International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Crash Behavior of Welded Thin Wall R...IDES Editor
The crash behavior of Cold Rolled Mild Steel
(CRMS) closed form thin section produced by stitch welding
at periodic intervals of length was studied by conducting axial
compressive tests at loading velocities of 5 mm/min and 6000
mm/min. The deformation shape, peak forces and energy
absorption capacity of the sections estimated numerically
showed a good correlation with the experimental data.
Micro-structural and Tribological Behaviour of AA6063/12SiC-5Gr Hybrid Compos...ijsrd.com
In this paper the friction and wear behavior of aluminium matrix reinforced with silicon carbide and graphite is investigated. A pin on disc type apparatus is used to measure the sliding wear rate (WR), the frictional force (F) and the coefficient of friction (μ). Friction and wear behavior of the hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMC) have been investigated at various loads, sliding velocity and constant sliding distance. The applied loads are 20N, 40N, 60N and 80 N respectively, sliding speeds are 1.5 m/sec and 3 m/sec and the sliding distance is 1500 m. The aluminium based MMC has been produced by stir casting technique. AA6063 with 12SiC-5Gr composite is machined to the required size. Optical microscope is used for investigating the microstructure and surface properties of the specimen. The addition of graphite and silicon carbide reinforcement to AA 6063 alloy increases the wear resistance and hardness of the composites.
Stress Analysis of Automotive Chassis with Various ThicknessesIOSR Journals
Abstract : This paper presents, stress analysis of a ladder type low loader truck chassis structure consisting of
C-beams design for application of 7.5 tonne was performed by using FEM. The commercial finite element
package CATIA version 5 was used for the solution of the problem. To reduce the expenses of the chassis of the
trucks, the chassis structure design should be changed or the thickness should be decreased. Also determination
of the stresses of a truck chassis before manufacturing is important due to the design improvement. In order to
achieve a reduction in the magnitude of stress at critical point of the chassis frame, side member thickness,
cross member thickness and position of cross member from rear end were varied. Numerical results showed that
if the thickness change is not possible, changing the position of cross member may be a good alternative.
Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation, where it is found that the maximum deflection
agrees well with theoretical approximation but varies on the magnitude aspect.
Keywords - Stress analysis, fatigue life prediction and finite element method etc.
Tensile, Impact and Hardness Testing of Mild SteelGulfam Hussain
The main purpose of this report is to study the mechanical properties and
failure mode of mild steel. Three types of standard tests i.e. tensile test, impact
test, and hardness test were conducted on the standard specimens of mild steel.
From the tests, results were obtained; Tensile strength, Impact strength, and
hardness were calculated. It was observed that Tensile Strength, Impact Strength
and Hardness of MS specimen were 1450.833 N/mm², 29.5 J & 59.25 HRB.
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Crash Behavior of Welded Thin Wall R...IDES Editor
The crash behavior of Cold Rolled Mild Steel
(CRMS) closed form thin section produced by stitch welding
at periodic intervals of length was studied by conducting axial
compressive tests at loading velocities of 5 mm/min and 6000
mm/min. The deformation shape, peak forces and energy
absorption capacity of the sections estimated numerically
showed a good correlation with the experimental data.
Micro-structural and Tribological Behaviour of AA6063/12SiC-5Gr Hybrid Compos...ijsrd.com
In this paper the friction and wear behavior of aluminium matrix reinforced with silicon carbide and graphite is investigated. A pin on disc type apparatus is used to measure the sliding wear rate (WR), the frictional force (F) and the coefficient of friction (μ). Friction and wear behavior of the hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMC) have been investigated at various loads, sliding velocity and constant sliding distance. The applied loads are 20N, 40N, 60N and 80 N respectively, sliding speeds are 1.5 m/sec and 3 m/sec and the sliding distance is 1500 m. The aluminium based MMC has been produced by stir casting technique. AA6063 with 12SiC-5Gr composite is machined to the required size. Optical microscope is used for investigating the microstructure and surface properties of the specimen. The addition of graphite and silicon carbide reinforcement to AA 6063 alloy increases the wear resistance and hardness of the composites.
Stress Analysis of Automotive Chassis with Various ThicknessesIOSR Journals
Abstract : This paper presents, stress analysis of a ladder type low loader truck chassis structure consisting of
C-beams design for application of 7.5 tonne was performed by using FEM. The commercial finite element
package CATIA version 5 was used for the solution of the problem. To reduce the expenses of the chassis of the
trucks, the chassis structure design should be changed or the thickness should be decreased. Also determination
of the stresses of a truck chassis before manufacturing is important due to the design improvement. In order to
achieve a reduction in the magnitude of stress at critical point of the chassis frame, side member thickness,
cross member thickness and position of cross member from rear end were varied. Numerical results showed that
if the thickness change is not possible, changing the position of cross member may be a good alternative.
Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation, where it is found that the maximum deflection
agrees well with theoretical approximation but varies on the magnitude aspect.
Keywords - Stress analysis, fatigue life prediction and finite element method etc.
Tensile, Impact and Hardness Testing of Mild SteelGulfam Hussain
The main purpose of this report is to study the mechanical properties and
failure mode of mild steel. Three types of standard tests i.e. tensile test, impact
test, and hardness test were conducted on the standard specimens of mild steel.
From the tests, results were obtained; Tensile strength, Impact strength, and
hardness were calculated. It was observed that Tensile Strength, Impact Strength
and Hardness of MS specimen were 1450.833 N/mm², 29.5 J & 59.25 HRB.
