
the United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM), which split into three periods. In the
second part of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also did not find the root causes and implications of the problem. As such, the plan in the
second stage was, much like that in the first stage, not detailed and failed to give any explanation to
its precise methods. In effect, the UN's mission, intended to be a small and manageable operation
vaguely defined as verification and monitoring, was neither peacekeeping nor peace enforcement. In
comparison with the UN involvement in Namibia and elsewhere, they played a smaller role in the
Angolan Civil War, only around to "observe and verify" the peace process. While the same
operation for the smaller and less–devastated Namibia had worked, Angola had gone through 16
years of civil war by then. As a result, the insufficient efforts and ineffective operations destined that
the UN would not be successful in establishing peace within

Essay on Bosnian War
The Bosnian War was an international arms conflict that involved 2 main sides, the Republika
Srpska, and Herzeg–Bosnia. The Republika Srpska would show very little sympathy towards the
Non–Serb population of cities they would occupy. 1995 of the Bosnian War reached its most violent
climax, Bosnian Serb Forces in occupied Srebrenica began an ethnic cleansing of the Non–Serb
population, and massacred more than 8000 people. Many generals and other people of high class
within the Republika Srpska were tried for their actions, but none confessed and denied everything,
this is what makes the following person so significant. Dragan Obrenovic, who was the only person
who admit guilt for the Genocide and it taking place. The accused, Dragan ... Show more content on
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Dragan Obrenovic's remorse should not have been considered an important mitigating factor,
Genocide is despicable and evil and there is no excuse for plotting the death and annihilation of an
entire group of people, no matter how remorseful you are, it should have been excluded from
deciding the sentence.
The individual circumstances related to Dragan Obrenovic are mainly his aggravating and
mitigating circumstances. In this trial his mitigating circumstances outweigh his aggravating
circumstances. His 3 main aggravating circumstances were A. The position of leadership of Dragan
Obrenovic, B. The role of Obrenovic as deputy commander, and C. The vulnerability of the victims
and depravity of the crimes. His main mitigating circumstances were A. Guilty Plea and Acceptance
of Responsibility, B. Remorse, C. Cooperation with the Porsecution, D. Character of the Accused ,
E. No opportunity of volunteer surrender, and F. Personal Circumstances. Aggravating
circumstances are reasons why someone should be given a harsher penalty for a crime, in this
situation mitigating circumstances outweigh the aggravating circumstances and judges took this into
consideration when giving him his 17 year sentence. For part A of aggravating circumstances, the
Prosecution

Is The Ultimate Crime Someone Can Commit?
Crimes Against Humanity
Jasmine Jia Huang
ID# 1967375771
POSC 345 Fall 2014
Professor Renteln
Ponder the question: What is the ultimate crime someone can commit?
As a fellow Trojan living in the heart of a huge metropolitan city of Los Angeles, we are constantly
bombarded by news of local crimes. Though sheltered in our little bubble of university life, we are
still reminded of the dangers lurking in the shadows, perpetually threatening our sense of individual
security. As a student, these fears most likely consist of physical safety such as being robbed, so an
easy fix is just to not walk home alone and be more aware of the environment. If more support is
needed, there are campus security, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to understand the magnitude of "crimes against humanity," let's first look into the
ingredients of the whole recipe. At the most basic level, each human being has inalienable human
rights. These rights are inherent, that by the virtue of being born and existing in the world as a
human being you are entitled to them. These rights are universal, applicable at all times and in all
places in the world. These inalienable human rights are egalitarian, meaning they are equal for every
person. To reach a broad–spectrum agreement on the international scale, representatives from all
over the world of different cultures and legal backgrounds came together in Paris on December 10th
1948 to draft The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The UDHR consists of 30
articles defining human rights, with article 1 beginning the series that "All human beings are born
free and equal in dignity and rights"1. These rights should be upheld and respected by all nations
and peoples, not to be violated unless a direct implication with due process, and even then, should
not violate unlawful imprisonment and/or execution. When the term "gross violations of human
rights" is used, it is referring to the violation of any basic human right or the violation of human
rights as a general term. These acts are isolated inhumane transgressions, most often referring to
crimes committed by a single party against an individual.
As gross

Genocide during the Bosnian War
Raphael Lemkin described genocide as "acts of barbarism that should be outlawed, even in times of
war". Lemkin is right. Genocide is a cruel vicious act that I do not wish upon my greatest enemies.
It is torture and death. A lot of people think genocide is a thing of the past. After all it is 2014
already. We are so much more advanced and connected then back during the time of the Holocaust.
A genocide started just 22 years ago and it was during the Bosnian War. The Bosnian Genocide was
atrocious because it classified and dehumanized a religion, it allowed for the extermination of a
people based on religion and the murderers denied they ever committed a crime and tried to cover
the deaths up. The Bosnian War took place in the republic of ... Show more content on
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Serbs who stayed friendly with Muslim neighbors or tried to protect them were considered traitors,
and they were dealt with harshly (Ching). The prisoners in the camps were beaten, denied food and
water, housed in horrific conditions, sexually assaulted, tortured, and finally killed (Bosnian
Genocide). " There was no food, little water, and a lot of fear"(Bosnia 1995). Some detainees there
were killed on a pyre of burning tires, while others were forced to load dead bodies onto trucks, or
to dig their own graves. As many as fifty thousand Muslim girls and women, aged nine to sixty,
were raped by Serbian soldiers and volunteers. This made them unfit, according to Muslim culture,
to be either wives or mothers (Ching). The Serbian soldiers would declare after rape that the women
had given birth to Serbian babies. Due to these incidents, many of the female captives lost all of
their strength and suffered from a number of sexually transmitted infections. The first goal of the
Serbs was to wipe out the educated, the intellectuals, the wealthy, and any other non–Serbs who
actively opposed their rule. By June 1994, fewer than 50,000 remained in their home and the area
had been determined "purified". (The Combat). Most Bosnian Croats and Serbs had the option of
fleeing to Croatia and Serbia. However Bosnian Muslims had nowhere to go. They crowded into
Bosnian cities that were still widely thought to be safe. Serbian forces continued to carry out

Masculinity During Warfare Essay
Throughout the history of mankind, the process of engaging in sexual activity with individuals
without their consent and against their will has been consistently evident in times of warfare.
Despite views of rape as purely a biologically natural response of men during times of anarchy,
recent studies have revealed the potential aspect of rape as a strategic, efficient means to
undermining the opposing group during times of conflict (Snyder, C.S., Gabbard, W.J., May, J.D.
and Zulcic, N. 2006). The strategic and implemented tactic of using rape during warfare has been
present in many conflicts across the course of history. The connection of rape to honour and shame,
masculinity and sexuality, and reproduction (Sharlach, L. 2000) has enabled it ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
2016). The traditional views surrounding rape during war have long since lost their meaning, and the
logical and accurate direction of the current discourse surrounding rape as a systematic weapon of
war holds more sway among theorists today. It is rape's ability to physically and mentally destroy an
individual, without killing them that allows for it highly effective nature as a form of combat. When
one single act has the ability to destroy gender roles, inflict serious damage upon the masculinity of
a nation of men, and use reproduction to attempt to eradicate a particular ethnic group from
existence, it is surely to be viewed as a worthwhile strategy to adapt during times of conflict, in
order to win and dominant the opposing group in the most efficient, horrific and scarring means
possible. Yugoslavia is not the only region of the world to experience the consequences of rape as a
weapon of war, and with many incidents across history all displaying similar characteristics and
ulterior motives of rape, it is impossible to deny its systematic nature in war. Rape during war is not
just an attack on a woman in times of anarchy, it is a strategic approach to attacking all aspects of
the nation and army that identifies with that woman; be it the religion, ethnicity, men, nation or
culture, creating long lasting and severe consequences for all (Snyder, C.S.,

