Design of Adjustable Reconfigurable Wireless Single Core CORDIC based Rake Re...IOSR Journals
In wireless communication system transmitted signals are subjected to multiple reflections,
diffractions and attenuation caused by obstacles such as buildings and hills, etc. At the receiver end, multiple
copies of the transmitted signal are received that arrive at clearly distinguishable time instants and are faded by
signal cancellation. Rake receiver is a technique to combine these so called multi-paths [2] by utilizing multiple
correlation receivers allocated to those delay positions on which the significant energy arrives which achieves a
significant improvement in the SNR of the output signal. This paper shows how the rake, including dispreading
and descrambling could be replaced by a receiver that can be implemented on a CORDIC based hardware
architecture. The performance in conjunction with the computational requirements of the receiver is widely
adjustable which is significantly better than that of the conventional rake receiver
1) The document describes the FPGA implementation of a digital upconverter (DUC) and digital downconverter (DDC) for a WCDMA system.
2) The DUC converts a baseband signal to an intermediate frequency signal by upsampling and mixing with a carrier frequency. The DDC performs the opposite conversion from an intermediate frequency to baseband.
3) Both circuits were designed using Xilinx System Generator and implemented on a Virtex-4 FPGA. Experimental results verified the functionality of the DUC and DDC for WCDMA signal processing.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
This document summarizes various methods that have been proposed for implementing 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays). It reviews architectures for carrier synchronization, equalization, and digital up/down conversion. The document then proposes a new system generator-based 16-QAM transmitter model that considers issues like symbol mapping, interpolation filtering, and up-conversion to an intermediate frequency. Simulation results demonstrating the transmitter constellation and resource usage on an FPGA are also presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes key parameters of DVB-T2's OFDM transmission including:
1) It describes the number of carriers, IFFT size, symbol period, and bandwidth for each of DVB-T2's modes from 1K to 32K.
2) It explains that modulation patterns in DVB-T2 include QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, and 256QAM, with optional rotation of constellations.
3) It provides details on DVB-T2's frame structure, which begins with a P1 synchronization symbol followed by 1-16 P2 symbols carrying signaling data, and multiple payload symbols organized into physical layer pipes (PLPs).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document specifies 5G RRC parameters including message definitions and information elements for timers, counters, constants, and UE variables. It defines RRC messages that may be sent on different logical channels and provides descriptions of message fields. It also specifies bandwidth part configurations, measurement reporting, reconfiguration messages, and beam failure recovery resources.
Design of Adjustable Reconfigurable Wireless Single Core CORDIC based Rake Re...IOSR Journals
In wireless communication system transmitted signals are subjected to multiple reflections,
diffractions and attenuation caused by obstacles such as buildings and hills, etc. At the receiver end, multiple
copies of the transmitted signal are received that arrive at clearly distinguishable time instants and are faded by
signal cancellation. Rake receiver is a technique to combine these so called multi-paths [2] by utilizing multiple
correlation receivers allocated to those delay positions on which the significant energy arrives which achieves a
significant improvement in the SNR of the output signal. This paper shows how the rake, including dispreading
and descrambling could be replaced by a receiver that can be implemented on a CORDIC based hardware
architecture. The performance in conjunction with the computational requirements of the receiver is widely
adjustable which is significantly better than that of the conventional rake receiver
1) The document describes the FPGA implementation of a digital upconverter (DUC) and digital downconverter (DDC) for a WCDMA system.
2) The DUC converts a baseband signal to an intermediate frequency signal by upsampling and mixing with a carrier frequency. The DDC performs the opposite conversion from an intermediate frequency to baseband.
3) Both circuits were designed using Xilinx System Generator and implemented on a Virtex-4 FPGA. Experimental results verified the functionality of the DUC and DDC for WCDMA signal processing.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
This document summarizes various methods that have been proposed for implementing 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays). It reviews architectures for carrier synchronization, equalization, and digital up/down conversion. The document then proposes a new system generator-based 16-QAM transmitter model that considers issues like symbol mapping, interpolation filtering, and up-conversion to an intermediate frequency. Simulation results demonstrating the transmitter constellation and resource usage on an FPGA are also presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes key parameters of DVB-T2's OFDM transmission including:
1) It describes the number of carriers, IFFT size, symbol period, and bandwidth for each of DVB-T2's modes from 1K to 32K.
2) It explains that modulation patterns in DVB-T2 include QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, and 256QAM, with optional rotation of constellations.
3) It provides details on DVB-T2's frame structure, which begins with a P1 synchronization symbol followed by 1-16 P2 symbols carrying signaling data, and multiple payload symbols organized into physical layer pipes (PLPs).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document specifies 5G RRC parameters including message definitions and information elements for timers, counters, constants, and UE variables. It defines RRC messages that may be sent on different logical channels and provides descriptions of message fields. It also specifies bandwidth part configurations, measurement reporting, reconfiguration messages, and beam failure recovery resources.
This document discusses radio frequency (RF) planning and optimization for 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular networks. It begins with an overview of LTE network architecture and physical layer, including the use of frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD). Propagation modeling and cell planning considerations are then covered, such as coverage, cell types, diversity techniques and antenna arrays. The chapter also addresses link budgeting, field measurements, network performance parameters, and postdeployment optimization. The goal of the document is to explain the key aspects of RF planning and design that are essential for deploying and optimizing LTE networks.
This document provides an overview of the LTE protocol stack, focusing on the data link layer (L2) which includes the MAC, RLC, and PDCP sublayers. It describes the architecture and functions of MAC including logical and transport channels, HARQ, scheduling, random access procedure, discontinuous reception, and more. It also covers the RLC sublayer including its different modes (TM, UM, AM) and functions like segmentation, reassembly and error correction. Finally it discusses the PDCP sublayer and its roles in header compression, security, and handover support. The document is intended to provide a systematic understanding of the LTE protocol stack for engineers working in areas like development, testing, optimization and trouble
IRJET- A Study on PRN Code Generation and Properties of C/A Code in GPS based...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the generation of pseudo-random noise (PRN) codes, specifically the C/A code, used in GPS systems. It describes how the C/A code is generated using two 10-stage linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) called G1 and G2. The outputs of the registers are combined using modulo-2 addition to create unique PRN codes for each satellite. The document simulates the generation of C/A codes for several satellites in MATLAB and verifies the codes match standard codes. It also analyzes the autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties of the generated C/A codes.