Experimental and Fe Analysis of Eccentric Loaded Welded Joint StructureIJERA Editor
Arc welded structures are widely used in automobiles, constructions & power plants. As the main cause of weldment failure is design defect & overload, hence it is necessary to analyze the maximum stresses in the weldment. In this project experimentation is carried out on symmetrical and unsymmetrical eccentric loaded welded joint to determine the breaking stress in the weldment. The FE analysis & analytical estimation of breaking stress is also carried out to verify the experimental results. The stress distribution along weld size & throat thickness is evaluated and also compared with reported findings under same loading condition. Further eccentric loaded welded joint is analyzed under eccentric load by varying the gap between parent plates.
Strength of material lab, Exp 3&4: Compression and impact testsOsaid Qasim
- Utilization the UTM machine and know the different
ways that could test the material’s properties.
2- Knowing the different types of failure in the compression.
3- Determining Young's modulus “E” and Passion’s ratio
“υ” and Yield/Proof stress σ y.
1. Finding the impact load effect on the materials.
2. Finding the relative toughness of the different materials.
3. Distinguish between static and dynamic loads and how differently they
effect in the material.
4.Knowing the different methods to preform the impact test (Charpy,
IZOD, Impact tensile).
Optimization of Submerged Arc Welding Parameters for Joining Dissimilar Mater...IOSRJMCE
Submerged arc welding process is very important component in many industrial organizations. The research on factors controlling weld bead profile in SAW process is essential to high quality welding procedures. Quality is very important element in today’s manufacturing world. Experiments are conducted using SAW process parameters viz. welding current, arc voltage and welding speed on dissimilar materials of 10 mm thickness to study these parameters on weld bead width and weld bead hardness. The experiments are designed using L8 orthogonal array considering two factors and three levels.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Strength of material lab, Exp 2: Tensile test Osaid Qasim
by using our “UTM” machine that
operates on the basis of applying a load in our specimen , so if
we take this force and compare it with change in the length of
specimen “Deformation” we can obtain a (Load-Deformation
diagram) , and by applying this force and divide it by the
specimen cross sectional area we get the Stress ( σ), and divide
the “Deformation” by the original length of the specimen we
will get the Strain (ϵ) , and comparing the stress with strain
results a very Important curve that is characteristic of the
properties of the material and it’s the (Stress-Strain Diagram),
Study on the effects of ceramic particulates (sic, al2 o3 and cenosphere) on ...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigates the sliding wear behaviour of three different composites. Three different reinforcements are under taken for this study namely SiC, Al2O3 and Cenosphere. Along with it percentage reinforcement is also varied from 8wt% to 16wt.%. Other factors applied normal load and sliding speed are also considered. Taguchi design of experimental technique is employed for the study of sliding wear. It is observed that SiC reinforced composites show better wear resistance than Al2O3 and Cenosphere reinforced composites. Regression and artificial neural network (ANN) is used to develop a model to predict the wear loss. It is observed that artificial neural network is more efficient than regression. Keywords: A. Metal-matrix composites (MMCs); B.Wear; C.Taguchi D. Nueral Network
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Multi Response Optimization of Friction Stir Lap Welding Process Parameters U...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on the effect of process parameters such as Tool rotational speed, Welding speed and Tool tilt angle in Friction stir Lap welding of dissimilar AA 5083 and AA 6082 alloys. Experiments are designed with three different levels of process parameters using Taguchi orthogonal array. As per DOE, experiments are conducted using Taper threaded cylindrical tool which is made up of with H13 tool steel, on Aluminium plates of 3mm thickness. The Tensile shear test specimens are tested at room temperature in order to analyze the mechanical properties. Vicker’s hardness is also conducted to check the hardness of welded zone. Multi response characteristics include hardness, shear strength, elongation percentage and peak load are optimized using a multi criteria decision making approach. The optimum values are found at tool rotational speed of 710 rpm, welding speed of 1.5 mm/min and tool tilt angle of 1 degree.
Prediction of Fatigue Life of Boom Nose End Casting Using Linear Elastic Frac...IJERA Editor
The main objective of this study is to get the life estimation of Boom nose end casting using theoretical approach and compaired it with finite element method. Therefore, this study consists of three major sections : (1) dynamic load analysis (2) FEM and stress analysis (3) prediction of fatigue life for Boom nose end casting. In this study a dynamic loads were obtained from cyclic loading at different time. Finite element analysis was performed to obtain the variation of stress magnitude at the crack locations. This loads and boundary condition were applied to the FE model in ANSYS. The analysis was carried out for different crack length on the surface area of circle of Boom Nose End Casting. As a result, fatigue life for different crack length on the Boom Nose End Casting is obtained. The main objective of this study is to investigate the fatigue life of Boom Nose End Casting under complex loading conditions. Due to the repeated bending and tensile loading acting, Boom Nose End Casting fails, as cracks forms in surface area of circle. Hence, fatigue plays an important role in Boom Nose End Casting development. Accurate prediction of fatigue life is very important to insure safety of components and its reliability. The Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics approach is used to predict the fatigue life of Boom Nose End Casting.
ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steelijtsrd
Friction surface treatment is well established solid technology and is used for deposition, abrasion and corrosion protection coatings on rigid materials. This novel process has wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the field of reclamation and repair of damaged and worn engineering components. In this paper, present the prediction of tensile of friction surface treated tool steel using ANN for simulated results of friction surface treatment. This experiment was carried out to obtain tool steel coatings of low carbon steel parts by changing input process parameters such as friction pressure, rotational speed and welding speed. The simulation is performed by a 33 factor design that takes into account the maximum and minimum limits of the experimental work performed by the 23 factor design. Neural network structures, such as the Feed Forward Neural Network FFNN , were used to predict tensile tool steel sediments caused by friction. V. Pitchi Raju "ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29169.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29169/ann-model-based-calculation-of-tensile-of-friction-surfaced-tool-steel/v-pitchi-raju
Effect of V Notch Shape on Fatigue Life in Steel Beam Made of High Carbon St...IJMER
The present work includes study effect of V notch shape with various angle orientation and
depths on fatigue life behavior in steel beam made of High Carbon Steel alloy AISI 1078 which has a wide
application in industry. Fatigue life of notched specimens is calculated using the fatigue life obtained from
the experiments for smooth specimens (reference) and by use Numerical method (FEA).The fatigue
experiments were carried out at room temperature, applying a fully reversed cyclic load with the
frequency of 50 Hz and mean stress equal to zero (R= -1), on a cantilever rotating-bending fatigue testing
machine. The stress ratio was kept constant throughout the experiment. Different instruments have been
used in this investigation like Chemical composition analyzer , Tensile universal testing machine
,Hardness tester , Fatigue testing machine and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The results show
that there is acceptable error between experimental and numerical works
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental and Fe Analysis of Eccentric Loaded Welded Joint StructureIJERA Editor
Arc welded structures are widely used in automobiles, constructions & power plants. As the main cause of weldment failure is design defect & overload, hence it is necessary to analyze the maximum stresses in the weldment. In this project experimentation is carried out on symmetrical and unsymmetrical eccentric loaded welded joint to determine the breaking stress in the weldment. The FE analysis & analytical estimation of breaking stress is also carried out to verify the experimental results. The stress distribution along weld size & throat thickness is evaluated and also compared with reported findings under same loading condition. Further eccentric loaded welded joint is analyzed under eccentric load by varying the gap between parent plates.
Strength of material lab, Exp 3&4: Compression and impact testsOsaid Qasim
- Utilization the UTM machine and know the different
ways that could test the material’s properties.
2- Knowing the different types of failure in the compression.
3- Determining Young's modulus “E” and Passion’s ratio
“υ” and Yield/Proof stress σ y.
1. Finding the impact load effect on the materials.
2. Finding the relative toughness of the different materials.
3. Distinguish between static and dynamic loads and how differently they
effect in the material.
4.Knowing the different methods to preform the impact test (Charpy,
IZOD, Impact tensile).
Optimization of Submerged Arc Welding Parameters for Joining Dissimilar Mater...IOSRJMCE
Submerged arc welding process is very important component in many industrial organizations. The research on factors controlling weld bead profile in SAW process is essential to high quality welding procedures. Quality is very important element in today’s manufacturing world. Experiments are conducted using SAW process parameters viz. welding current, arc voltage and welding speed on dissimilar materials of 10 mm thickness to study these parameters on weld bead width and weld bead hardness. The experiments are designed using L8 orthogonal array considering two factors and three levels.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Strength of material lab, Exp 2: Tensile test Osaid Qasim
by using our “UTM” machine that
operates on the basis of applying a load in our specimen , so if
we take this force and compare it with change in the length of
specimen “Deformation” we can obtain a (Load-Deformation
diagram) , and by applying this force and divide it by the
specimen cross sectional area we get the Stress ( σ), and divide
the “Deformation” by the original length of the specimen we
will get the Strain (ϵ) , and comparing the stress with strain
results a very Important curve that is characteristic of the
properties of the material and it’s the (Stress-Strain Diagram),
Study on the effects of ceramic particulates (sic, al2 o3 and cenosphere) on ...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigates the sliding wear behaviour of three different composites. Three different reinforcements are under taken for this study namely SiC, Al2O3 and Cenosphere. Along with it percentage reinforcement is also varied from 8wt% to 16wt.%. Other factors applied normal load and sliding speed are also considered. Taguchi design of experimental technique is employed for the study of sliding wear. It is observed that SiC reinforced composites show better wear resistance than Al2O3 and Cenosphere reinforced composites. Regression and artificial neural network (ANN) is used to develop a model to predict the wear loss. It is observed that artificial neural network is more efficient than regression. Keywords: A. Metal-matrix composites (MMCs); B.Wear; C.Taguchi D. Nueral Network
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Multi Response Optimization of Friction Stir Lap Welding Process Parameters U...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on the effect of process parameters such as Tool rotational speed, Welding speed and Tool tilt angle in Friction stir Lap welding of dissimilar AA 5083 and AA 6082 alloys. Experiments are designed with three different levels of process parameters using Taguchi orthogonal array. As per DOE, experiments are conducted using Taper threaded cylindrical tool which is made up of with H13 tool steel, on Aluminium plates of 3mm thickness. The Tensile shear test specimens are tested at room temperature in order to analyze the mechanical properties. Vicker’s hardness is also conducted to check the hardness of welded zone. Multi response characteristics include hardness, shear strength, elongation percentage and peak load are optimized using a multi criteria decision making approach. The optimum values are found at tool rotational speed of 710 rpm, welding speed of 1.5 mm/min and tool tilt angle of 1 degree.