MWP: Bosnian Civil War
Hayden Wittman
Mrs.Doller
World Cultures p.5
19 March 2017
MWP: Bosnian Civil War My modern world problem is on the Bosnian civil war which took place
in Bosnia and Herzegovina from April 6, 1992 until December 14, 1995. Following the Second
World War the states of Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Macedonia, and Bosnia, which were
previously controlled by the Axis forces became part of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia.
Their leader, Josip Broz Tito focused on peace and cooperation between the different states and
avoided Nationalism to avoid conflict. He was successful in doing so until his death in 1980. A
growing sense of nationalism started between the different states which intensified after the rise of
Slobodan

Bosnian War Case Study
strongly against the Vance–Owen plan. If Clinton was not bounded by the NATO alliances, it would
have been rational for Clinton to dismiss the alternative. Lifting of arms–embargo also demonstrates
how Clinton was bounded. By the time the United States government came to a consensus for
military intervention, lifting of arms–embargo seemed to be the most rational actions. It would give
Bosnian Muslims ability to defend themselves. This way, not as many American troops would be
needed in Bosnia (Ullman, 1996). The United States could not enforce 'lift and strike' plan because
there were British and French peacekeepers in Bosnia. If arms embargo disappeared, the
peacekeepers will be put into higher danger. Once again, the need to keep the European alliance
limited the United States from carrying out the most rational decision.
American public and domestic reputation also limited Clinton's decisions. This is most apparent in
Clinton's decision to exit Bosnian war. When American troops entered Bosnia, Clinton decided to
plan a clear exit strategy and limit the troops' stay to a year (Daalder, 2000). This decision was
heavily influenced by his political reputation. With the presidential election one year away, Clinton
did not want to provide the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Allison writes that there are definitely multiple governments at play in regards to the Bosnian war.
The complexity of joint action led to some undesirable consequences: tremendous loss of casualty of
UN peacekeepers and Bosnian Muslims. Allison talks about how the European governments, the
United States' government, and international organizations such as UN and NATO consider each
other when developing their policies (Allison, 1996). It is the government model in that there are
different governments influencing each others' decision–making processes; however, Allison also
makes the

Sarajevo: Bosnia and Herzegovina
SARAJEVO (BOSNIAAND HERZEGOVINA)
I landed in the capital of Bosnia early in the morning , while the city was still waking up. It was the
first time I was in this part of Europe, and I was pretty excited to see what is waiting for me. I heard
many stories about the Bosnian war, but I was positively surprised while I was driving with a cab
around the city. Moreover, it looks quite modern, though truth be told, here and there you can see the
scars of the war. The hotel where I stayed is the greatest building in Bosnia, called ''The Avaz Twist
Tower ''. The view was truly majestic. I arrived at the time when Bosnia was stricken with euphoria.
For the first time in history football team qualified for the World Cup, and the whole city was
excited . My stay was supposed to last four days, and for the four days I was supposed to see all the
magic this city has. I must admit that weather was not so well. You could definitely feel the winter,
especially because Sarajevo is a city located in the valley and surrounded with mountains. Because
I've never been there, I found a private guide named Emir. Very pleasant guy.
The first day we went to probably the most famous place in Sarajevo – BAŠČARŠIJA! It is a place
where you still see the remnants of the Ottoman Empire. At this point, you feel like you're in a small
Turkey. The old craftsmen are doing their work while some pleasant smell was spreading. Emir told
me that this dish is called ''Ćevapi''. He said that this is one of those

The Srebrenica Massacre: What Happens During The Bosnian War
Massacres are vicious acts of terror, usually originated by some irrational thought or behaviors,
which end up with many lives of children, women and men of all ages killed mindlessly. A recent
massacre that took place in the European continent is known as the Srebrenica Massacre, which I
will be talking about throughout this paper. The Srebrenica Massacre was the deadliest massacre on
European soil since World War II. It was a ruthless mass murder that occurred in Srebrenica, Bosnia
and Herzegovina, in July of 1995, near the end of the Bosnian War. The killing was executed by the
Bosnian Serb army; they were also known as the Army of Republika Srpska. Their goal was to
"cleanse" the area of all Muslims, also known as Bosniaks in this ... Show more content on
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While the Bosnian war had numerous killings, none was as horrible and large of a scale then of the
Srebrenica Massacre. According to an investigation on the Srebrenica Massacre approved by the
Dutch government: "In some places the Muslims were slaughtered like beasts( )."
(https://www.niod.nl/en/srebrenica–report/summary–press) Groups of men that fled to the
surrounding forest in an attempt to escape were usually awaited by the Serbian soldiers and were
given orders by Radislav Krsticto, the commander of the YRS to kill every single person. "You must
kill everyone. We don't need anyone alive( )." (http://www.markdanner.com/articles/in–the–killing–
fields–of–bosnia) Bosnian Serb forces, hoping to conceal evidence of the massacre at Srebrenica,
later moved corpses from initial mass grave sites to many secondary sites scattered throughout parts
of eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina under their

Bosnian Civil War
changed their position. The Bosnian Serbs, and Milosevic – their patron "perceived that [their]
relative power positions have changed" Habeeb 29) due to the recent developed. This was further
reinforced by the fact that the Serbs, the reluctant players, were not left with a "best alternative to a
negotiated agreement" (Fisher and Ury 99). The alternative for Serbs was a continued NATO air
assaults, which were detrimental as they would increase Bosnian Muslims and Croatian forces'
ability to expand their territorial gains. Holbrooke also made it clear that "If this peace initiative
does not get dramatically moving in the next week or two, the consequences will be very adverse to
the Serbian goals. One way or another, NATO will be heavily involved, ... Show more content on
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Ted Carpenter believes US had "no choice but to assume a leadership role to suppress the fighting,
lest Europe descend into chaos for the third time this century" (Carpenter para 3), which important
for US's national security. The fear of wider consequences of conflicts similar to Bosnian war even
made rival powers to cooperate. For instance, Soviet Union and the United States cooperated to
mitigate conflicts of "Laos in 1961–62 and the Arab–Israeli war in 1973" (Touval and Zartman 428).
However, U.S., Soviet, and Russian Federation's willingness to intervene and mediate conflicts are
mostly inspired by self–interests. For instance, "Soviet mediation between India and Pakistan was
inspired by Soviet desire to improve relations with Pakistan". In the same vein, American mediation
in the "Zimbabwe/Rhodesia conflict" was focused on limiting Soviet's possible influence over
nationalistic movements across the African continent, and especially Sub–Saharan region (Tauval
and Zartman 429). Therefore, I believe the motives grounded in security and national interests of
U.S. and other third parties outweigh the moral and humanitarian ones, and thus were the core
drivers of the America's intensive involvement in the Bosnian war settlement