IRJET-Error Detection and Correction using Turbo CodesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using turbo codes for error detection and correction. It discusses:
1) Turbo codes use parallel convolutional encoders separated by an interleaver to achieve near-Shannon limit performance with forward error correction. The encoding and decoding of text and images is described.
2) Decoding is done iteratively using maximum log-map or log-map algorithms to calculate reliability metrics and soft outputs for error correction.
3) The encoding process involves two recursive systematic convolutional encoders with an interleaver between. Decoding is also iterative and uses log-map type algorithms to calculate branch metrics and state metrics to output soft decisions.
The document discusses PCI (Physical Cell Identity) planning in LTE networks. It describes the cell search process where the UE detects the PCI from the PSS and SSS. The PCI is used to determine the location of reference signals and avoid interference. The document recommends strategies for PCI planning such as assigning color groups to sectors and code groups to sites to avoid conflicting PCI combinations in adjacent cells. It also discusses tools to analyze potential PCI interference and make changes to mitigate issues.
Michael Grigoropoulos, MSc Networks and Data Communications COURSEWORK, Kingston University
The purpose of this assignment is to analyze and simulate the physical layer of the 802.11a standard and compare the different modulation and coding schemes it can use. A theoretical approach of the protocol will be presented and also a practical simulation using Matlab and Simulink.
This document summarizes the design of a low bitrate modulator using FPGA for satellite applications. It describes:
1) Modeling a BPSK modem using System Generator in MATLAB, including modulator, channel, and demodulator blocks.
2) Designing and simulating the individual blocks of a BPSK modulator in VHDL, and implementing the design on a Spartan 3 FPGA board.
3) Testing the design in ModelSim and verifying it achieves the expected BPSK modulation at a bitrate of 1200 bps for potential use in deep space telemetry or navigation systems.
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in an MC-CDMA system using partial transmit sequence (PTS) technique with a suboptimal combination algorithm. The paper simulates a downlink MC-CDMA system with BPSK and QPSK modulation under varying system parameters like number of users and phase sequences. Results show the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of PAPR for the original and PTS-processed signals. Using PTS with 4, 8, or 16 phase sequences provides 1dB, 2dB, and 4.2dB of PAPR reduction respectively compared to the original signal for a 8-user BPSK modulated MC-CD
The document summarizes key aspects of the WCDMA physical layer. It discusses spreading and scrambling which increase signal bandwidth using channelization and scrambling codes. It describes transport channels which define how data is transferred physically, including dedicated and common channels. It also outlines physical channels such as the dedicated physical data and control channels for both uplink and downlink transmissions.
This MATLAB section of source code covers MATLAB based projects.
Download free source code viz. FIR,IIR,scrambler,interleaver,FFT,convolution,correlation,interpolation,decimation,CRC,impairments,data type conversions and more.
RS encoder,convolutional encoder,viterbi decoder,OFDM,OFDMA,MIMO is also covered.WiMAX,WLAN,LTE source codes are also provided.
This document discusses tools used for field measurements and drive testing of LTE networks. It provides details on terminals that can be used for measurements, including the Samsung B3710 and LG LD100/G7 phones, as well as the Aeroflex TM500 test terminal. It also discusses various drive test tools like XCAL, Nemo Outdoor, and JDSU E6474A that can be used with these terminals for data collection. Finally, it briefly outlines some commercial post-processing tools available for analyzing the collected LTE drive test data, including Actix Analyzer, Nemo Analyze, Accuver XCAP, and TEMS Discovery LTE.
IRJET- Review of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Wireless ...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for wireless communication. It discusses how OFDM works by splitting a high-rate data stream into multiple lower rate streams that are transmitted simultaneously over different subcarriers. This allows for efficient use of bandwidth and reduces interference. The document reviews the key components of an OFDM system, including serial to parallel conversion, modulation of subcarriers, use of inverse fast Fourier transform and cyclic prefix to maintain orthogonality. It also discusses transmission of an OFDM signal using binary phase-shift keying modulation and recovering the signal at the receiver.
This document discusses enhancements to the physical layer of LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10). It describes the downlink and uplink physical layer designs, including orthogonal multiple access schemes, reference signals, control signaling, and data transmission methods. It also covers support for time division duplexing, half-duplex frequency division duplexing, and UE categories defined in 3GPP Release 8. The goal of LTE-Advanced is to further improve the LTE standard to meet the requirements of IMT-Advanced.
The document discusses the random access channel (RACH) procedure in LTE networks. It covers:
1) The RACH procedure is used for initial access and synchronization between the UE and network. The physical random access channel (PRACH) is used to perform the initial access.
2) The RACH procedure is performed in scenarios like initial access, re-establishment, handover, and when uplink synchronization is lost.
3) The document provides details on the different steps of the contention-based and non-contention based RACH procedures.
This document provides an overview of the LTE physical channel structure and procedures between the eNB and UE. It describes the LTE architecture and introduces the main physical channels including downlink channels like PBCH, PDCCH, PDSCH and uplink channels like PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH. It explains the channel mapping and provides examples of the initial access procedure and synchronization signal transmission. Key concepts covered are radio interface protocol stacks, channel coding, multiple access, and reference signals.
1) The document describes the downlink physical channels of LTE including the DL-SCH, PBCH, PDSCH, PDCCH, PCFICH, and PHICH.
2) It discusses design constraints for LTE including keeping the cyclic prefix smaller than the symbol length and larger than the delay spread to avoid overhead and interference. The subcarrier spacing must also be large enough to overcome Doppler shifts from UE motion.