Prediction of Fatigue Life of Boom Nose End Casting Using Linear Elastic Frac...IJERA Editor
The main objective of this study is to get the life estimation of Boom nose end casting using theoretical approach and compaired it with finite element method. Therefore, this study consists of three major sections : (1) dynamic load analysis (2) FEM and stress analysis (3) prediction of fatigue life for Boom nose end casting. In this study a dynamic loads were obtained from cyclic loading at different time. Finite element analysis was performed to obtain the variation of stress magnitude at the crack locations. This loads and boundary condition were applied to the FE model in ANSYS. The analysis was carried out for different crack length on the surface area of circle of Boom Nose End Casting. As a result, fatigue life for different crack length on the Boom Nose End Casting is obtained. The main objective of this study is to investigate the fatigue life of Boom Nose End Casting under complex loading conditions. Due to the repeated bending and tensile loading acting, Boom Nose End Casting fails, as cracks forms in surface area of circle. Hence, fatigue plays an important role in Boom Nose End Casting development. Accurate prediction of fatigue life is very important to insure safety of components and its reliability. The Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics approach is used to predict the fatigue life of Boom Nose End Casting.
ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steelijtsrd
Friction surface treatment is well established solid technology and is used for deposition, abrasion and corrosion protection coatings on rigid materials. This novel process has wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the field of reclamation and repair of damaged and worn engineering components. In this paper, present the prediction of tensile of friction surface treated tool steel using ANN for simulated results of friction surface treatment. This experiment was carried out to obtain tool steel coatings of low carbon steel parts by changing input process parameters such as friction pressure, rotational speed and welding speed. The simulation is performed by a 33 factor design that takes into account the maximum and minimum limits of the experimental work performed by the 23 factor design. Neural network structures, such as the Feed Forward Neural Network FFNN , were used to predict tensile tool steel sediments caused by friction. V. Pitchi Raju "ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29169.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29169/ann-model-based-calculation-of-tensile-of-friction-surfaced-tool-steel/v-pitchi-raju
Effect of V Notch Shape on Fatigue Life in Steel Beam Made of High Carbon St...IJMER
The present work includes study effect of V notch shape with various angle orientation and
depths on fatigue life behavior in steel beam made of High Carbon Steel alloy AISI 1078 which has a wide
application in industry. Fatigue life of notched specimens is calculated using the fatigue life obtained from
the experiments for smooth specimens (reference) and by use Numerical method (FEA).The fatigue
experiments were carried out at room temperature, applying a fully reversed cyclic load with the
frequency of 50 Hz and mean stress equal to zero (R= -1), on a cantilever rotating-bending fatigue testing
machine. The stress ratio was kept constant throughout the experiment. Different instruments have been
used in this investigation like Chemical composition analyzer , Tensile universal testing machine
,Hardness tester , Fatigue testing machine and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The results show
that there is acceptable error between experimental and numerical works
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fighting Accident Using Eye Detection forSmartphonesIJERA Editor
This paper is an attempt to investigate an important problem and approaches of human eye detection, blinking, and tracking. A new system was proposed and implemented using android technology for smartphones. System creatively reduces accidents due to drivers’ fatigue by focusing on treating the driver after fatigue has been detected to achieve decrease in accident likelihood.
Smartphone's have been the important tools in our society for the abundant functions including communication, entertainment and online office etc. as the pivotal devices of mobile computing. Smartphone development has also become more important than before. Android is one of the emerging leading operating systems for smartphones as an open source system platform. Many smartphones have adopted this platform and more smartphones will do so in the future. The proposed system is well-suited for real world driving conditions since it can be non-intrusive by using video cameras to detect changes. Driver operation and vehicle behavior can be implemented by equipping automobiles with the ability to monitoring the response of the driver. This involves periodically requesting the driver to send a response to the system to indicate alertness. The propose system based on eyes closer count & yawning count of the driver. By monitoring the eyes and face, it is believed that the symptoms of driver fatigue can be detected early enough to avoid a car accident and providing the driver with a warning if the driver takes his or her eye off the road.
A Novel Approach on Photovoltaic Technologies for Power Injection in Grid Usi...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the simulation of the Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab Simulink. This model is based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor. This paper presents integration of the grid distribution network in Indian scenario with solar power technology to meet the additional electrical energy demand of urban as well as rural sectors which are both rapidly expanding. First of all the data of a real life power plant having 24V, 230W Power PV module has been compared and analyzed with that of matlab program output for identical module and it has been find out that a variation in temperature affects the parameters values as well as the performance of the solar module. After the above analysis the design and Simulink implementation for single phase power grid connected PV system has been done. The system includes the PV array model, the integration of the MPPT with boost dc converter , dc to ac inverter, single phase series load connected to ac grid. It is demonstrated that the model works well at different temperature conditions and predicting the General behavior of single-phase grid- connected PV systems .
Achieving Reduced Area and Power with Multi Bit Flip-Flop When Implemented In...IJERA Editor
A UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter) is a device allowing the reception and transmission of information, in a serial and asynchronous way. This project focuses on the implementation of UART with status register using multi bit flip-flop and comparing it with UART with status register using single bit flip-flops. During the reception of data, status register indicates parity error, framing error, overrun error and break error. The multi bit flip-flop is indicated in this status register. In modern very large scale integrated circuits, Power reduction and area reduction has become a vital design goal for sophisticated design applications. So in this project the power consumed and area occupied by both multi-bit flip-flop and single bit flip is compared. The underlying idea behind multi-bit flip-flop method is to eliminate total inverter number by sharing the inverters in the flip-flops. Based on the elimination feature of redundant inverters in merging single bit flip-flops into multi bit flip-flops, gives reduction of wired length and this result in reduction of power consumption and area.