Causes Of Crimes Against Humanity Essay
We know crimes against humanity as a deliberate criminal act or acts that are typically part of a
systematic campaign which causes human suffering or death on a large scale. The acts are an attack
on human dignity where the crimes can be committed during times of war and peace. Offences that
come under this category include murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation or forcible
transfer of a population, imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty, torture, sexual
violence, persecution against any identifiable group or collective, enforced disappearance of persons
and other inhumane acts of a similar character and gravity1,2,3.
I have decided to examine sexual violence and in particular the motivations behind such crimes that
constitute as sexual violence; this encompasses crimes such as rape, sexual slavery, enforced
prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of
comparable gravity1,2,3,. In particular I am going to examine sexual violence in reference to the
conflict in former Yugoslavia, known as the Bosnian war.
The Bosnian War of 1992–1995 was a major conflict that was seen to be politically and racially
motivated between the Serbian's, Croatian's and Bosnian's. During this time the Serbian's were
participating in an illegal conflict by being in violation of the Geneva conventions, customary laws,
as well as committing odious offences that we know as crimes against humanity4.
It hasn't been overtly

Richard Holbrooke To End A War Summary
Richard Holbrooke "To End a War" Richard Holbrooke's memoir "To End a War" has a strikingly
similar point of view as David Reynold's, "Summits". This first hand point of view that Holbrooke
uses has the effect of putting the reader in his very shoes through out the book. Holbrooke is very
detailed in his descriptions of the every day events he witnessed from 1990–1995 during the Balkan
Wars in Europe. I found the book interesting from the first page as Holbrooke's detailed description
of "The most dangerous road in Europe" that was located on the Mount Igman route to Sarajevo.
The book kept an impressive consistently with its story telling style and use of detail, which made it
an over all easy, knowledgeable, and fun read. Holbrooke's ... Show more content on
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The moment where Holbrooke as a unique perspective is the May 1995 bombing by NATO on
Bosnian Serbian positions. Shortly after the Bosnian Serbs capture 350 U.N peacekeepers and used
them as human shields along with the Srebrenica Massacre of 7,079 Bosnian Muslims. The
Srebrenica Massacre was the worst Europe had witnessed since WWII had ended. I believe this
event supported Holbrooke's case against the opposing views of the Pentagon and lead to the
forming of the Dayton Peace Treaty. The Dayton Peace treaty took place on November 21st, 1995
and successfully stopped a war that without intervention would've continued for the foreseeable
future. Slobodan Milosevic describes it as the day that "will enter history as the date of the end of
the war" and "the war in Bosnia should be left to the past" (pg. 311). In my opinion, I agree
completely with Holbrooke's formula of connecting Diplomacy and negotiation with the strong
emphasis of America's military force as a threat in Eastern Europe. Holbrooke's negotiations skills
and techniques can be seen as controversial throughout the over view of events. Though he and the
Pentagon did not agree on the United State's military obligation in Bosnia, Holbrooke eventually
made his point and the Pentagon changed it views and supported the use of military power to an
extent, a moral victory for Holbrooke's confidence. As clearly stated by Holbrooke (pg. 363), the
Dayton Treaty had its flaws. The ones I found most important were; letting two opposing armies
occupy the same country, and the timing of the bombing by the U.N on Bosnian

The Wild Beast Peter Maass Summary
Introduction: Peter Maass is a writer for the New York Times Magazine and has reported from Asia,
Africa, South America and the Middle East. He has written as well for The Atlantic Monthly, The
Washington Post, Slate, and The New Yorker. Maass is the author of the short story "The Wild
Beast" taken from the book "Love Thy Neighbor: A Story of War", in which chronicles the Bosnian
War and won prizes from the Oversea Press Club and the Los Angeles Times. He currently resides
in New York City.
Thesis Statement: Maass refers to the dark moments in humanity as "the wild beast,' where
inhumanity runs amok and all morality is lost. After reading this story it can be figured that Maass
went as a reporter to the Balkans at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The prisoners became dependent, helpless, and passive. On the other hand, the guards acted exactly
opposite. "They became abusive and aggressive at the simulated prison, bulling and insulting the
prisoners'. "After the experiment was completed, most of the guards said that they enjoyed the
power. Some of the others said that they had no idea of what they were capable. Everyone in the
experiment was surprised at the results as well as saying, It was degrading. The Stanford Prison
Experiment took place in 1986, and even though many years had passed since Milgram's experiment
was conducted in 1963, like "The Wild Beast", people even today still try to be on top of any
situation. As students of history it is essential to recognize the true meaning of how this "wild beast"
is unleashed, while giving one individual power, one will realize their true self within as all
humankind. It can be avoided, only by truly recognizing this in ourselves. "The Wild Beast" account
is deeply thought provoking, and the story offers much insight about how humans and their
complexities of individual motivations. After many interviews with various groups such as the
Muslims, Croats, and Serbs, The story reflects on the significance of the refugee's words and
actions. "What emerges is a bleak outlook on human nature, as we see people at their worst. While
there are certainly

Comparison of Mid-Term Break, The Field Mouse, and On My...
Comparison of Mid–Term Break, The Field Mouse, and On My First Sonne
The above poems are written by 3 different people and on reading them they seem to be about very
different things. But at heart, they are about death and the pain that appears afterwards. Seamus
Heaney's
Mid–Term Break is a memory of his four–year–old brother's death.
Gillian Clarke's The Field Mouse is about death in a political conflict compared to a death in nature.
Finally On My First Sonne by
Ben Johnson is about the death of his son and the religious view of the situation.
Both Heaney and Johnson's poems are about the death of a close loved one and how it is dealt with
emotionally and in reality. On looking at the title of Heaney's poem, you almost ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also shows that his son was possibly the only bright point in his life and that he feels since he has
been taken away, he has almost no reason to live. After this event he also feels that you shouldn't get
to attached to something as he says 'As what he loves may never like too much.' This obviously
means that whatever you love, don't get attached to it, as you will end up losing it.
Clarke, on the other hand, has a more general observation to death and tells it from the sort of view
most people might have on war or conflict. Like Heaney's Mid–Term Break, when you see the title
of
Clark's poem you assume that it will be a happy poem about a cute and cuddly mouse. This theory is
almost exactly the opposite of what the poem is actually about. You can see that the poem is about
the death and destruction in Bosnia War and compares it to the death and destruction that occurs
while harvesting.
This poem again is a memory like Mid–Term Break, and at the end it shows her feeling and attitude
towards war and violence. You can tell that her feelings are negative since she writes the line 'my
neighbour turned stranger'. This I think means that people you once were good friends with would
now become your enemy. So unlike the other 2 poems where it tells that death is a natural
occurrence, this poem tells that a person's main enemy is another person that could possibly be your
best friend.
In Johnson's poem you can tell he is a very religious

