BM Assignment 1A

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Types of Concrete and Its
Applications
Building Materials (BLD62003)
Assignment 1
Cecilia Tie Sing Lu (0314050)
Lee Qian Ying (0313749)
Sharon Chow Ci Yung (0313387)
Lee Pui Sun (0314584)
Table of Content
BQS MAR 2014 – BLD62003 Names of group members: Cecilia Tie, Lee Qian Ying, Sharon
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No. Title Pg. No.
1 Cover Page 1
2 Table of Content 2~3
3 Introduction to Concrete 4
4 Introduction to Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (ACC) 5
History of ACC 6
Composition of ACC 7
Manufacturing Process of ACC 8~9
Applications of ACC 10
Maintenance of ACC 11
Physical Properties of ACC 11
Advantages and Disadvantages of ACC 12
5 Introduction to Asphalt Concrete 13
History of Asphalt Concrete 14
Composition of Asphalt Concrete 14
Manufacturing Process of Asphalt Concrete 15
Applications of Asphalt Concrete 16
Maintenance of Asphalt Concrete 17
Physical Properties of Asphalt Concrete 17
Advantages and Disadvantages of Asphalt Concrete 18
Table of Content (cont’ d)
No. Title Pg. No.
6 Introduction to Decorative Concrete 19~22
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History of Decorative Concrete 23
Manufacturing Process of Decorative Concrete 24
Applications of Decorative Concrete 25~27
Maintenance of Decorative Concrete 28~29
Physical Properties of Decorative Concrete 30
Advantages and Disadvantages of Decorative Concrete 31
7 Introduction to Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC) 32
History of RCC 33
Composition of RCC 33
Manufacturing Process of RCC 34
Applications of RCC 35~36
Maintenance of RCC 37
Physical Properties of RCC 37
Advantages and Disadvantages of RCC 38
8 Introduction to Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) 39
History of SCC 40
Manufacturing Process of SCC 40
Applications of SCC 41
Maintenance of SCC 42
Physical Properties of SCC 42
Advantages and Disadvantages of SCC 43
9 References 44~50
Introduction to Concrete
In the construction world, one of the materials that is used above all others is
concrete. Concrete is absolutely essential in the present world’s interest with new roads,
buildings and other constructions (Davies, n.d.).Concrete is a strong and handy
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moldable construction material. Concrete is the mixture of Portland cement, water,
aggregates and admixtures. The aggregates are hardened and bonded by the paste or
gel formed by the cement and water. Concrete is very adaptable to a wide variety of
agricultural and residential uses as it is strong, durable, handy and economical.
Figure 1.0 Conventional Concrete Block
Source: http://www.hscexperts.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/8-Block.gif
Introduction to Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), also known as autoclaved cellular concrete
(ACC), autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC), autoclaved concrete, cellular concrete,
and porous concrete.
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Figure 1.1 Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
Source: http://www.understanding-cement.com/images/aircreteblock.jpg
History of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)
In 1923, Dr Johan Axel Eriksson, a Swedish architect, tried his first attempt in
producing AAC. At that time, he was looking for a building material that had the
properties of wood-good thermal insulation, solid structure, easy to work but without the
disadvantages of combustibility, decay and termite damage. After one year, the very
first AAC production took place successfully in the year of 1924.
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Figure 1.2 Dr Johan Axel Eriksson
Source: http://www.superbuild.co.nz/images/johan_axel_eriksson.gif
Composition of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is a unique building material, composed
from quartzite silica sand, water, lime, cement and anhydrite, which are processed with
a gas-forming aluminium paste, to create a highly porous, lightweight, insulating mineral
product. AAC are processed with cement and a rising agent to provide a building
material with large number of air pores – aerated concrete.
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Manufacturing process of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is a precast product manufactured by combining
silica (either in the form of sand, or recycled fly ash), cement, lime, water, and an
expansion agent - aluminium powder, and pouring it into a mold.
With respect to structurally reinforced AAC products like lintels or roof panels, steel
rebar or mesh is also placed in the mold.
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Once added to the concrete, the aluminium powder reacts with the silica, resulting in the
formation of millions of microscopic hydrogen bubbles.
The hydrogen bubbles cause the concrete to expand to roughly five times its original
volume.
The hydrogen subsequently evaporates, leaving a highly closed-cell aerated concrete.
The now aerated concrete is cut into blocks or panels which are then steam and
pressure cured in an autoclave.