Design of Low Pass Digital FIR Filter Using Cuckoo Search AlgorithmIJERA Editor
This paper presents a novel approach of designing linear phase FIR low pass filter using cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA). FIR filter design is a multi-modal optimization problem. The conventional optimization techniques are not efficient for digital filter design. An iterative method is introduced to find the best solution of FIR filter design problem.Flat passband and high stopband attenuation are the major characteristics required in FIR filter design. To achieve these characteristics, a Cuckoo Search algorithm (CSA) is proposed in this paper. CSA have been used here for the design of linear phase finite impulse response (FIR) filters. Results are presented in this paper that seems to be promising tool for FIR filter design
Personal Handy System Based Online Vehicle Tracking With Mobile LockingIJERA Editor
This paper presents the detailed description about “Personal Handy System” (PHS) which is the alternative technology for Global Positioning System (GPS).PHS is a effective system for network system of vehicle tracking & locking facility from a remote end like control room or even vehicle owner‟s mobile. The operator can see the vehicle‟s current location in real time mode. Here the communication network is comparable to the cellular network in operation.In this paper prototypes are made to illustrate the tracking and locking of vehicle.
Parametric Study of Square Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns Subjected To Co...IJERA Editor
The Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) member has many advantages compared with the conventional concrete structural member. This study presents on the behaviour of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns under axial load by changing parameters. The parameters are thickness of steel tube, Grade of concrete and length of column. The study was conducted using ANSYS 13 finite element software. All the columns are 60 X 60 mm in size. The thickness of the tube is taken as 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm for thickness variation. The grades of concrete infill are M25, M30, M40, M50, M60 and M70 used for grade variation. Lengths of columns are taken as 900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100, and 2400 mm for length variation. Buckling load is compared with Euro code 4 (1994).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of mechanical properties in mild steel using metal inert gas weldingeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Determination of Significant Process Parameter in Metal Inert Gas Welding of ...IJERA Editor
The aim of present study is to determine the most significant input parameter such as welding current, arc
voltage and root gap during the Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG) of Mild Steel 1018 grade by Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA). The hardness and tensile strength of weld specimen are investigated in this study. The
selected three input parameters were varied at three levels. On the analogy, nine experiments were performed
based on L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi’s methodology, which consist three input parameters. Root gap has
greatest effect on tensile strength followed by welding current and arc voltage. Arc voltage has greatest effect on
hardness followed by root gap and welding current. Weld metal consists of fine grains of ferrite and pearlite.
Experimental And FE Analysis Of Eccentric Loaded Symmetrical And Unsymmetrica...IJERA Editor
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JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and Grafana
M044048087
1. Prasad P Kulkarni Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 4), April 2014, pp.80-87
www.ijera.com 80 | P a g e
Shear Strength Prediction of Multi-Spot Welded Lap Shear
Specimen through Experimentation and Validation by FEM
Prasad P Kulkarni
1 Department of mechanical Engineering, SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering, Korti, Pandharpur
Email id-femsolver@gmail.com
Abstract-
The effect of design parameters and process parameters on the tensile shear strength of two similar galvanized
steel sheets is investigated through experiments using Taguchi method .Design parameters are number of spots,
specimen thickness and spot spacing. Process parameters are squeezing force, welding current. Similar sheets of
galvanized steel sheets are made by resistance spot welding at different processing conditions and these joint
populations have been tested under defined loading conditions. Specially fabricated and designed fixture is used
to load the lap shear specimen in the universal testing machine Regression analysis is done to obtain relationship
between tensile shear strength and selected parameters. Confirmation tests have been conducted to check
accuracy of regression model. More over Monte Carlo simulation i.e probabilistic analysis under dynamic
loading condition has been carried to know uncertainty in shear strength also probability for safety of structure
is determined. The experimental results indicate that the failure loads of spot welds in lap shear specimens
increase when number of spot, squeezing force, welding current and sheet thickness increase for the given
ranges while Shear strength increases by 1.318% as loading velocity increases from 1.32m/min to 2m/min.
Keywords-Number of spots, Spot spacing, Tensile shear strength, Spot spacing, Monte Carlo simulation
I. INTRODUCTION.
Resistance spot welding (RSW) is a process
of joining metal components through the fusion of
discrete spots at the interface of the work pieces. It is
one of the most useful and practical methods for the
manufacture of sheet metal assemblies. This process
is common for welding sheets of aluminum, stainless
steel, titanium alloys etc. A typical automobile
consists of more than 5000 spots [1].This study gives
relationship among process parameters and strength
of spot weld. Galvanized sheets are spot welded at
permissible level of parameters so as to visualize
interfacial mode of failure after tensile shear test [2].
Author considered processing time as parameter. It
was observed that shear strength of spot weld
increases with increasing processing time [3].This
study consists of application of Taguchi method to
study effect of process parameters on strength of spot
weld [4]. This study consists of relationship between
pre-straining and tensile shear of spot weld [5]. Lap
shear specimen is used and its fatigue strength is
obtained through experimentation .Effect of nugget
diameter on fatigue strength of spot weld is studied
[6]. Effect of fusion zone size on the shear strength is
studied [7]. Experiments were planned on the basis of
response surface methodology (RSM) [8]. Effect of
process parameters on the shear strength of spot
welded lap shear specimen had been obtained. Higher
levels of parameters were considered [9]. Authors
used software package LS-DYNA. Objective of this
simulation was to find out fatigue strength of spot
weld and compare it with results obtained by KS2
test. KS2 test was conducted for loading in different
direction so as to find out effect of direction on the
fatigue strength [10]. Objective of this FE model was
to develop a mathematical model. Here, input
parameters were varied according to matrix from
design of experiments and strength of the spot weld
was obtained [11].