Rape As A Weapon Of War
Being a part of a global community comes with many responsibilities and duties. People of the
global community have to be aware of the dangers that are present in the lives of many people all
over the globe. Human Rights issues are quite serious and violations of these rights should not be
taken lightly. In exploration of a global human rights issue, the discovery of rape as a tool in war
was a gross violation of human rights as well as overwhelmingly a gender issue. Rape used as a tool
of war has devastated and destroyed people, communities, families, and traditions. When discussing
rape as weapon of war, there are two main modern day conflicts that can not be overlooked. Rape as
a weapon of war is brought into light by the wars of Congo and Bosnia. These two conflicts brought
the eyes of the world onto the global issue of rape in war and more specifically how it is used as a
tool of ethnocide and genocide. The recent conflict in the Congo has been rooted in the 1994
Rwandan Genocide and related violence in Burundi which saw hundreds of thousands of Hutus flee
both countries into eastern Zaïre. (First and Second) In the Rwandan genocide, Hutu–power groups
(called the Interahamwe and the Impuzamugambi) led mass killings of Tutsis and pro–peace Hutus,
murdering 800,000 people in approximately 100 days. (Congo) In response, the Tutsi–led Rwandan
Patriotic Front, or RPF, overthrew the Rwandan Hutu government.
During and after the genocide, an estimated 2 million refugees,

The Bosnian Genocide
Genocides have been occurring longer than we've been calculating time Between 1992 and 1995,
the Bosnian genocide took place as a result of the Bosnian and Serbian war. Yugoslavia was divided
into six federated republics in 1946, them being: Bosnia/ Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia,
Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Bosnia attempted to pass a referendum for independence but was
rejected by representatives of Serb who, in return, established their own republic, Republika Srpska.
Bosnian Serb and Yugoslav People's Army, declared war on Bosnia in an attempt to take the land for
themselves since the referendum for independence was denied. An "ethnic cleansing" occurred of
the Muslims in Bosnia, who made up 50% of the population as a result of the ... Show more content
Particularly, Darfur, a genocide beginning in 2003 and carrying on into present day. Darfur is a
small region located in Western Sudan housing 6 million people and is approximately the size of
Spain. This genocide is driven by the major conflict between Arab grazers and non–Arab farmers.
Competition for resources is what played a hefty role in these conflicts arising. In Western Sudan,
oil was discovered and the land in Darfur became increasingly known. Thousands of refugees have
fled into neighboring republics. The Sudanese Air Force and Janjaweed, a government–supported
Arab tribesman, raided and bombed non–Arab villages in Darfur bringing them to a burn as well as
terrorizing and slaughtering the civilians with the goal of creating a Pan–Arab state. Women and
children left in these villages were raped, and men were enslaved. Much like the Bosnian genocide,
slaughtered bodies were thrown into wells to drain out their blood in an attempt to contaminate the
drinking water. The government has forcefully expelled aid agencies jeopardizing the conditions of
displaced civilians. Unlike Cambodia, the United States has not fell quiet about the Darfur genocide.
In 2006, President Bush sent for a number of international troops in Darfur to be doubled. As a
result, British Prime Minister called the European Union to team up with the United States as a
unified response to the crisis at hand. Two years later, the United Nations issued a United Nations–
African Union mission to maintain peace. Immediately following, 26,000 troops were ordered to
protect civilians. According to the United Nations, 2.7 million people are internally displaced,
600,000 have been killed in 13 years, and more than 350,000 refugees have currently fled to
neighboring cities. The Sudanese government trains and provides arms to Arab militias to
continuously kill, terrorize, and destroy non–Arabs in Darfur

Bosnian War
One of the most clear and important shortcomings of the Just War Theory in regard to this conflict is
the notion of Just Cause, which states that a war must not be solely to punish those who have done
wrong. In the case of the Bosnian War, the idea of what cause is justified and what is not becomes
seriously difficult to understand. In saying that correcting a truly great evil is enough for a just
cause, the fact that the Just War Theory fails to explain what constitutes such an evil becomes
glaringly clear. Does the mass "cleansing," genocide and forced conversion begun by the Croatians
following World War Two count as a wrongdoing severe enough to start a war in retaliation over?
There is also the statement that revenge, so to speak, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The theory states that correcting a wrong constitutes a Right Intention, however seeking to gain
material benefits does not. Although this sounds perfectly reasonable on paper, any nation going to
war must consider what they will gain from the conflict and what they may lose. In the case of the
Bosnian War, those fighting against the ethnic cleansing of Bosnia committed by the Serbs surely
had the intention of going against the apparent evil of such acts of genocide, yet how could they
simply ignore the land and resources which may be gained by defeating the Serbs? Any nation and
its leaders will consider what could be gained from a conflict – is there a country in the world that is
not directly involved in another nations act of great evil but would step in to put an end to it without
considering what they may gain from the war? This brings us back to the notion of subjectivity and
the subtle nuances which are rampant in the Just War Theory itself. Of all seven aspects of the Just
War Theory, none are exempt from question of who decides if this applies, from which perspective
is this being examined, and is there truly any way to completely and objectively determine what
may make a war just? In my opinion, there are far too many moving parts of a conflict to say so, and
this is (among several other reasons) why the Just War Theory falls short when applied to real wars
in modern

Bosnian War Research Paper
The Bosnian War
By Parley P Johnson
APA format
Bosnia Herzegovina
Bosnia is located in what was once the country of Yugoslavia. The landscape is very scenic and
majestic; the national parks and country side is a beautiful. Bosnia was a melting pot of ideologies
both political and religious. The location and political role played a key in its direction. The political
situation is also unique; it has a very close three way split between Serbs, Croats and Muslims. The
population was 44% Muslim, 31%, the third largest was the Croats, and lastly at 8 % was all others.
The Serbs are Orthodox Christians and support Serbia Bosnia's neighbor to the east The Croats were
Catholic and Bosnia neighbor to the north. The Capital Sarajevo ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The rise of nationalist groups, in the void of a strong central government, the nationalists were able
to gain ground and push for their own agenda.
The massacre at Srebrenica was one of the worst crimes in the Bosnia War. According to a New
York Times article, After the Srebrenica and Markale massacres, which proved key in ending the
war? The world had had enough, the Balkans conflict, Bosnia War, the breakup of Yugoslavia.
NATO and the US would come to end the conflict.
The outcry of the world was loud and clear. The hind sight is clear that the world acted to slow to
prevent the ethnic cleansing that took place. The difficulty lay in how to accomplish the mission
with so many players, each having its own agenda. The United Nations and The United States
granted recognition to Bosnia in April 1992; this however was not enough to stop the coming

Analysis Of The Dayton Accords
As Bill Clinton spoke at the University of Dayton for the Peace Accords 20th Anniversary, he said,
"There's still a lot of work to do to reap the full promise of Dayton... Still for too many people they
believe every tomorrow will be like yesterday." Clinton, the president at the time of the Dayton
Accords, has never defined what this "promise" was and therein lies some of the problem. The
overall vagueness of this statement and the ambiguous goals of Dayton makes it difficult to
determine just how successful this solution has been. The Bosnian conflict, which lasted from 1992
to 1995, stemmed from the fact that three groups refused to coexist with one another. Following
these years of conflict between the Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats, the Dayton ... Show more content
Many have been quick to critique this legislation as it does not provide Bosnia with operative
governance and hindered unity within this nation. However, the Dayton Peace Accords cannot be
looked at as a complete failure. As former journalist Adijata Ziga Borovac put it, "The main
objective of the accords was to end the war..." The disbanding of former Yugoslavia acted as a
catalyst for increased amounts in nationalism amongst the groups involved in the Bosnian Conflict.
As tensions between the three groups arose, an all–out war started, leaving this country in a state of
decay. Without the Dayton Accords, it is hard to say whether Bosnia could have survived at all.
Dayton provided Bosnia with a provisional piece of legislation that granted peace to a region that so
needed it. It was "...emergency surgery to stop bleeding and it has accomplished its primary
objective, to end a war." The accords, which have become more permanent than temporary, are
highly criticized, but "it is worth remembering that the relative peace of the Balkans today would
not have been possible without an American commitment to the virtues of diplomacy..." The Dayton
Peace Accords succeeded in accomplishing its short–term aim which was