3) The placement of reference signals is described, needing to be spaced at least every 0.5ms in time to track fast channels and every 6 subcarriers (45kHz) in frequency to resolve variations.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a method for detecting stuck-at faults in digital circuits at the register transfer level (RTL) using the concept of textio in VHDL. It begins with an introduction to the need for high-level fault simulation due to increasing design complexity. It then discusses related work involving adding buffers, using validation test sets, and automatic test pattern generation. The document outlines the proposed RTL fault model and fault injection methodology. It presents results of applying the textio concept to detect stuck-at faults and compares output files to determine fault locations. The conclusion states that this textio method allows easier fault coverage estimation than prior methods and leads to better efficiency in detecting stuck-at faults in RT
This document discusses radio frequency (RF) planning and optimization for 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular networks. It begins with an overview of LTE network architecture and physical layer, including the use of frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD). Propagation modeling and cell planning considerations are then covered, such as coverage, cell types, diversity techniques and antenna arrays. The chapter also addresses link budgeting, field measurements, network performance parameters, and postdeployment optimization. The goal of the document is to explain the key aspects of RF planning and design that are essential for deploying and optimizing LTE networks.
This document provides an overview of the LTE protocol stack, focusing on the data link layer (L2) which includes the MAC, RLC, and PDCP sublayers. It describes the architecture and functions of MAC including logical and transport channels, HARQ, scheduling, random access procedure, discontinuous reception, and more. It also covers the RLC sublayer including its different modes (TM, UM, AM) and functions like segmentation, reassembly and error correction. Finally it discusses the PDCP sublayer and its roles in header compression, security, and handover support. The document is intended to provide a systematic understanding of the LTE protocol stack for engineers working in areas like development, testing, optimization and trouble
IRJET- A Study on PRN Code Generation and Properties of C/A Code in GPS based...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the generation of pseudo-random noise (PRN) codes, specifically the C/A code, used in GPS systems. It describes how the C/A code is generated using two 10-stage linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) called G1 and G2. The outputs of the registers are combined using modulo-2 addition to create unique PRN codes for each satellite. The document simulates the generation of C/A codes for several satellites in MATLAB and verifies the codes match standard codes. It also analyzes the autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties of the generated C/A codes.
IRJET-Error Detection and Correction using Turbo CodesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using turbo codes for error detection and correction. It discusses:
1) Turbo codes use parallel convolutional encoders separated by an interleaver to achieve near-Shannon limit performance with forward error correction. The encoding and decoding of text and images is described.
2) Decoding is done iteratively using maximum log-map or log-map algorithms to calculate reliability metrics and soft outputs for error correction.
3) The encoding process involves two recursive systematic convolutional encoders with an interleaver between. Decoding is also iterative and uses log-map type algorithms to calculate branch metrics and state metrics to output soft decisions.
The document discusses PCI (Physical Cell Identity) planning in LTE networks. It describes the cell search process where the UE detects the PCI from the PSS and SSS. The PCI is used to determine the location of reference signals and avoid interference. The document recommends strategies for PCI planning such as assigning color groups to sectors and code groups to sites to avoid conflicting PCI combinations in adjacent cells. It also discusses tools to analyze potential PCI interference and make changes to mitigate issues.
Michael Grigoropoulos, MSc Networks and Data Communications COURSEWORK, Kingston University
The purpose of this assignment is to analyze and simulate the physical layer of the 802.11a standard and compare the different modulation and coding schemes it can use. A theoretical approach of the protocol will be presented and also a practical simulation using Matlab and Simulink.
This document summarizes the design of a low bitrate modulator using FPGA for satellite applications. It describes:
1) Modeling a BPSK modem using System Generator in MATLAB, including modulator, channel, and demodulator blocks.
2) Designing and simulating the individual blocks of a BPSK modulator in VHDL, and implementing the design on a Spartan 3 FPGA board.
3) Testing the design in ModelSim and verifying it achieves the expected BPSK modulation at a bitrate of 1200 bps for potential use in deep space telemetry or navigation systems.
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in an MC-CDMA system using partial transmit sequence (PTS) technique with a suboptimal combination algorithm. The paper simulates a downlink MC-CDMA system with BPSK and QPSK modulation under varying system parameters like number of users and phase sequences. Results show the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of PAPR for the original and PTS-processed signals. Using PTS with 4, 8, or 16 phase sequences provides 1dB, 2dB, and 4.2dB of PAPR reduction respectively compared to the original signal for a 8-user BPSK modulated MC-CD
The document summarizes key aspects of the WCDMA physical layer. It discusses spreading and scrambling which increase signal bandwidth using channelization and scrambling codes. It describes transport channels which define how data is transferred physically, including dedicated and common channels. It also outlines physical channels such as the dedicated physical data and control channels for both uplink and downlink transmissions.
This MATLAB section of source code covers MATLAB based projects.
Download free source code viz. FIR,IIR,scrambler,interleaver,FFT,convolution,correlation,interpolation,decimation,CRC,impairments,data type conversions and more.
RS encoder,convolutional encoder,viterbi decoder,OFDM,OFDMA,MIMO is also covered.WiMAX,WLAN,LTE source codes are also provided.
This document discusses tools used for field measurements and drive testing of LTE networks. It provides details on terminals that can be used for measurements, including the Samsung B3710 and LG LD100/G7 phones, as well as the Aeroflex TM500 test terminal. It also discusses various drive test tools like XCAL, Nemo Outdoor, and JDSU E6474A that can be used with these terminals for data collection. Finally, it briefly outlines some commercial post-processing tools available for analyzing the collected LTE drive test data, including Actix Analyzer, Nemo Analyze, Accuver XCAP, and TEMS Discovery LTE.
IRJET- Review of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Wireless ...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for wireless communication. It discusses how OFDM works by splitting a high-rate data stream into multiple lower rate streams that are transmitted simultaneously over different subcarriers. This allows for efficient use of bandwidth and reduces interference. The document reviews the key components of an OFDM system, including serial to parallel conversion, modulation of subcarriers, use of inverse fast Fourier transform and cyclic prefix to maintain orthogonality. It also discusses transmission of an OFDM signal using binary phase-shift keying modulation and recovering the signal at the receiver.