Strength of spot weld defines the quality of integrated
structure of automobile and improves the reliability
of assembled sheets. Structural stability of multi spot
welded structure depends upon number of spots, their
locations and variable loads acting on it. So,
investigation on the relations between the tensile
shear strength of spot weld, spot spacing and number
of spots is the key to solve problem in the design of
multi-spot welded structure. Monte Carlo simulation
of multi spot welded specimen is necessary to
perform under dynamic loading conditions to know
behavior of multi spot welded specimen under the
influence of input parameters. At the same time,
Mote Carlo simulation will give probability of failure
of multi spot welded specimen. Effect of different
parameters on the tensile shear strength can be seen
on developed cause effect diagram
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Prasad P Kulkarni Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 4), April 2014, pp.80-87
www.ijera.com 81 | P a g e
Fig.1. Cause-effect diagram
The diameter of the spot weld nugget, d, is chosen
based on an empirical formula recommended by the
d ≥ 4 t (1)
Resistance spot welding (RSW) is a process of
joining metal components through the fusion of
discrete spots at the interface of the work pieces.
However, several author claim that this equation is
not safe for thickness beyond 1.5 mm.
Table I .Chemical Composition of Galvanized
steel sheet
The welds were done using a RSW electric
resistance spot welding machine, with a nominal
welding power of 7.5 kVA. The tensile shear
strength testing was done in a servo hydraulic
Universal Testing machine at a cross-head speed of
1.31 mm/min to 2 mm/min up to the final failure of
the joint. Specimen failed Partially by pull out faiure
mode under constant loading velocity. Selected
ranges of parameters are given in table II as shown
below.
Table II Ranges of Parameters.
I I EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Mechanical properties of galvanized steels
are given in Table 1. Resistance spot welding lap
joints were done on specimens of 200 mm× 120
mm×1.22 mm in size. Figure 2 shows the geometry
and dimensions of the welded specimens. Sheet
surfaces were randomly abraded with silicon carbide
paper P220 grade. Specially designed and fabricated
fixtures are used to load the lap shear specimen in
universal testing machine. While fabricating the
designed fixture, care is taken that studs of it will
remain axially aligned.
T.S Y.S Alloying elements (wt %)
MPa
350 240
c Mn Si S p Cr
0.16 0.3 0.25 0.030 0.03 0.004
Sr
No.
Parameters
and Designations
Ranges
Low Middle High
1 Force (F) 700 800 900
2 Number of spots(n) 2 4 6
3 Spot spacing(X) 12 14 16
4 Thickness(t) 0.71 0.91 1.22
5 Current(I) 7 8 9
3. Prasad P Kulkarni Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 4), April 2014, pp.80-87
www.ijera.com 82 | P a g e
Fig.2. Dimensions of lap shear specimen (not to
scale).
Fig.3 Local display of experimental set up
Regression analysis has been carried out to find
relationship between tensile strength and parameters.
Equation of regression is obtained as given below.
P = - 3707 + 147 I + 4210t + 306 X+
295n - 0.93f (2)
Where,
P=Shear Strength in N.
I=Current in Kamp.
T=Thickness in mm
X=Distance between two spots
n= Number of spots
f=Electrode force in N
Three levels of each parameter are decided and
Taguchi’s L27 array is used to decide number of test.
Table III Resistance spot welding parameters and
corresponding tensile strength (Taguchi’s L27)
Array)
Dynamic tensile shear strength of lap shear
specimen having single spot has been determined
and results are validated through finite element
method .Dynamic load and displacement verses time
curves are obtained. According to ASTM, if strain
rate is more than 5 ×10-5/s then applied load can be
said as dynamic. Tensile shear testing has been
carried out at dynamical loading condition i.e.
loading velocities are 1.32m/min and 2 m/min.
Dynamic strength has been obtained at different
loading velocity .Ten number of cross tension
specimens are tested. Sample load verses
displacement curve is shown in Fig. 3
F
( N) n
X
(mm)
t
(mm)
I
(KA) P( N)
700 2 12 0.71 7 3000.23
700 2 14 0.91 8 5002.63
700 2 16 1.22 9 7997.59
800 4 12 0.71 7 5870.96
800 4 14 0.91 8 7205.01
800 4 16 1.22 9 8201.75
900 6 12 0.71 7 4991.97
900 6 14 0.91 8 6857.89
900 6 16 1.22 9 8596.89
800 6 12 0.91 9 5089.6
800 6 14 1.22 7 7956.87
800 6 16 0.71 8 5895.5
900 2 12 0.91 9 3574.26
900 2 14 1.22 7 7958.544
900 2 16 0.71 8 6578.68
700 4 12 0.91 9 7856.56
700 4 14 1.22 7 5904.6
700 4 16 0.71 8 5917.6
900 4 12 1.22 8 6897.5
900 4 14 0.71 9 4058.56
900 4 16 0.91 7 5123.68
700 6 12 1.22 8 7158.56
700 6 14 0.71 9 5891.56
700 6 16 0.91 7 7589.51
800 2 12 1.22 8 5478.54
800 2 14 0.71 9 4789.54
800 2 16 0.91 7 5017.45
4. Prasad P Kulkarni Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 4), April 2014, pp.80-87
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Fig. 3 Load verses displacement curve
Above graph has been obtained under dynamic
loading condition .Loading velocity has been varied
as mentioned above. Up to 5mm displacement,
loading velocity was constant. It can be seen that
load was increased with respect to time. All spot
welded specimens have been made at same welding
conditions but each specimen tested at different
loading velocities. Specimen configuration has been
kept same which is shown in Fig .2. The results of
the dynamic shear strength tests for all the joints are
obtained in the form of load versus displacement.