Figure 1.3 Manufacturing Process of AAC
Source: http://www.aacblockplant.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/aac-production-
process-flow-chart.jpg
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Applications of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) can be fully integrated into the building into
the building system. AAC are used in the construction of wall, floor and roof. Besides
that, AAC is also used in either as a load-bearing capacity or as a non-load bearing
component such as cladding and infill.
Wall
AAC blocks are used to construct infill and load-bearing walls. Due to its high
level of compressive strength and its load-bearing strength is up to 3-storey high. Thus,
AAC is an ideal type of concrete to construct load-bearing structures.
On the other hand, AAC wall panels are used commonly in constructing steel and
concrete framed structures. These panels are ideal when there is a certain level of
difficulty in accessing the site as the panels are lighter than conventional concrete, thus
easy to transport.
Floor
AAC panels are also used in constructing floors. AAC panels are lighter than
conventional concrete and therefore easy to handle as well as reduce lifting
requirements. This reduces the time and cost in installing the floor panels.
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Roof
AAC roof panels are used as it is ideal in easy and fast roof installation. AAC has
excellent thermal insulation properties resulting in lower energy consumption for cooling
and heating which makes AAC an excellent choice of material in constructing the roofs.
Maintenance of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)
AAC last for a long period of time and does not require any maintenance.
Physical Properties of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)
Appearance Light coloured and contain small voids
Structural Capability Half the load-bearing strength of
conventional concrete but can hold up to
three-storey high
Sound Insulation Good sound insulation
Fire Insulation Incombustible and does not explode
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) comes with more than a handful of
advantages and minimal disadvantages. The advantages and disadvantages of AAC
are shown in the table below:-
Advantages Disadvantages
Air pockets provides good sound
insulation
Materials must travel a long distance
from the manufacturer, as a result, cost
per unit higher than ordinary concrete
Good compressive strength (load
bearing strength up to 3-storey-high)
Isn’t as strong as conventional concrete
More environmental friendly compared
to conventional concrete as AAC is
produced from recycled materials
-
Provides significant level of protection
against fire, therefore eliminates cost for
applying fireproofing
-
Final product contains no toxic
substances and no odour -
Prone to impact damage -
Not affected by harsh climate condition -
Will not degrade under normal
atmospheric condition
-
Excellent thermal insulation properties
resulting in lower energy consumption
for cooling and heating.
-
Low greenhouse gas emissions during
manufacturing and lifecycle -
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Introduction to Asphalt Concrete
Asphalt concrete is also simply known as asphalt, blacktop, or pavement. In the
late 1800s, it is being used for road and street construction, and then it grew rapidly with
the emerging automobile industry.
Figure 1.4 Asphalt Concrete
Source: http://www.hscexperts.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/8-Block.gif
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History of Asphalt Concrete
In the year 1870, Professor Edward de Smedt had created modern road asphalt
in Columbia University after his emigration from Belgium. The road asphalt was then
known as French asphalt pavement. The word “asphalt” comes from Greek “asphaltos”,
which means “secure”.
Figure 1.5 Prof. Edward de Smedt
Source: http://www.biographi.ca/bioimages/original.2254.jpg
Composition of Asphalt Concrete
The elemental ingredients of asphalt are carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen,
nitrogen, and trace amounts of iron, nickel, and vanadium. Asphalt binder and mineral
aggregate are also included in asphalt and then mixed together as well as laid down in
layer and compacted. There are different types of asphalt pavement used in
construction, such as Mix Type Selection, Perpetual Pavement, Porous Asphalt, Quiet
Pavement, and Warm-Mix Asphalt.
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Manufacturing Process of Asphalt Concrete
Oil wells supply petroleum to oil refineries, which separated into various factions – one
of it is from the heaviest part of petroleum, asphalt.
It adapted in many ways, include “cutting back”, which means adding cutting agent, to
make it soft enough to use.
Then the asphalt cement may be emulsified so that liquid can be produced and it will be
an easy job to pump it through pipes, mixed with aggregate, or sprayed through
nozzles.
After that, pulverizing asphalt will be done to produce powdered asphalt. The asphalt
will be mashed and passed through fine mesh sieves for uniform size of granules.
Finally, asphalt will be oxidized or air blown for other purpose except paving. In this
process, a material that softens at high temperature than paving asphalt will be
produced.
Applications of Asphalt Concrete
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Asphalt is being used for road construction such as all kind of roads, parking
areas, as well as playing and sporting areas. However, it can also be used for various
purposes. For example, transportation, recreation, agriculture, industrial, and building
construction (floorings).
Figure 1.6: Example of road asphalt
Source: http://philipciccarello.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Asphalt_Road.jpeg
Maintenance of Asphalt Concrete
Resealing every 3 to 5 years.