This document discusses enhancements to the physical layer of LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10). It describes the downlink and uplink physical layer designs, including orthogonal multiple access schemes, reference signals, control signaling, and data transmission methods. It also covers support for time division duplexing, half-duplex frequency division duplexing, and UE categories defined in 3GPP Release 8. The goal of LTE-Advanced is to further improve the LTE standard to meet the requirements of IMT-Advanced.
The document discusses the random access channel (RACH) procedure in LTE networks. It covers:
1) The RACH procedure is used for initial access and synchronization between the UE and network. The physical random access channel (PRACH) is used to perform the initial access.
2) The RACH procedure is performed in scenarios like initial access, re-establishment, handover, and when uplink synchronization is lost.
3) The document provides details on the different steps of the contention-based and non-contention based RACH procedures.
This document provides an overview of the LTE physical channel structure and procedures between the eNB and UE. It describes the LTE architecture and introduces the main physical channels including downlink channels like PBCH, PDCCH, PDSCH and uplink channels like PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH. It explains the channel mapping and provides examples of the initial access procedure and synchronization signal transmission. Key concepts covered are radio interface protocol stacks, channel coding, multiple access, and reference signals.
1) The document describes the downlink physical channels of LTE including the DL-SCH, PBCH, PDSCH, PDCCH, PCFICH, and PHICH.
2) It discusses design constraints for LTE including keeping the cyclic prefix smaller than the symbol length and larger than the delay spread to avoid overhead and interference. The subcarrier spacing must also be large enough to overcome Doppler shifts from UE motion.
3) The placement of reference signals is described, needing to be spaced at least every 0.5ms in time to track fast channels and every 6 subcarriers (45kHz) in frequency to resolve variations.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a method for detecting stuck-at faults in digital circuits at the register transfer level (RTL) using the concept of textio in VHDL. It begins with an introduction to the need for high-level fault simulation due to increasing design complexity. It then discusses related work involving adding buffers, using validation test sets, and automatic test pattern generation. The document outlines the proposed RTL fault model and fault injection methodology. It presents results of applying the textio concept to detect stuck-at faults and compares output files to determine fault locations. The conclusion states that this textio method allows easier fault coverage estimation than prior methods and leads to better efficiency in detecting stuck-at faults in RT
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document presents the design and implementation of optimized reversible sequential and combinational circuits for VLSI applications. Reversible logic is used to reduce power dissipation, which is important for low power VLSI design. Novel designs of reversible latches and flip-flops are proposed to optimize quantum cost, delay, and garbage outputs. Combinational circuits including multiplexers, adders, and subtractors are designed using reversible logic gates. An 8-bit reversible full adder/subtractor is also implemented. The circuits are simulated using Xilinx ISE and EDA tools to analyze power consumption and area. Overall, the document discusses reversible logic circuit designs and their potential for low power VLSI applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design of Low Pass Digital FIR Filter Using Cuckoo Search AlgorithmIJERA Editor
This paper presents a novel approach of designing linear phase FIR low pass filter using cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA). FIR filter design is a multi-modal optimization problem. The conventional optimization techniques are not efficient for digital filter design. An iterative method is introduced to find the best solution of FIR filter design problem.Flat passband and high stopband attenuation are the major characteristics required in FIR filter design. To achieve these characteristics, a Cuckoo Search algorithm (CSA) is proposed in this paper. CSA have been used here for the design of linear phase finite impulse response (FIR) filters. Results are presented in this paper that seems to be promising tool for FIR filter design
Fighting Accident Using Eye Detection forSmartphonesIJERA Editor
This paper is an attempt to investigate an important problem and approaches of human eye detection, blinking, and tracking. A new system was proposed and implemented using android technology for smartphones. System creatively reduces accidents due to drivers’ fatigue by focusing on treating the driver after fatigue has been detected to achieve decrease in accident likelihood.
Smartphone's have been the important tools in our society for the abundant functions including communication, entertainment and online office etc. as the pivotal devices of mobile computing. Smartphone development has also become more important than before. Android is one of the emerging leading operating systems for smartphones as an open source system platform. Many smartphones have adopted this platform and more smartphones will do so in the future. The proposed system is well-suited for real world driving conditions since it can be non-intrusive by using video cameras to detect changes. Driver operation and vehicle behavior can be implemented by equipping automobiles with the ability to monitoring the response of the driver. This involves periodically requesting the driver to send a response to the system to indicate alertness. The propose system based on eyes closer count & yawning count of the driver. By monitoring the eyes and face, it is believed that the symptoms of driver fatigue can be detected early enough to avoid a car accident and providing the driver with a warning if the driver takes his or her eye off the road.
Personal Handy System Based Online Vehicle Tracking With Mobile LockingIJERA Editor
This paper presents the detailed description about “Personal Handy System” (PHS) which is the alternative technology for Global Positioning System (GPS).PHS is a effective system for network system of vehicle tracking & locking facility from a remote end like control room or even vehicle owner‟s mobile. The operator can see the vehicle‟s current location in real time mode. Here the communication network is comparable to the cellular network in operation.In this paper prototypes are made to illustrate the tracking and locking of vehicle.
A Novel Approach on Photovoltaic Technologies for Power Injection in Grid Usi...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the simulation of the Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab Simulink. This model is based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor. This paper presents integration of the grid distribution network in Indian scenario with solar power technology to meet the additional electrical energy demand of urban as well as rural sectors which are both rapidly expanding. First of all the data of a real life power plant having 24V, 230W Power PV module has been compared and analyzed with that of matlab program output for identical module and it has been find out that a variation in temperature affects the parameters values as well as the performance of the solar module. After the above analysis the design and Simulink implementation for single phase power grid connected PV system has been done. The system includes the PV array model, the integration of the MPPT with boost dc converter , dc to ac inverter, single phase series load connected to ac grid. It is demonstrated that the model works well at different temperature conditions and predicting the General behavior of single-phase grid- connected PV systems .