III SIMULATION
Simulation of multi spot welded lap shear
specimen by using Monte carol method i.e. Latin
hypercube sampling has been carried out .A three
dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis of
multi-spot welded lap shear specimen is carried out
and uncertainty in tensile shear strength of spot weld
is analyzed. Thickness, nugget radius and time of
analysis are randomly varied within effective range
and their effect on the tensile shear strength of multi
spot welded lap specimen has been analyzed. To
ensure reliability of spot welds during vehicle
lifetime, probability of failure of multi spot welded
lap shear specimen is determined within defined
ranges of input parameters. Specimen geometry is as
shown in figure 2.
FEM package ANSYS is used to perform
simulation. Elements selected for meshing the
geometry of the specimen are, solid 186, MPC 184,
Target 170 and Contact 175.MPC184 element is
used to define spot weld. Material properties of
uncoated mild steels are entered. Model of same
geometry has been drawn in ANSYS software.
Geometry is meshed mapped type of meshing.
Meshed model of specimen is as shown below in
figure 4.
Fig.4 Finite element model of specimen
Same configuration of specimen has been modeled
in FEM package ANSYS and loading has been done
in different intervals of time. Time has been kept in
between 1 second to 11 second. Fig. 5 shows loading
conditions of spot welded specimen with respect to
time.
Fig.5 Load verses time
During the Monte Carlo simulation, input variables
displacement; spot weld radius; thickness and time
of analysis are varied.
Table IV Random Input Variable Specifications
DISP, R, T indicate displacement of one end of
specimen, spot weld radius and thickness
respectively. Maximum tensile shear stress at spot
welding element is selected as response parameters.
Non-linear properties of uncoated mild steel are
No. Name Type Par1 Par2
1 DISP UNIF 0.10000 0.90000
2 R UNIF 1.0000 5.0000
3 T UNIF 0.71000 1.5000
5. Prasad P Kulkarni Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 4), April 2014, pp.80-87
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entered. Degrees of freedom in Y direction are
made zero for lower plate while dynamic
displacement is applied on upper plate of specimen.
Range of displacement is selected in such a way that
excessive distortion of the elements can be avoided
.Full Transient analysis is executed in 4 steps. Each
step is incremented by 1.Simulation loop is defined.
It is executed170 times by varying design
parameters randomly within defined range. Scatter
plot of maximum tensile shear stress is obtained at
different combinations of selected parameters.
IV .RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From the results of experimentations and
regression analysis, effect of number of spot, spot
spacing, electrode force, weld current and specimen
thickness on the tensile shear strength of spot welded
lap shear specimen is obtained. By using the
obtained equation from regression analysis, equation
(2), data is fitted on line. Effect of individual
parameter on the tensile shear strength of multi spot
welded lap shear specimen is obtained by keeping
other parameters constant. It is discussed as below.
It is observed that there is increses in the tensile
shear strength as electrode force increases.
Fig.6 Electrode force Vs shear strength
Spot welds made at time range 3 -5 cycles fail in
interfacial failure mode. Effect of the same is shown
in Fig 5.3. At 976.44 N electrode force, 2201.31 N is
shear strength and it is 3500.32 N at 1464.66 N. It
happens because increase in electrode force
increases contact area between workpiece and
surface of sheet metal. So, there is less amount of
heat transfer between heat generated in welding and
surrounding temperature. This results in less amount
of heat loss. It is observed that spot welds made at
700N electrode force, fail in interfacial failure mode
because of the reason mentioned above. It is as
shown below in Fig.7
Fig.7 Interfacial mode of failure
All spots failed at once due to axially applied load.
Because applied load was equally distributed over
generated spots .it is uniformly distributed over sheet
surface. It is observed that there is significant
increase in shear strength of spot weld when number
of spot increase.
Fig.7 Relationship between number of spots and
shear strength
Fig.7 shows relationship between number of spot
and tensile shear strength of spot weld. Specimens
having six numbers of spot got the strength
5002.63N.Specimens having two numbers of spot
got the strength 3001.32N. Here, tensile shear
strength is increased because all spot welds were
made up to 16 mm spot spacing .above this value of
spot spacing, there is overlapping of heat affected
zone.
It is observed that there is significant increase in
shear strength of spot weld when spot welding
current increases
Fig.8 Relationship between current and shear
strength
It happens because increases in current increases
heat generation and more amount of sheet surface
melts thereby increasing size of heat affected zone
6. Prasad P Kulkarni Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 4), April 2014, pp.80-87
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and these results in decreases in grain size. Fig.8
shows relationship between spot welding current and
shear strength of spot weld. Spot welds made at 9
KA current got the strength 7689.906N. Spot welds
made at 7KA got the strength 3507.19 N.
It is observed that there is significant increase in
shear strength of spot weld when specimen thickness
increases
Fig.9 Relationship between specimen thickness
and shear strength
Because increases in specimen thickness increases
cross section area of specimen and shear force acts
parallel to cross section area. Fig.9 shows
relationship between specimen thickness and shear
strength of spot weld. Spot welds made 1.22 mm
thickness got the strength 7589.99N. It is observed
that compromising with number of spots and
increasing specimen thickness shear strength can be
improved. Spot welds made 1.22mm thickness but
having lower value of current and number of spot,
got the strength 3507.99N.