The Conflict Of The Middle East
Throughout centuries, war in the Middle East has been on a rise. The main cause of war in most of
these countries is religion. Everyone wants to fight for their religion and their Gods. The problem is
in some religions such as Islamic, they believe when they kill they're fighting for God, also they
believe they will receive 100 virgins and go to heaven when they die. They are not the only religion
fighting for their God, however, religions such as Judaism and others also fight. In the Middle East,
if there is a war going on there is a 50/50 chance it is over religion. What the world ignores about
these wars is they have been going on for centuries. People were brutally murdered every single day
and still are today all over religion. The religious wars started from the beginning of time and go all
the way to current times. As the way things look now, it does not seem like history is going to
change. Starting in A.D with the Siege of Jerusalem and going all the way to current things such as
the attacks on Paris, the phrase "history repeats itself" seems to be true.
The Siege of Jerusalem began because the Christians felt as if they were the most persecuted. It
started in 1099 A. D. and took place for seven weeks by the Christians. After the Turkish took over
their city, the Christians decided to attack. The Christians targeted Jews and Muslims, because they
felt as if they were cleansing the city. The first crusaders were French and German peasants, they
were also the most

Bosnian War Research Paper
Alaeyshia Moore
Mrs. Yedinak
English Composition
13, September 16
The Bosnian War
Various ethnic groups and republics inside Yugoslavia sought independence, and as the end of the
Cold War neared, the country spiraled out of control. Serb nationalism was fueled as Slobodan
Milosevic rose to power in 1987. In 1991, Yugoslavia began to break up along ethnic lines. When
the republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence in 1992 the region quickly became
the central theater of fighting. The Yugoslav army invaded Croatia, killing hundreds and next on
their long list was Bosnia.
In April 1992, the government of the Yugoslav republic of Bosnia–Herzegovina declared it's
independence from Yugoslavia. Over the next several years, Bosnian Serb ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This peace agreement established two semi–autonomous entities within Bosnia–Herzegovina: the
Federation of Bosnia–Herzegovina, inhabited primarily by Bosnia's and Bosnian Croats, and the
Republika Srpska (which includes Srebrenica), dominated by Serbs, both with their own political
structures, economies, and educational systems, though by the End of the War, Roughly 100,000
People had Died. Refugees were guaranteed the right to return to their pre–war homes, but only a
small number of Bosniaks opted to go back to Srebrenica, which had been re–inhabited by Bosnian
Serbs who had also been internally displaced by the war. An influx of international assistance came
after the fighting, including reconstruction efforts by non–governmental organizations, UN agencies,
and foreign governments and militaries and over $14 billion in aid (Genocide).
In conclusion the atrocities committed at Srebrenica are considered to be the worst on European soil
after the Holocaust (Genocide). The Bosnian War was a huge loss for Bosniak and Croatian
civilians. It was a presentation of how horrible and cruel spirited people can be. How come nobody
stopped before it got as far as it did. When it comes to tragedies like this one will you be person who
stops it or will you be the one to afraid to

Post War Trauma Research Paper
War has been identified as a cause of trauma in children. Children who experience the direct
violence and destruction of war are known to suffer from post–traumatic stress.
Some common causes of war related trauma are physical violence, sexual abuse, as well as unmet
basic needs for survival such as shelter. Some negative indirect effects of war like malnutrition,
having to seek refuge in foreign countries, and fear also compound the trauma from going through a
war. The known effects of war trauma include missing out on education, poor health, disrupted
personal and communal wellbeing, and curtailed elements of childhood such as playtime. Art
therapy and playtime are recommended for refugee children, to help them come to terms and start
healing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is imperative to to note that the presence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) due to war
trauma, engenders subsequent difficulty of going through the resettlement process. Besides this,
depression has been linked to ongoing life difficulties or stressors, such as the insufficient grasp of
the host country's language. (Ehntholt)
According to research findings (Heptinstall et al., 2004), the number or scale of traumatic events
experienced in a victim's home country, and also their type or nature, for instance the death of close
relatives are associated with higher Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Furthermore
the amount of prevailing life stressors are responsible for refugee children's depression. For
instance, enduring seriously pressing financial difficulties like poverty and having an insecure
asylum status have been found to cause symptoms of depression in refugee children.

The Consequences Of The Bosnia War On The Bosnian War
The Bosnian War was a brutal and inhumane conflict that featured genocide and the advent of ethnic
cleansing and mass rape as instruments of modern warfare. The case study "War in Bosnia" recounts
the tragic events of that war. Specifically, the article emphasizes the numerous and systematic
atrocities perpetrated by the Serb forces upon the Bosnian Muslim and Croat civilian populations
throughout the country during the course of the conflict, specifically emphasizing the genocide the
Serbs committed against the Muslim population. The article points out the international outcry that
ensued against the Serbs and their genocidal tactics was what spurred the United States to intervene
militarily in Bosnia against the Serbs under President Bill Clinton. The article notes that the
atrocities and violence did not subside until the NATO bombing campaign weakened the Serbian
position in the conflict and forced the Serbian leader Milosevic to enter peace talks. Based upon the
account provided in the article, the United States and NATO were justified in intervening in Bosnia
to stop the killing of noncombatants in my view. I believe this is the case on the basis of just war
theory, as outlined by O'Brien. I think it is fairly obvious, based upon the account, that stopping the
genocide and ethnic cleansing (among other atrocities) being committed against civilians would
qualify as a just cause. I think that beyond this the Clinton administration and NATO probably had
the right

What Role Does Gender Play In The Bosnian Civil War?
Introduction & Roadmap
Eleanor Roosevelt and countless scholars have observed that international politics is a man's world
(Tickner, 1992). It is a world inhabited by diplomats, soldiers and international civil servants most
of whom are men. An important function of Feminist theory is that it helps to explain women's
subordination that exists in varying degrees in society (Tickner, 1992). Gender is denied as an issue
in international politics because it has addressed through as system of anarchy and patriarchy
(Steans, 1998). Realists when analyzing global conflict assume that the global system via concepts
of security should be understood as ungendered and universal (Batnic, 2001). International relations
theory is grounded in realist assumptions that regards the position of women as neutral, however
international ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gender bias in global relations is a more complex issue than the use of male identified roles in
influential positions. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how the Bosnian Civil War became a
global conflict from a feminist perspective. The Bosnian civil war is considered to be one of the
worst atrocities that Europe has faced since World War II. During the early 1990s a number of ethnic
and territorial conflicts occurred in the former Yugoslavia eventually leading to the dismantling.
International media coverage of the war portrayed the issue as dominantly gendered that produced
an empathetic response globally. This paper argues from a feminist perspective that gender norms
were employed in the media coverage of the Bosnian civil war to make it an issue of the United
States. through ideas of western feminism and demonizing Serbian men. To advance this argument I
divided this paper into three parts. The first part is explaining the Bosnian war conflict and why it
began. The second part shows how and why the civil war became a global conflict. The third part
explains how the conflict was resolved and other alternative to