Achieving Reduced Area and Power with Multi Bit Flip-Flop When Implemented In...IJERA Editor
A UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter) is a device allowing the reception and transmission of information, in a serial and asynchronous way. This project focuses on the implementation of UART with status register using multi bit flip-flop and comparing it with UART with status register using single bit flip-flops. During the reception of data, status register indicates parity error, framing error, overrun error and break error. The multi bit flip-flop is indicated in this status register. In modern very large scale integrated circuits, Power reduction and area reduction has become a vital design goal for sophisticated design applications. So in this project the power consumed and area occupied by both multi-bit flip-flop and single bit flip is compared. The underlying idea behind multi-bit flip-flop method is to eliminate total inverter number by sharing the inverters in the flip-flops. Based on the elimination feature of redundant inverters in merging single bit flip-flops into multi bit flip-flops, gives reduction of wired length and this result in reduction of power consumption and area.
Parametric Study of Square Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns Subjected To Co...IJERA Editor
The Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) member has many advantages compared with the conventional concrete structural member. This study presents on the behaviour of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns under axial load by changing parameters. The parameters are thickness of steel tube, Grade of concrete and length of column. The study was conducted using ANSYS 13 finite element software. All the columns are 60 X 60 mm in size. The thickness of the tube is taken as 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm for thickness variation. The grades of concrete infill are M25, M30, M40, M50, M60 and M70 used for grade variation. Lengths of columns are taken as 900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100, and 2400 mm for length variation. Buckling load is compared with Euro code 4 (1994).
Este documento resume las evidencias de que la gripe porcina podría haber sido creada intencionalmente en laboratorios militares estadounidenses y que la compañía farmacéutica Baxter distribuyó vacunas contaminadas con el virus de la gripe aviar en Europa, lo que sugiere un intento de propagar una pandemia. Advierte a la gente que no se deje llevar por el miedo y que en lugar de vacunarse, recurra a remedios naturales para fortalecer su sistema inmunológico.
La nieve cayó durante la noche, cubriendo el suelo y los árboles con una capa blanca y suave. Al despertar, el mundo parecía tranquilo y silencioso bajo la nieve recién caída. Los niños salieron a jugar en la nieve, disfrutando de construir muñecos de nieve y deslizarse por las colinas cubiertas de nieve.
Marketing is defined as a social and managerial process through which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want by creating, offering, and exchanging products and services of value. The document discusses the evolution of marketing from focusing on products to recognizing the differences between products and services, leading to a new multidimensional perspective on marketing that considers process, physical evidence, people, and true moments of service delivery. It also explains that quality service is important for customer loyalty, increased sales, greater repetition of business, and other benefits for both customers and the company.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Field programmable gate array implementation of multiwavelet transform based...IJECEIAES
This article offers an efficient design and implementation of a discrete multiwavelet critical-sampling transform based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DMWCST-OFDM) transceiver using field programmable gate array (FPGA) platform. The design uses 16-point discrete multiwavelet critical-sampling transform (DMWCST) and its inverse as main processing modules. All modules were designed using a part of Vivado® Design Suite version (2015.2), which is Xilinx system generator (XSG), and is compatible with MATLAB Simulink version R2013b. The FPGA implementation is carried out on a Zynq (XC7Z020-1CLG484) evaluation board with joint test action group (JTAG) hardware cosimulation. According to the results obtained from the implementation tools, the implemented system is efficient in terms of resource utilization and could support the real-time operations.
Implementation of High Speed OFDM Transceiver using FPGAMangaiK4
Abstract - Proficient, multi mode and re-configurable architecture of interleaver/de-interleaver for multiple standards, like DVB, OFDM and WLAN is presented. Interleaver plays vital role in 4G technologies to recover symbols from burst errors. The aim of our work is to design a reconfigurable modulation technique called Adaptive modulation scheme uses QAM, QPSK and BPSK modulation that adapt themselves based on channel Signal to Noise ratio. Subcarrier allocation algorithm specifically used to focus on utilizing channels with high gains. Our proposed model can achieves a data rate of min 2.5 Gbps as per 3GPP standard by adaptive modulation technique using QAM, BPSK and QPSK.
Analysis of Women Harassment inVillages Using CETD Matrix ModalMangaiK4
Abstract-It is commonly understood that misbehavior intends to upset .Law says ,the repeated intentional misbehavior towards women is an offensive. The main concept of this paper can find something interesting that will make us reflect on what is done by women’s rights and gender equality. To solve such problem, in this paper we are interested to adopt CETD matrix.
Qpsk modulation for dsss cdma transmitter and receiver using fpgaIAEME Publication
This document describes a QPSK modulation and demodulation system for a DS-CDMA transmitter and receiver implemented on an FPGA. It discusses:
1) The DS-CDMA transmitter which consists of a user data generator, PN sequence generator for spreading, and QPSK modulator to modulate the spread signal before transmission.
2) The DS-CDMA receiver which consists of a QPSK demodulator, PN sequence generator for despreading, matched filter, and threshold detector to recover the transmitted data.
3) The implementation of QPSK modulation and demodulation, where 2 bits are mapped to signal phases and modulation is performed by varying the phase of a carrier signal.
Design of Adjustable Reconfigurable Wireless Single Core CORDIC based Rake Re...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In wireless communication system transmitted signals are subjected to multiple reflections, diffractions and attenuation caused by obstacles such as buildings and hills, etc. At the receiver end, multiple copies of the transmitted signal are received that arrive at clearly distinguishable time instants and are faded by signal cancellation. Rake receiver is a technique to combine these so called multi-paths [2] by utilizing multiple correlation receivers allocated to those delay positions on which the significant energy arrives which achieves a significant improvement in the SNR of the output signal. This paper shows how the rake, including dispreading and descrambling could be replaced by a receiver that can be implemented on a CORDIC based hardware architecture. The performance in conjunction with the computational requirements of the receiver is widely adjustable which is significantly better than that of the conventional rake receiver. Keywords - Rake receiver, Multi-paths, CORDIC
A Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP) Modulation Format: Perspective and Prospe...IJECEIAES
The explosive demand of broadband services nowadays requires data communication systems to have intensive capacity which subsequently increases the need for higher data rate as well. Although implementation of multiple wavelengths channels can be used (e.g. 4 × 25.8 Gb/s for 100 Gb/s connection) for such desired system, it usually leads to cost increment issue which is caused by employment of multiple optical components. Therefore, implementation of advanced modulation format using a single wavelength channel has become a preference to increase spectral efficiency by increasing the data rate for a given transmission system bandwidth. Conventional advanced modulation format however, involves a degree of complexity and costly transmission system. Hence, carrierless amplitude phase (CAP) modulation format has emerged as a promising advanced modulation format candidate due to spectral efficiency improvement ability with reduction of optical transceiver complexity and cost. The intriguing properties of CAP modulation format are reviewed as an attractive prospect in optical transmission system applications.