It is observed that there is significant increase in
shear strength of spot weld when spot spacing
decreases in between range 10mm-16mm
Fig.10 Spot spacing Vs shear strength
This is the least range at which there was no
overlapping of heat affected zone of two adjacent
spots. Fig.10 shows relationship between spacing
and shear strength of spot weld. Spot welds made at
16 mm spot spacing got the strength 8531.97N. Spot
weld made at 10 mm spot spacing got the strength
3776.97N.
Obtained equation of regression is validated through
confirmation tests. By comparing results of
regression equation and experimental result, it can
be seen that there is 0.57 % maximum deviation
between experimental results and results obtained by
regression model. So, obtained equation is good in
agreement.
Table V. Result comparison for tensile shear
strength of multi spot weld
Figure 11 shows tensile shear strength N/mm2
Vs
specimen thickness in mm. It is obtained after 170
samples (tests) .Output parameter with combination
of input parameters is plotted. Higher order
Polynomial of 20 degree is used to plot scattering. It
is observed that there is more scatter of tensile shear
strength from polynomial line within the thickness
range 1.12-1.22mm.
Fig.11 Scattered plot of shear stress Vs thickness
distribution
Tensile shear stress = 2.59e+001 which has rank 3
out of 170 samples. The confidence bounds are
evaluated with a confidence level of 95.000%.
C0 to C20 indicates degree of polynomial. Linear
correlation coefficient between tensile shear strength
Sr.
No.
Tensile shear strength(N)
Deviation %
[(X1-X2)/X1]×100
X1 X2
Regression
Modeling
Experimental
Results
1 7307 7301.78 0.071438
2 6271.2 6235.345 0.571741
3 6052.1 6047.87 0.069893
4 5611.1 5610.357 0.013242
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 4), April 2014, pp.80-87
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and thickness is 0.4416. Value of tensile shear stress
is obtained at different values of thickness. Value of
tensile shear stress at 1.22mm thickness is around
800N/mm2
.
Particularly, above graph of relationship between
thickness and tensile strength is obtained for lap
shear specimen having three spots. There is
considerable bending when specimen having more
than three spots. As analysis is done in four steps
within randomly increment of step, load is applied
with respect to time. It can be said that obtained
strength is dynamic tensile strength. At the same
time, tensile shear strength is obtained at different
combinations of specimen thickness and nugget
radius. At the thickness value 1.36mm, tensile shear
strength is 1678.98N/mm2.
Fig.12 Scattered plot of shear stress Vs radius for
single spot welded specimen
Figure 12 shows tensile shear strength N/mm2Vs
radius in mm. It is observed that there is more scatter
of tensile shear strength from polynomial line within
the radius range 2.8- 4.8 mm. Tensile shear
strength= 1.6794002e+001 which has rank 3 out of
170 samples. The confidence bounds are evaluated
with a confidence level of 95.000%. Value of tensile
shear stress is obtained at different values of
thickness. Value of tensile shear stress at 4.8 mm
spot weld radius is around 150N/mm2
.
Figure 13 shows load verses displacement curves
which are obtained by experiment and finite element
method. Both curves are obtained at loading velocity
1.32 m/min and 2m/min.
Fig.13 Validation of load verses displacement
As far experimental results are considered, shear
strength increases by 1.318% as loading velocity
increases from 1.32 to 2m/min. In finite element
analysis, it is observed that shear strength increases
by 1.597% as loading velocity varies from
1.32m/min to 2min/min. By comparing strength
values obtained through experimentation with
strength values obtained through FEM at loading
velocity 2m/min, there is maximum deviation of
3.80%. By comparing Strength values obtained
through experimentation with Strength values
obtained through FEM at loading velocity 1.32
m/min, there is maximum deviation of 5.98%.
Fig.14 Shear strength Vs Probability
The curves in Fig.14 show that there is a
about a 93% probability that the shear stress remains
below 2000N/mm2
. As it is a maximum safe value. It
indicates that multi spot welded specimen will not
fail within the selected ranges of input parameters.
8. Prasad P Kulkarni Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 4), April 2014, pp.80-87
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V .CONCLUSION
To obtain high shear strength, it is
recommended to have more number of spot with
spot spacing in the range 12-16 mm. It is to be noted
that the minimum nugget diameter to have rated
strength of spot weld joint must not be less than 4.13
mm. Size of nugget diameter decreases due to higher
electrode pressure and higher value of current due to
metal splash and hence welding current and
electrode pressure should not exceed critical value.
In order to have maximum dynamic strength, the
spot spacing must be designed and providing more
or closer a spot may lead to poor dynamic shear
strength.
1. Simple regression equations have been proposed
to predict the static tensile strength of multi spot
welded lap shear specimen. They have been
validated by conducting confirmation tests.
Confirmation tests for suggested regression
model of shear strength of lap shear multi spot
welded specimen show that there is maximum
0.571741 % deviation between experimental
results and results obtained by regression
equation.
2. It is observed that dynamic tensile shear
strength increases when loading velocity
increases. It increases by 1.318% as loading
velocity increases from 1.32m/min to 2m/min.
3. It is observed that there is 6.87979% maximum
deviation in between results of regression model
and Monte Carlo simulation for shear strength
of multi spot welded lap shear specimen.
4. Monte Carlo simulation has been carried out to
know the behavior of multi spot welded cross
tension specimen under dynamic loading
condition.
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