Cellist Of Sarajevo Essay
The theme of the cellist of Sarajevo is the psyche. Every character goes through a
mental change due to the war that they witness. It will change them as a person forever.
It shows how much tragedy and hardship can affect the human mind. It also shows how
different people deal with death. Some spend their times mourning and in sadness over
loss of life and feel the need to express themselves. The cellist does that by making a
statement and playing music at the spot that the mortar when if so others are not able to
forget the lives that were given. Others feel the need to stand up and do something
about it even if it will change them more than the events that have transpired already
have. Arrow does that by becoming a sniper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He works at a local bakery.The setting of the
story takes places on Bosnia. The war has to due with the Serbs and Croats living in
Bosnia wanting to annex Bosnian territory for Serbia and Croatia. When the city is
attack it is forced to undergo a siege. The book is not written like most other stories you
have read. Usually books have one main character. there are three perspectives in this
story. By showing three different perspectives the reader is able to have a better idea of
everything going on throughout the town. They all also have their own stories. while the
connect they each have different plot lines. The story choose to focus more on the
characters daily lives than the actual war. While their paths are different they all share

the same theme in the end which make I threes times as powerful as it would have
been with just one main character. the point of view is told in first person by each main
character and switches between them during the story. They all have different events
that they have gone through so we are able to know a lot more about what is going on
in the story. It is good choice when dealing with a setting that has so many place and
event all occurring at the same

Essay on The Bosnian War: the Fight for Independence
The Bosnian War: the Fight for Independence
In 1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina had one the biggest genocide to come after WWII, in turn killing
over 800,000 civilians. The war consisted of two factions, the Croats and Serbs, both wanting
territory in Bosnia. Soon Radovan Karadžić, former Bosnian Serb president, created a special army
to support the Serbs, soon the Serbs started the new policy for "ethnic cleansing" many areas of
non–Serb. For it was later that it was to be decided that is was complete and utter genocide towards
the innocent.
In 1990 Yugoslavia started to weaken from a multitude of political upheavals and other conflicts.
Later resulting in the total separation of Yugoslavia, which was the main cause for why the war
started. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Originally placed there to protect the Sarajevo International Airport.
Ethnic cleansing was now taking its course as Serb army's attacked non–Serb populations. Taking
control of their towns, gathering everyone into groups, separating men from women to where they
would have been beaten, killed, or raped. Many of the men that were gathered were separated into
camps of different groups. Soon it was declared by the SDS leaders that they would gang with the
JNA to storm the Prijedor region. More than 1,500 serbs stormed the region each being separated
into specific groups. Each group was assigned on which area or buildings were to be taken over.
women were scarce at these camps, but for the ones that were captured, they are beaten and
repeatedly raped
Survivors were taken to Omarska camp, well known as a death camp. A total of 3,334 people were
being held at the camp, every person being separated into 1 of three different buildings,
administration, the hangar, and the courtyard. The Administration building was where people would
be interrogated and killed. The hangar was where Serbs would torture people. The courtyard was
also a torture area for the inmates. One small building in between the others was known as the "red
house," it was for prisoners to be executed.
Lasva Valley was the cause of over 2000 Bosnians missing or killed. People being persecuted on
their race, religion, or political thinking, being either killed,

The Major Causes Of The Bosnian Civil War
Since the end of World War Two, no conflict in Europe was as barbarous as the Civil War that took
place in Bosnia, formerly known as Yugoslavia. In 1992, Bosnians officially declared their
independence from Yugoslavia erupting the whole territory into a brutal conflict that left nearly
100,000 dead and 2.2 million displaced people. This disastrous ethnic cleansing involved the
breakup of Yugoslavia into six smaller states including: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Serbia, and Macedonia. Upon this division of Yugoslavia, the Bosnians and Croats were able to gain
independence from the Serbs through international backing and militaristic strategic advantages
from organizations such as the UN and NATO. The main cause of the Bosnian ... Show more
Also, during this time "Ethnic Fault Lines" were created resulting in stronger violence along these
areas. Reference the attached map of Yugoslavia in the Cited Sources section to view the map of
ethnic majorities within the Yugoslavian region. This is a perfect example of how all the ethnicities
were spread out across the region and not simply contained to one area allowing for the violent
ethnic fault lines. Along with the historical perspective of ethnic tensions causing nationalism in
Yugoslavia, new evidence from historians have shown that the Bosnian Civil War was not a one–
time deal in the area. This had been considered a very active region, in the case of violence, during
the 20th century making some historians to think that this conflict was bound to happen as it had
occurred various other times in the past. Historically, another reason for the ethnic tensions occurred
due to the fall of Communism. Although this is somewhat indirect, different ethnicities side with
different governmental views causing deeper tensions to rise after the vacuum of the major world
power in the Eastern Europe region. As stated earlier, Slobodan Milosevic believed he could push
his agenda without any international policing of his actions due to the recent fall of communism and
power vacuum. On this note, governmental influences are also another way that nationalism caused
the Bosnian Civil War. Next, governmental influences, in not only the physical

Analysis Of Steven Galloway's The Cellist Of Sarajevo
"Knowing no one is coming, but not wanting to believe it": How war affects the self concept of
those living in the battlefield in The Cellist of Sarajevo
Steven Galloway's novel The Cellist of Sarajevo follows Sarajevo citizens who are struggling to
survive in their home during the genocide which occurred there in the 1990's. These people become
psychologically affected through living on a battleground, and in a life altering way. The very image
of war is enough for most to feel disappointed in mankind, but watching your home crumble around
you while being able to see the faces of those causing the destruction would likely make one lose
any remaining faith in humanity. This is demonstrated in The Cellist by the agency of the bystanders
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just then it starts raining and everything gets washed away: not even a trace of the young guy is left,
nor a trace of the canister. Just water. As if nothing on the street changed, except everyone got just a
bit quieter(11).
This is almost the exact scene from The Cellist(Galloway 159–163) in which afterward Kenan is
quiet, as are the people in the poem, but he also is in such shock from the tragedy that he "pays no
attention to the water that spills"(165) and is careless, likely beginning to show this change in
personality after the gore he has witnesses. This later translates into him feeling "detached [and]
unconcerned about others"(Reactions after trauma), seen when he decides to leave Mrs. Ristovski's
water behind in the war zone. Kenan has full intent of going back over the bridge a second time to
retrieve her water, but spur of the moment "He turns away, and picks up the rope binding his own
bottles"(Galloway 171). The caring and helpful nature observed earlier shies away after living the
crimes being committed against his people, which can be viewed as an effect of the bombing, as
before that had happened or set in he had full intentions to bring water back for his neighbour.
Kenan is of the unlucky who must venture out of their houses and face this reality multiple times a
week, while opposite that is Dragan and Emina, who have personal reasons to subject themselves to
the gore. Starting with Emina, who is

Short And Long Term Effects Of The Bosnian War
On April 6,1992 the Bosnian War began,leading to the breakup of Yugoslavia. Serbian forces
invaded Bosnia,throwing many people out of their homes and displacing them throughout the
country. The actions of the soldiers traumatized the people of Bosnia in numerous ways, causing
peril throughout the country. Following these atrocities,an estimated two million people were forced
from their homes by the war. Among them were my father and his family. Their household consisted
of my father, his two brothers,his sister and his parents. After seeing the effect the war had on their
homeland they were impelled to make a tough decision: leaving or suffering the punishment the
Serbian soldiers would soon inflict on the people. My mother went to Hamburg,