Efficient reconfigurable architecture of baseband demodulator in sdreSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents the simulation architecture and performance analysis with the use of ZCD technic. A Zero-Crossing based All-Digital Baseband Demodulation architecture is proposed in this work. This architecture supports demodulation of all modulation schemes including MSK, PSK, FSK, and QAM. The proposed structure is very low area, low power, and low latency and can operate in real-time. Moreover it can switch, in run-time, between multiple modulation schemes like GMSK (GSM), QPSK (CDMA), GFSK (Bluetooth), 8-PSK (EDGE), Offset-QPSK (W-CDMA), etc. In addition, the phase resolution of the demodulator is scalable with performance. In addition, bit-wise amplitude quantization based quad-decomposition approach is utilized to demodulate higher order M-ary QAM modulations such as 16-QAM & 64-QAM, which is also a highly scalable architecture. This structure of demodulator provides energy-efficient and resource-efficient implementation of various wireless standards in physical layer of SDR. Keywords — Physical layer, Mobile and Wireless Communication, Software Defined radio (SDR), Zero Cross Detection (ZCD), Modulation Schemes, Architecture, high level synthesis, FPGA.
FPGA Implementation of BIST in OFDM TransceiversIRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing built-in self-test (BIST) circuits in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) transceivers to measure bit error rate (BER). The proposed BIST circuit uses Reed-Solomon encoding and decoding blocks. Various digital modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, and PSK are simulated using the BIST circuit in an OFDM system with additive white Gaussian noise. Simulation results in MATLAB show the BER performance of different modulation schemes, identifying the best scheme with the lowest BER.
Design and Implementation of Area Optimized, Low Complexity CMOS 32nm Technol...IJERA Editor
A numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) is a digital signal generator which is a very important block in many Digital Communication Systems such as Software Defined Radios, Digital Radio set and Modems, Down/Up converters for Cellular and PCS base stations etc. NCO creates a synchronous, discrete-time, discrete-valued representation of a sinusoidal waveform. This paper implements the development and design of CMOS look up Table based numerically controlled oscillator which improves the performance, reduces the power & area requirement. The design is implemented with CMOS 32 nm Technology with Microwind 3.8 software tool. In addition, it can be used for analog circuit also enables the integration of complete system on chip. This paper also describes the design of a NCO which is of contemporary nature with reasonable speed, resolution and linearity with lower power, low area. For all about Pre Layout simulation has been realized using 32nm CMOS process Technology.
High Speed Low-Power Viterbi Decoder Using Trellis Code ModulationMangaiK4
Abstract - High speed low power viterbi decoders for trellis code modulation is well known for the delay consumption in underwater communication. In transmission system wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor. WiMAX is the wireless communication standard designed to provide 30 to 40 Mega bits per second data rates. WiMAX as a standards based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL. WiMAX can provide at home or mobile internet access across whole cities or countries. The address generation of WiMAX is carried out by interleaver and deinterleaver. Interleaving is used to overcome correlated channel noise such as burst error or fading. The interleaver/deinterleaver rearranges input data such that consecutive data are spaced apart. The interleaved memory is to improve the speed of access to memory. The viterbi technique reduces the bit error rate and delay using wimax.
High Speed Low-Power Viterbi Decoder Using Trellis Code ModulationMangaiK4
Abstract - High speed low power viterbi decoders for trellis code modulation is well known for the delay consumption in underwater communication. In transmission system wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor. WiMAX is the wireless communication standard designed to provide 30 to 40 Mega bits per second data rates. WiMAX as a standards based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL. WiMAX can provide at home or mobile internet access across whole cities or countries. The address generation of WiMAX is carried out by interleaver and deinterleaver. Interleaving is used to overcome correlated channel noise such as burst error or fading. The interleaver/deinterleaver rearranges input data such that consecutive data are spaced apart. The interleaved memory is to improve the speed of access to memory. The viterbi technique reduces the bit error rate and delay using wimax.
Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document summarizes various methods that have been proposed for implementing 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays). It reviews architectures for carrier synchronization, equalization, and digital up/down conversion. The document then proposes a new system generator-based 16-QAM transmitter model that considers issues like symbol mapping, interpolation filtering, and up-conversion to an intermediate frequency. Simulation results demonstrating the transmitter constellation and resource usage on an FPGA are also presented.
Comparative study of_digital_modulation (1)Bindia Kumari
This document compares different digital modulation techniques that can be used in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and WiMAX networks. It simulates BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation in MATLAB and measures their performance in terms of bit error rate and throughput. The results show that higher order modulations like 64-QAM provide much higher throughput but also higher bit error rates compared to lower order modulations at a given signal-to-noise ratio. The best configuration balances low bit error rates and high throughput.
Performance Analysis of BER and Throughput of Different MIMO Systems using Di...IRJET Journal
The document discusses performance analysis of different MIMO systems using various modulation techniques. It analyzes bit error rate (BER) and throughput of MIMO-OFDM downlink systems using QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM modulation. MIMO-OFDM combines multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to improve data rates and reliability in wireless communications. The analysis found that higher order modulations like 16QAM and 64QAM achieve higher data rates but at the cost of increased BER, while lower order modulations like QPSK provide better BER performance. SNR and guard intervals in the OFDM signal were also found to improve system performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Non-binary codes approach on the performance of short-packet full-duplex tran...IJECEIAES
This paper illustrates the enhancement of the performance of short-packet full-duplex (FD) transmission by taking the approach of non-binary low density parity check (NB-LDPC) codes over higher Galois field. For the purpose of reducing the impacts of self-interference (SI), high order of modulation, complexity, and latency decoder, a blind feedback process composed of channels estimation and decoding algorithm is implemented. In particular, this method uses an iterative process to simultaneously suppress SI component of FD transmission, estimate intended channel, and decode messages. The results indicate that the proposed technique provides a better solution than both the NB-LDPC without feedback and the binary LDPC feedback algorithms. Indeed, it can significantly improve the performance of overall system in two important factors, which are bit-error-rate (BER) and mean square error (MSE), especially in high order of modulation. The suggested algorithm also shows a robustness in reliability and power consumption for both short-packet FD transmissions and high order modulation communications.
