The document discusses bone structure and function. It defines bone as calcified connective tissue composed of cells and an inorganic matrix. Bone has two main components - cellular components like osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and an inorganic mineral matrix. Bone provides structure, protects organs, stores minerals, and manufactures blood cells. There are two types of bone tissue - lamellar bone which makes up most of the skeleton, and non-lamellar bone which forms more rapidly. Bone remodeling occurs through the balanced actions of osteoblasts which form new bone, and osteoclasts which resorb old bone.
Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas
Babylon University College of Dentistry
download this file from Website on google theoptimalsmile.wix.com/dentistry
Oral histology
Structure and function of of Pulp-Dentin complexPournami Dathan
The dentin and pulp are considered a complex by its similar embryology and function. It is in our practice to distinguish both by its unique functions it serves in our tooth.
Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas
Babylon University College of Dentistry
download this file from Website on google theoptimalsmile.wix.com/dentistry
Oral histology
Structure and function of of Pulp-Dentin complexPournami Dathan
The dentin and pulp are considered a complex by its similar embryology and function. It is in our practice to distinguish both by its unique functions it serves in our tooth.
A Clinical Review of Spacer Design for Conventional_124155.pptxDrIbadatJamil
One of the key factors affecting the outcome of the treatment is the impression procedure involved in the fabrication of complete denture prosthesis. Selective-pressure impression technique is most accepted. In this technique, by using custom trays with spacers of different materials and designs, vulnerable tissues are relieved and stresses are distributed selectively to biomechanically sound tissues. But the uses stock tray for making primary impression as well as final impression due to the lack of knowledge of the following: optimum material for making custom impression tray, adequate extension, required thickness and designs of spacer, tissue stops, escape holes, tray handles, and polymerization time regarding custom impression trays in prosthodontics. This seminar will give a clear view to use accurate spacer design, material and thickness, tissue stops, and escape holes, based on various clinical situations.
this ppt depicts pattern of bone destruction. its a very good slide show showing the process of bone formation, bone destruction and their patterns in periodontal diseases.
A Clinical Review of Spacer Design for Conventional_124155.pptxDrIbadatJamil
One of the key factors affecting the outcome of the treatment is the impression procedure involved in the fabrication of complete denture prosthesis. Selective-pressure impression technique is most accepted. In this technique, by using custom trays with spacers of different materials and designs, vulnerable tissues are relieved and stresses are distributed selectively to biomechanically sound tissues. But the uses stock tray for making primary impression as well as final impression due to the lack of knowledge of the following: optimum material for making custom impression tray, adequate extension, required thickness and designs of spacer, tissue stops, escape holes, tray handles, and polymerization time regarding custom impression trays in prosthodontics. This seminar will give a clear view to use accurate spacer design, material and thickness, tissue stops, and escape holes, based on various clinical situations.
this ppt depicts pattern of bone destruction. its a very good slide show showing the process of bone formation, bone destruction and their patterns in periodontal diseases.
Bone tissue also called (osseous tissue) is a type of specialized dense connective tissue.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
The bone of the skeleton is a mineralized vascular type of connective tissue with a solid matrix. The alveolar process is the bony extension of the mandible and maxilla that provides the necessary support for the teeth and serves as a site of attachment for the periodontal ligament fibers. By its resorption and deposition, it also compensates for tooth movement.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
4. Functions of bone
1. Skeletal support of body.
2. Store of Ca , Po4 .
3. Protection of internal organs.
4. Manufacturing of blood elements.
5. component
Tow major component (cellular & matrix)
1. Cellular component: 2 cell lineages
a) osteogenic cells (4)
b) osteoclasts cells
2. Matrix component:
a) 65% mineral
b) 35% matrix (collagen 1,5 & G.s)
7. osteocyteBone lining cellsosteoblastosteoprogenitor
OsteoblastFlatened osteoblastCondensing mesenchymeMesenchymal tissueorigin
Surrounded by
bone matrix
mineralized or not
enclosed in lacuna
Extended on bone
surface
On side which will
form new bone
1.Haversian canal
2.Marow space
3.Periostium
4.endosteum
site
ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
Apoptosis or encased
in matrix.ostocyte.
Or remain on bone
surface . Bone lining
cells.
Osteoblast at
vascular area.