History With The Writing Of Trauma
American historian Dominick LaCapra closely connects the writing of history with the writing of
trauma. Sacco succeeds at "reconstructing the past as objectively as possible" (LaCapra 186),
particularly when depicting victim's testimonies. It is under this framework that allows Sacco to
include this type of tragic humor; he is not poking fun at the civilians/victims, but instead reveals the
absurdity of the entire war. The conflict stirred when Serbs and Bosnians wanted control of the same
territory. When both parties could not settle the conflict peacefully, a war broke out, which was
further exacerbated by a long history of ethnic tension. When Edin recounts the outbreak of the war
in the chapter 'Brotherhood and Unity', the bottom right ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although he does not necessarily belong in Bosnia, he is not trying to blend into the crowd.
However, as demonstrated by his interactions with Edin's friends, there is an atmosphere of laughter,
illustrated by the characters' grotesque drunk smiles–indicating that humor can be a bonding
mechanism. It can also take up the form of an escape from reality. The many parties that Edin's
friends throw provide a pause from war and the hardships of living, even if just for brief moments.
The chapter 'Silly Girls Part 1' clearly represents young Bosnian girls' fixation with "boy troubles",
and American culture, such as Levi's jeans and tabloid magazines. At first glance, the chapter looks
as if it will be lighthearted and entertaining, simply because of the smiling faces of the "silly girls"
and Sacco's cringeworthy flirtations. From a Western standpoint, this fixation is amusing–it portrays
these young girls as ordinary teenage girls. The only difference is that their situation is far from
ordinary. Once again, Salmi's suggestion that war can change perspectives comes to mind. Not only
have these young girls in 'Silly Girls Part 1' have had their boyfriends taken away from them due to
war, they have had their youth stripped away from them. The war has forced the girls to mature;
instead of the conventional responsibilities of teenagers, they face new responsibilities such as their
own

Battle and Siege of Sarajevo to Recognize Bosnia and...
The UN report on the Battle and Siege of Sarajevo is a document that records the events within the
city from April 5th 1992 to February 28th 1994. The document's purpose is to shine a light and
describe the consequence of the Battle of Sarajevo and its violations of human law. Sarajevo is the
capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city's name is derived from 'Seraglio', meaning 'palace in the
fields' in Turkish. Sarajevo's history dates back to Roman times with the Slavs eventually
conquering the area. The cities architecture is comprised of 3 influences, which the text (UN report)
describes as "the old Oriental heart of the city, the turn of the century Viennese city around it, and
the contemporary high–rise apartment buildings and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An attempt to control the streets and people would thus lead to catastrophic failure. The Sarajevo
Romanija Corps instead resorted to continuously bombarding the city from the surrounding hills in
order to stay in control.
It is in this environment that The Cellist of Sarajevo takes place. Resources are scarce and enemy
snipers gun down citizens. Within Sarajevo there lives a cellist who was famous before the war. One
day as the Cellist watches people line up outside his window to buy food, a mortar shell lands in the
middle of the group, killing 22 of them. The Cellist vows to play Albonini's Adagio in the crater
created from the bombing for 22 days, one day for each of the dead.
Arrow is another inhabitant of the city. She is a sniper who was recruited to protect the Cellist and
defend him from enemy snipers who might gun him down. The constant barrage inspires her to use
her abilities to save lives. The character of Kenan contrasts with Arrow. The bombardment has left
him terrified of the city he lives in. Every four days he makes a dangerous trip across town to fetch
water for his family. He also fetches water for his neighbor, an old woman who doesn't seem to
appreciate the risk he puts himself through for her. During his journey, he is angered after seeing
men drive around in fancy cars while he and his family starve. These are clearly men

Critical Summary Safe Area Gorazde Essay
Abandonment and Neglect in Gorazde. In his "Safe Area Gorazde" Joe Sacco describes his
experience visiting a Muslim enclave during the Bosnian War of 1991–1995. Tragically, this work is
based on testimonies of residents of Gorazde, allegedly a UN–protected area where Bosnian
Muslims are able to take refuge to avoid the ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbian army.
Gorazde is anything but protected which Sacco demonstrates throughout the book by ridiculing the
UN and the US who are able to and responsible for protecting the residents of such enclaves, but
instead turn a blind eye to what was going on. "...the U.N. extended safe area status to other Bosnian
enclaves, including Gorazde. But the U.N. had yet to work out what the concept ... Show more
The personal nature of the story is communicated through the author's experiences and by the people
of Gorazde themselves. Taking abandonment as an example, we follow Sacco as he travels down the
"blue road" which Bosnian Muslims cannot escape their suffering, the very same road which the UN
shares with Serbian ethnic cleansers. Here we have the international abandonment of the enclave.
Relayed to us by the people of Gorazde, is their abandonment of one another based on ethnicity.
Slightly more subtle is Sacco's constant communication of the senselessness of the abandonment
faced by Bosnian Muslims. In nearly every panel there is a sense of tragic absurdity to the whole
situation. We are invited by Sacco to feel as though we are abandoning the characters when Sacco
waives his blue card and leaves the Gorazde for the first time. Sacco tersely and pointedly expresses
the sentiment with, "...catch ya later!"(65). This is a phrase that may have come naturally to Sacco
but also could have been designed with the majority of his reading audience in mind. The third level
of abandonment, which is central and speaks to the Bosnian conflict itself, is the abandonment of
community. Throughout the first portion of the work, Sacco takes care to repeat and emphasize
"neighbors" as a motif. This motif hits its first shocking climax in "The First Attack". Sacco depicts
the first armed attack on the civilian population of Gorazde as

The Bosnian Conflict
Writing and film are both very common ways of representing conflict and genocide, each offer their
own advantages and disadvantages. A film is able to show accurate physical imagery that allows us
to see things that our mind might not have the capability of creating on its own. A film is also able to
relay much more in a shorter span of time. Something that takes five pages to explain in writing can
be represented in just five second of film. A piece of writing can give us a deeper perspective on
almost anything, as there is no limit on the amount of detail one can put into a single page. Through
writing, a reader is also able to comprehend and store a lot more information than they would just
watching a film. Though each are ideal representations of the Bosnian conflict and genocide, the
writing and the film combined are much more effective.
The writings and the film worked together to create a full picture of the geography, the people, and
the world that the muslims were forced to live in. The film, "Srebrenica: A Cry from the Grave"
offered many visual aids to the things the mind is trying to create while reading the Vuillamy
chapter, "The Camps, Echoes of the Reich" and the Gutman article, "Death Camps: Survivors Tell of
Captivity, Mass Slaughter in Bosnia". The film showed multiple images of the ... Show more content
The film offers these short images, and the written work gives the details; the little bit of food they
were offered, the day–to–day activity, things that a film isn't able to spend a lot of time on. As a 22
year old college student living in Waterloo, Iowa, able to eat, move around and even breathe as I
please, the Bosnian conflict would be impossible for me to understand. Without the film, I couldn't
imagine these events without seeing them. Without the written work, I couldn't interpret what I was
seeing in the