BER Performance Improvement for 4 X 4 MIMO Single Carrier FDMA System Using M...IRJET Journal
This document describes a system that aims to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of 4x4 MIMO single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) uplink transmission. It investigates using minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization at the receiver to better detect MIMO data over Rayleigh fading channels. Simulation results using MATLAB show that the proposed MMSE detection scheme decreases BER as signal-to-noise ratio increases for 16-QAM modulation. The BER performance is also compared to orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) MIMO systems, showing improved results for SC-FDMA.
This document discusses hardware simulation of a QPSK modulator. It begins by introducing QPSK modulation and its applications in wireless communication systems due to its bandwidth efficiency and noise immunity. It then discusses a proposed hardware simulation of a QPSK modulator using Altera Quartus II software to reduce power consumption by eliminating unnecessary blocks. The proposed design stores phase-shifted carrier signals in a ROM rather than generating them, requiring fewer blocks. It is summarized that the proposed design aims to improve speed, area and power over conventional designs.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF QOS PARAMETERS LIKE PSNR, MAE & RMSE USED IN IMAGE TR...Journal For Research
Wireless designers constantly seek to improve the spectrum efficiency/capacity, coverage of wireless networks and link reliability. In this direction, Space-time wireless technology that uses multiple antennas along with appropriate signaling and receiver techniques that offers a powerful tool for improving the wireless performance is used in this thesis work. A special version of STBC called ‘Alamouti code’ is used. PSK modulation scheme is used for modulation of data. In this thesis work, the Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) is used in WLAN wireless network that uses multiple numbers of antennas at both transmitter and receiver. The STBC which includes the Alamouti Scheme for 2 transmit antenna and a different number of receiving antenna has been studied, simulated and analyzed. The simulation has been done in MATLAB. Throughput and several parameter performance has been analyzed using the MATLAB.A sample image is transmitted to compare the performance of various parameters like RMSE, PSNR, MAE etc. All the parameters are plotted against SNR (in dB) values ranging from -18 to 30. Various observations being made for the improvement in various parameters with increasing SNR and/or with changing diversity scheme. AWGN channel is used here for communication of sampled image data.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
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Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
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Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?
Bm044394397
1. Mandadkar Mukesh et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 1), April 2014, pp.394-397
www.ijera.com 394 | P a g e
QPSK Modulator and Demodulator Using FPGA for SDR
Mandadkar Mukesh*, Lokhande Abhishek**, Prof. R. R. Bhambare***
*(Department of Electronics Engineering, Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni, University of Pune)
** (Department of Electronics Engineering, Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni, University of Pune)
*** (Department of Electronics Engineering, Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni, University of Pune)
ABSTRACT
A software-defined radio (SDR) allows for digital communication systems to simply accept more complicated
coding and modulation technologies, which is enormously vital in meeting the ever-increasing demands of the
wireless communication industry. An SDR has been constructed, using the Simulink tool, and implemented on
the SPARTEN-3E Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) development kit. The modulation scheme used in
the system is Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK). In the first step to realize the whole modulation and
demodulation schemes using MATLAB Simulink. The format of a VHDL program is built around the concept
of BLOCKS which are the basic building units of a VHDL design. The results showed that the proposed method
can greatly improve the developing efficiency, shorten developing period and reduce costs.
Keywords - Demodulator, FPGA, Modulator, QPSK, SDR VHDL
I. INTRODUCTION
The objective of this paper is to design a
QPSK modem using FPGA for SDR (Software
Defined Radio). In this paper the modulator and
demodulator is implemented on single FPGA kit. In
which mainly concentrates on QPSK modulation
techniques. In QPSK, two successive bits sequence
are grouped together, this reduces the bit rate of a
signaling rate (fb) and reduces the bandwidth of the
channel.
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
modulation ordinary used modem chips or ASICS, to
implement, but those chips usually do not have
sufficient programming skill and its functionality
cannot easily be changed or improved in the product
development process. So those chips are not suitable
the situation where the parameters changed
frequently. The communication system based on
FPGA is easy to implement the pipeline architecture
and simple to upgrade. This is a very practical
approach to implement the QPSK modulator and
demodulator [1].
The FPGA implementation of π/4 QPSK
modulator and demodulator is presented complete
modulator and demodulator units will be modeled
using VHDL and functionality will be verified using
modelsim simulation tools. The code will be
synthesized onto Xilinx FPGA kit. The modulator
consists of various communication modules like
phase calculator, I-Q mapper, frequency synthesizer,
clock generator and COS-LUT. The demodulator
consists of modules COS-LUT, Negative SIN-LUT,
digital multiplier integrate and dump circuit and
baseband differential detector. These digital modules
will be implemented as different modules and used as
components in top level entities [2].
II. THE MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR
ARCHITECTURE
Principle of QPSK modulator— in
quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), two
successive bits in the data sequence are grouped
together this reduces the bit rate of a signaling rate
(fb) and hence reduces the bandwidth of the channel.
QPSK Modulator— the modulator converts the input
bit stream into an electrical waveform suitable for
transmission over the communication channel.
Modulator is used to minimize the effect of channel
noise and matching the frequency spread spectrum of
transmitted signal.