Condroblast at
avascular area
fate
Through & canaliculi its
its maintain contact with
adjacent osteocyte&B.LC
Large nucleus &
organlles can secrete
protien
•Few synthetic
organelles
jap junction with
ostocyte
.cuboidal or slightly
elongated
.rich in protien
synsthesis& secretory
organelles
Has pale staining
elongated
nucleus
histology
Maintain bone
matrix & can
release Ca ion from
bone matrix
Control mineral
homeostasis &
ensure bone
vitality & its
primary site of ion
exchange beween
Formation on new
bone
Some of them
self renewing
which insure this
cells remain in
postnatal bone
marrow
function
8. 2- osteoclastic cells
1.origin: a) fusion of blood deriving monocyte
b) osteoprogenitor cells in situ
2.site: on bone surface where bone
resorption take place
Occupying howships lacunae
10. • Under electron microscope its has
unique chrachterestic which is :
1. Ruffiled border.
2. Clear zone.
3. Vesicular region
4. Basal portion
11. 1. ruffiled border:, its osteoclast cell memb.
forms finger like projection,
adjuacent to bone surface
2.clear zone (seal zone):
1) its the periphery of ruffiled border.
2) its plasma memb. Is opposed closely
to bone surface .
3) adjucent cytoplasm to it is are
devoided from organelles (clear zone)
4) Its riched in actin & talin
12. Functions of clear zone:-
1) attach the cells to mineralized surface.
2) isolate an acid environment between
cells & bone surface.
NB: lamina limitans: its dense matrix layer
between sealing zone & calcified tissue matrix
13. 3.Vesicular region: deep to ruffiled border , its
contains vesicle of various
shapes.
4.basal portion : its portion away from bone
surface consist of many
nuclei each of which is
surrounded by multiple
Golgi complexes ,mitochondria
& R.E.R
14.
15.
16. Bone resorption
Its chemotactic phenomenon since aging
osteocyte may librate some solouble
substance during their degrdation this
substance attract monocyte to target site
that’s will diffrentiate into osteoclast.
17. This done in sequence of conservative events
considered to be as follow:-
1.Attachment:
2.demineralization. (H pump) : cetric , lactic acid chelates
bone by H which increase solubility of bone
3.Degrdation of exposed matrix. (acid Po4 , canthepsin b)
4.endocytosis.
5.transport.
19. Types of bone
Bone tissue mainly exsist in tow forms
1)Lamellar bone (compact & spongy).
2) Non lamellar bone (woven & bundle).
20. 1.Lamellar bone: this type make up
skeleton & flant bones
its subdivided into 2 types
a) Compact bone.
b) Cancellous bone (spongy).
21. A) Compact bone: is dense like ovary .
form the main part of shaft of
long bones.
represent the external covering
of cancellous bone of ribs , flat bones.
22. Lamellar organization
in the shaft of long bone there are three pattern
of lamellar organization of compact bone.
1) Circumferential or basic lamellae (outer & inner).
2) Haversian lamellae.
3) Interstitial lamellae
23.
24.
25.
26. 1)Circumferential lamellae:
a) outer circumferential lamellae: its
immediately under periosteum , lamellar deposited at
certain number of layers around the circumference of
the shaft.
within & between the lamellae numerous osteocyte with
their process are filling the corresponding lacuna &
canaliculi .
b) Inner circumferential lamellae: its
surround the medullary cavity .
Its has similar arrange ment as outer ine but fewer in
number.
27. 2)Haversian lamellae :betweenn outer &
inner lamellae thre are several groups of
concentric lamellae (5:20) each of which
surrounds canal has diameter 20:300 micron
Its called haversian canal.
Each lamellae has osteocyte concentrically arranged with
their canaliculi radiating toward the central canal.
The inner most canaliculi direct into haversian canal.
Haversian canal contains: B.V , nerves , C.T & lined with
osteoprogenitor cells.
28. Haversian canal run parallel to long axis of shaft of
long bone .
Volkmans canals: its branches from haversian canal
which connect between haversian canals and
ultimately communicate with the surface of bone
outside & medullary cavity inside.
its has the same contents of haversian canal.
Haversian system (osteon): its unit structure
of compact bone & its consist of canal with
surrounding lamellae.
29.
30. 3)Interstitial lamellae: its fragments of
lamenated bone tissue tha are packed between
osteons .
They represent remnants of older , partialy resorbed ,
remolded haversian system
31.
32. 2.Spongy bone (cancellous or trabecular
bone): this type of bone present in :-
1.Epiphysis of long bone.