Absence of Children's Wisdom in the Bosnian Conflict Essay
Absence of Children's Wisdom in the Bosnian Conflict
"There was never a time when, in my opinion, some way could not be found to prevent the drawing
of the sword"(1). In the films, Pretty Village, Pretty Flame, No Man's Land, and The Fourth Part of
the Brain, the Bosnians were not particularly nationalistic or savage, rather; they were normal
people whose leaders led them into a violent struggle with their friends and neighbors, which was
exacerbated by a lack of effective assistance from the international community and the UN. These
films depict the majority of combatants as either people who did not entirely support the war or
people who supported the war because they had been misinformed. Furthermore, the mindless
atrocities, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Malcom 6). In addition, Croats and Serbs contained an ethnic Iranian component, which other
Slavs lacked (Bosnia 7). During World War II, this slight difference in ethnic composition may have
lead to the Croatian Fascist movement, the Ustasha, which propagated racial propaganda similar to
that of the Nazis and considered Croats superior to other Slavs. At the beginning of the 1990s, there
may have been some lingering resentment caused by the Croat Ustasha movement existing in
Yugoslavia; however, this mild undercurrent of resentment would not have been strong enough to
cause the senseless violence that transpired during the Bosnian Conflict.
In addition to minor ethnic differences, there were substantial religious differences amongst the
various Bosnian ethnic groups: the Croats were predominantly Catholic, the Serbs were
predominantly Orthodox, and the largest ethnic group (an ethnic plurality) consisted of Bosnian
Moslems. This may have lead to the resentment of Moslems by Christians because converts to Islam
received special privileges during the period of Ottoman hegemony over the Balkans. Additionally,
Catholics may have resented the Orthodox Christians because the Turks preferred the eastern
Orthodoxy to western Catholicism, which was the church of their rivals, the Habsburg Empire
(Malcom 55). The Ottomans adopted a policy of taking Balkan children, training and educating
them and utilizing them in

Analysis Of Fools Rush In By Bill Carter
The novel Fools Rush In by Bill Carter deliver a vivid portrayal of the love, fear, and empathy all
while promoting an awareness of the geo–political reality that was the Bosnian War. Within this
memoir, Bill Carter is in his twenties and joins a caravan of misfits delivering food to Sarajevo and
other spots in Bosnia during the ethnic conflict. He's not a journalist or a soldier, just a man trying to
both remember and forget his past in his journey to self–reconciliation. Bills journey begins with the
realization that going through life merely living isn't the same as being. All the while, Bill allows for
the reader bear witness of the siege of Sarajevo while trying to make sense of the conflict himself.
Carter begins his story with a quote by Milan Kundera that states that "Living, there is no happiness
in that. Living: carrying one's painful self through the world. But, being is happiness." In his journey
he seeks to find out was it means to achieve this state of being and to not merely live in pain. A key
to achieving this state of being is human interaction. People are what both break down and build up
a person's life. Accepting that this human interaction is necessary in order to grow and heal is what
allows Carter to reconcile his life and find peace in his present state. Bill Carter is transformed
throughout the novel due to the people he meets who help to guide him towards self–acceptance and
meaning.
Though Bill claims that "in this journey we call life, we are ultimately alone", it is clear that as he
allows for people to enter his life, and this notion of loneliness becomes a state of mind rather than
an actual reality (p. 207). But a conflict arises again and again throughout Bill's journey as there's
disconnect with the people he attempts to connect with. Unlike his local friends, Bill is an American
that has the privilege that none of the citizens in Sarajevo really have– the privilege to leave
Sarajevo. Even when he is sleeping on the floor of the towers with an empty stomach and the sound
of artillery overhead he still can't shake the feeling that he is somehow like the "war tourists" he
despises so much (p. 107). In Sarajevo "there was no time for grief or complex thoughts", which

Kenan's Hope In The Cellist Of Sarajevo By Steven Galloway
During war people go through a spectrum of feelings from hope to despair. Hardships make even the
most optimistic people lose hope. In the novel, The Cellist of Sarajevo by Steven Galloway, Kenan
struggles to hold on to his hope as it diminishes due to the Bosnian war. Before the effects of the
war impacted Kenan, when he was provided with a little window of hope he always makes the most
of it, he goes through daily struggles to continue surviving and he maintains a positive attitude
towards life. Although, Kenan's hope for Sarajevo diminishes as he accepts the war as a part of his
lifestyle, learns that his fate is entirely up to the men on the hills and undervalues the cellist for
commemorating the dead. However, while doing his best to maintain ... Show more content on
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As the days go on and the war deepens the impact it is making on Sarajevo Kenan begins to realize
that the horrendous state Sarajevo is in will never change for the better. When Kenan sees people
walk in a direction that may be unsafe he considers warning them but decides not to because,
"Telling them there might be a sniper watching the bridge is a little like saying the sun has come up
this morning" (113). This displays that the war has been going on for so long that it has just become
a part of everyone's lifestyle, and the citizens of Sarajevo have adapted to it, therefore making it
normal. Moreover, the men on the hills completely decide Sarajevo's fate. This is shown when
Kenan reflects on why they are firing and concludes that "They're firing at the ambulances to tell
him, and everyone else, that help will not arrive if they have anything to say about it" (162). The
men on the hills dictate who will live and who will die within the city, they decide every aspect of
the citizens of Sarajevo's life and what type of lifestyle they will live. Also, when Kenan encounters
the cellist and is told about his act of remembrance for those who have fallen he states "thought it
was a bit silly, a bit maudling. What could the man possible hope to accomplish by playing music in
the

Amnesty International : For Survivors Of Wartime Rape
Amnesty International: "WHEN EVERYONE IS SILENT: REPARATION FOR SURVIVORS OF
WARTIME RAPE IN REPUBLIKA SRPSKA IN BOSNIAAND HERZEGOVINA." Amnesty
International Publications (2012).
Amnesty International's purpose is "to analyze the failure of the authorities to respect the right to
reparation of survivors of wartime rape." (AI) This purpose is legitimate as out of the tens of
thousands of women who were victims of wartime rape, "fewer than 40 cases have been
prosecuted." (AI) The governments of Bosnia and Herzegovina are cited to have numerous new
legislation being passed that would provide reparations. For example, the Ministry for Human
Rights and Refugees set up a program for victims of violence in conflict, specifically targeting this
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It gives a clear summary of what Amnesty International has done throughout the 2000, providing
useful information about recent history pertaining to social reparation. Knowledge of the programs
present throughout the 2000s is particularly useful to know in order to visualize a timeline of what
has been done post conflict. This paper connects with Salzman as the historical basis of Salzman
allows the Amnesty International article to be read with the cultural understanding that the AI article
alone lacks. The difference in time is important between the two as Salzman's focus is on the UN
prosecution of the perpetrators, while Amnesty International focuses on victims forgotten by time, in
a place where they continue to get no redress for their grievances. This work relates to Ginn as well.
Both papers provide an account into policy and reformations of policy. While Ginn focuses more on
learning from failed court systems, Amnesty International emphasizes the promotion of more
effective social organizations, in order to promote human rights. These articles focus heavily on the
rape survivors' low success count in terms of compensation, which is another strong indicator that
the articles work well together, as the focus does not leave behind those to whom reformations to the
systems are for.
Salzman, Todd A. "Rape camps as a means of

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