Fig (1): Block diagram of QPSK Modulator
The above fig (1) shows a block diagram of
typical QPSK transmitter. The unipolar binary
message stream has bit rate Rb and is first converted
into a bipolar non-return-to-zero (NRZ) sequence
using a unipolar to bipolar converter. The bit stream
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Mandadkar Mukesh et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 1), April 2014, pp.394-397
www.ijera.com 395 | P a g e
m(t) is then split into two bit streams mI(t) and mQ(t)
(in phase and quadrature streams), each having a bit
rate of Rs=Rb/2. The bit stream mI(t) is called the”
even” stream and mQ(t) is called the “odd” stream.
The two binary sequences are separately modulated
by two carriers ϕ1 (t) and ϕ2 (t), which are in
quadrature. The two modulated signals, each of
which can be considered to be a BPSK signal, are
summed to produce a QPSK signal. The filter at the
output of the modulator confines the power spectrum
of the QPSK signal within the allocated band. This
prevents spill-over of signal energy into adjacent
channels and also removes out-of-band spurious
signals generated during the modulation process. In
most implementations, pulse shaping is done at
baseband to provide proper RF filtering at the
transmitter output.
The below fig (2) shows QPSK Modulation.
In this fig m1(t) and m2(t) are message signal, Q-ch
and I-ch are Q channel signals respectively (t) is
modulated signal.
QPSK Modulation signal:
Fig (2): QPSK Modulation signal
QPSK Demodulator: The demodulation is
the act of extracting the original information bearing
signal from a modulated carrier wave. A demodulator
is an electronic circuit or computer program in SDR
that is used to recover the information content from
the modulated carrier wave.
Fig (3) Block diagram of a QPSK Demodulator
The above fig shows a block diagram of a
coherent QPSK demodulator. The frontend band pass
filter removes the out-of-band noise and adjacent
channel interface. The filtered output is split into two
parts, and each part is coherently demodulated using
the in-phase and quadrature carriers. The coherent
carriers used for demodulation are recovered from the
received signal using carrier recovery circuits. The
outputs of the demodulators are passed through
decision circuits which generate the in-phase and
quadrature binary streams. The two components are
then multiplexed to reproduce the original binary
sequence.
QPSK-Quadrature Phase Shift keying— In QPSK
two successive bits are combined this combination of
two bits forms four distinct symbols. When symbol is
change to next symbol the phase of the carrier
changed by 45º (π/4 radians). The table (1) shows
symbol and their phase shifts. QPSK has double
bandwidth efficiency of BPSK. In mapping of I and
Q NRZ format is essential. The QPSK signal is
represented mathematically in below equation (1) and
I/Q are defined in equation (2, 3)
QPSK ( t ) = I(t)cos(2 ) – Q(t)sin( ) (1)
I= √2E/T cos [(2i-1) π/4] (2)
Q= √2E/T sin [(2i-1) π/4] (3)
Table-1 Relation between the input symbols and
the phase shifts
Information Bits Mi, Mq Phase Shifts π
11 π/4
01 3π/4
00 -3π/4
10 -π/4
3. Mandadkar Mukesh et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 1), April 2014, pp.394-397
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Where T is symbol duration and is equal to
twice bandwidth of bit rate period.
For i=1, 2, 3, 4
The phase shifts π is related to input
symbols mI and mQ according to the above table the
in phase and in quadrature bit streams I and Q are
separately modulated by two carriers and produce π/4
QPSK waveforms given by:
QPSK (t)= I(t)cos(2 ) – Q(t)sin(2 ) (1)
The vector I and Q carry one bit information
Fig (4): I-Q Mapper diagram
The above fig shows there are four symbols
and the phase shifted in each symbol by π/4 radians.
Bit Error Rate— Although QPSK can be viewed as a
quaternary modulation, it is easier to see it as two
independently modulated quadrature carriers. With
this interpretation, the even (or odd) bits are used to
modulate the in-phase component of the carrier,
while the odd (or even) bits are used to modulate the
quadrature-phase component of the carrier. BPSK is
used on both carriers and they can be independently
demodulated.
As a result, the probability of bit-error for
QPSK is the same as for BPSK:
Pb = Q(√2Eb/N0)
However, in order to achieve the same bit-error
probability as BPSK, QPSK uses twice the power
(since two bits are transmitted simultaneously).
The symbol error rate is given by:
Ps = 1 - (1 - Pb)2
Ps = 2Q(√ES/N0) – Q2
(√Es/N0)2
Ps = 2Q(√ES/N0) – Q2
(√Es/N0)2
Ps = 2Q(√ES/N0)
III. DESIGN METHODLOGIES
Generation of VHDL Codes for MATLAB-
Simulink Models:
We have designed whole system using
MATLAB Simulink. AMATLAB Simulation model
is describing that an enable accurate performance of
complete modulations and demodulation techniques.
In next step to build the basic units in FPGA Spartan
kit using VHDL coding. The whole problem is split
down to smaller sub parts as below
1 Identify the basic building blocks of various
communication techniques
2 Design the block using MATLAB Simulink with
required specification
3 Developing an efficient mechanism using MUX
4 Converting different analog block to its digital
equivalent block
5 Getting a digital equivalent output of an analog
signal by sampling quantizing
6 Designing all the basic units in FPGA kits using
VHDL coding
The different block have to combine and
communicate to develop whole system.
Design flowchart is shown below—
Fig (5) Design flow for MATLAB Simulink model
using Spartan FPGA board.
Basic building blocks—The basic building
block consists of different low pass filter, High pass
Filter, Integrator, multiplier, Adder, Inverter, pulse
4. Mandadkar Mukesh et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 1), April 2014, pp.394-397
www.ijera.com 397 | P a g e
wave generator, oscillator, sine wave generator,
unipolar to bipolar converter, band pass filter,
multiport switches with different control signal,
transfer function = 1/(S+1), comparator, Butterworth
filter ,phase shifter, message signal – different wave
generator, control switches.
IV. RESULT ANALYSES
To ensure a high-quality product, diagrams
and lettering MUST be either computer-drafted or
drawn using India ink.
QPSK signal:
QPSK transmitted signal:
Synthesis RTL Schematic:
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have presented a SDR
System was successfully developed using Spartan
FPGA kit. During the implementation stage, the
operation of SDR was tested using MATLAB
Simulink simulations, in order that the design is
compiled.
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FPGA based generalized architecture for
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