2.Bony of vertebrate.
3.ribs.
4.Central part of flat bone.
33.
34.
35.
36. Histolgy of bone
Its consist of:
Inter connected network of
bone trabecula with
intervening bone marrow
space
.bone trabecula consist of :
bone lamellae containing
osteocyte.
This trabecula surrounded
by osteoblast
37.
38.
39. What is trabecula ?
Its network of bony
plates or bars or rods
has different
orientation which give
the spongy bon
maximum rigidity
Its also called spicules
which means small
trabecula
40. Blood supply of cancellous bone present
in:
Intervening marrow spaces, consequently
nourishment of oteocyte occurs by
diffusion through canaliculi.
41. Incremental lines of bone (cement lines):-
*Its hypo-mineralized lines than bone matrix
Thus its more ductile than matrix , this can increase
the resistance to fatigue failure of bone.
*This lines are (resting & reversal & faint lines).
42. Faint lineReversal lineResting line
Abrubt change in
direction of
collagen fibers of
each successive
lamellae
They indicate
postosteoclastic activity
occurring on the surface of
the bone
undergoing resorption
(separate between old & new bone)
(bone turn over).
They
demonstrate the
incremental
pattern of bone
formation
(rest of
osteoblast).
cause
Silver impregnationH & EH & EStain
Faint black lineDark blueDark bluecolor
In decalcified
section
In decalcified and ground sectionin decalcified and
ground section
section
ــــــــــــــــــــScalloped linesUndulated linesshape
43.
44.
45.
46. 2. Non lamellar bone its also called:-
1. woven bone .
2. provisional bone .
3. emergency bone .
.its matrix contain more glycosaminoglycan &
glycoprotien than lamellated none and thus less
mineral contents .
. No. of osteocyte in non lamellar bone is more
than that occurs in lamellar bone due to rapid
formation of woven bone.
47. Due to less
inorganic contents
its more
radiolucent in X-
ray than lamellar
bone
And this explain
why bony healed
socket after
extraction cant be
seen in X-ray.
48. Bone of emergency
is finally resorbed
and replaced by
lamellar bone.
It will never change
directly into
lamellar bone.
49.
50. Periostum: its specialized dense C.T covered all bones
of the body except their articular surfaces.
Histologically: its membrane consist of 2 layers, the one
being indistinct from other
1. outer layer (vascular layer).
2. inner layer (osteogenic or cambium layer):
.its attached to bone by sharpey‘s fibers while periostium
itself act as medium for attachment of muscle ,
tendons .
.its provide nutritive fonction to underlying bone & has
osteogenic proprties in young age.
NB: in oral cavity its called muco-periotium.
51.
52.
53. endostium
•Its thin single layer of C.T
like inner layer of
periostium , its lines the
medullary cavity of bones.
•Periosteal surface of
bone more active in
formation of bone than
endosteal one.
54. Oseoid: (osteoid) its layer
of newly deposited
unmineralized bone
matrix that cover
bone surface where
active new bone
formation occurs.
Its 5-10 microne in
thickness
Its type 1 collagen fibrilis which
slightly parallel to bone surface
& proteoglycan and
glycoprotien.
55.
56. Bone development
Bone formation occurs by three mechanisms.
1) endochondral: cartilage is replaced by bone.
(UMC diffrenteate into chndroblasts which lay down
cartilage which later replaced by bone)
2) intramembranous: occurs directly
3) sutural : bone forming along sutural margins
58. 1. Osteons of fetal bone replaced by larger, more mature & more lamellar
bone.
2. Leading edge of resorption is called cutting edge.
3. Behind the cutting cone there is a migration of uni-nucleated cells which
differentiate into osteoblast which produce reversal line , thin layer of
phosphoprotien which bind old bone to new bone.
4. On the top of reversal line there are formation of new bone .
5. Area where active formation occurs is termed filling cone.
6. Controlling mechanisms of bone resorption may be genatic or hormonal.
7. Bone remodelling accommodates the growth of bone without losing
function.
59. Bone maturation
mature boneyoung immature
bone
Coarse woven bone
less undulatingless undulatingVery undulatingSurface periostium
lesserlessvery cellularcellularity
more organizedslightly organizeddisorganizedorganization
2ry & 3ry larger
osteons
primary small osteonsnonosteon
little loose C.Tmodrate soft tissue
contents
haigh vascularity &
soft tissue contents
others