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Physical Properties of Asphalt Concrete
Colours Primarily Black
Durability Less durable compared to conventional
concrete
Finishes None
Weather issues Softens in high heat
Advantages and Disadvantages of Asphalt Concrete
Noise reduction and helps to prevent
accidents.
Cracks occur with problems like
uneven pavement surfaces,
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inadequate mixing and laying
pavement over previous cracks
Rapid surface water dispersal Cost time and money to reseal cracks
every 3-5 years.
Good skid resistance Environmental issues occur due to
release of hydrocarbons which leads
to pollution.
Easy maintenance reduces traffic
disruption
Requires heavy equipment to install.
Clearer lane marking with coloured
asphalts
-
Totally recyclable -
Versatile and flexible -
Introduction to Decorative Concrete
Decorative also called as architectural concrete. Decorative concrete not only
use in construction, It also provides an artistic finish and structural capability. Decorative
concrete can encompass many different looks and technique. It can include simple
coloring technique such as integral color, acid stains and others. Besides that, there are
varieties of treatment such as stamping, scoring and polishing that can change the
texture of the surface.
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Figure 1.7: Decorative Concrete
Source: http://www.stampedconcretegr.com/assets/stamped-concrete_75.JPG
(1) Stamped Concrete
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Figure 1.8: Stamped Concrete
Source: http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/stamped-concrete-1.jpg
Stamped concrete is a common technique of decorative concrete.
Stamped concrete involves pouring slab concrete then impressing both patterns
and textures onto the concrete before it is fully dry. There can be many patterns,
texture and color used in stamped concrete. Moreover, almost any natural stones
can be duplicated through stamped concrete. Stamped concrete is very durable
and has long service life.
(2) Scored Concrete
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Figure 1.9 Scored Concrete
Source: http://a1concretors.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/grey-scored-concrete-
art_384.jpg
Scored concrete can also called as cut concrete. It is a great way to give pours
and existing pour a different look. Scoring concrete is basically cutting a shallow into the
concrete. These cuts can be used to create a logo or pattern into the concrete. Scored
concrete is a great choice for renovation because it can be done on dry cement and
cutting lines in concrete.
(3) Polished Concrete
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Figure 2.0: Polished Concrete
Source: http://www.polishedconcreteconcepts.com.au/assets/pcc1.jpg
Polished concrete is a concrete slab that is polished down until a shiny finish is
achieved. The process polished concrete is similar in theory to sanding wood. It can be
stained for some color. Polished concrete is one of the most innovative, economical and
environmentally friendly concrete available today. Besides that, polished concrete are
low-maintenance because it are more long lasting and easy to clean than other
concrete. Due to its wide range of benefit, polished concrete is fast becoming the top
choice for residential concrete.
History of Decorative Concrete
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Figure2.1 Lynn Scofield
Source: http://www.concreteconstruction.net/Images/decorative%20concrete
%202_tcm45-576836.JPG?width=592&404=404.png
Between 1890 and 1920 many companies, especially precast companies who
produced members for building facades, used colors and stains to make their work
more interesting. Some companies mixed pigment into fresh concrete for a casting;
others flooded their castings in solutions similar to chemical stains.
Lynn Scofield was the first to manufacturer color hardeners and integral color for
concrete. His purpose is to making a dependable range of colors available to everyone.
In 1915, Lynn Mason Scofield started a business on Dearborn Street in Chicago that
was later renamed the L.M. Scofield Company. It was the first company to manufacture
color for concrete. His first products included color hardeners (cement, color, and
aggregate broadcast on the surface of fresh concrete to color and harden the surface),
colorwax integral color, sealers, and chemical stains.
Manufacturing Process of Decorative Concrete
Decorative concrete takes the mechanical properties of standard concrete and
transforms it into an aesthetically innovative medium that can be customized to meet
any décor, pattern, color, style or any unique construction project.
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The transformation of concrete into decorative concrete is achieved through the use of a
variety of materials that may be applied during the pouring process or after the concrete
is cured.
Installing decorative concrete is a matter of mixing, pouring and stamping.
Stamped Concrete is the process of adding texture, color and patterns to concrete to
make it look like stone, brick, slate, cobblestone and many other products.
Applications of Decorative Concrete
Nowadays, the designers and homeowner always use decorative concrete in
their designs and plans. Decorative concrete has become the logical choice for many
construction projects because it delivers great value. Decorative concrete offers real
benefits in terms of performance, cost savings, and aesthetics. Common application of
decorative concrete includes:
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Driveway
Decorative concrete is one of the most reasonable ways to beautify up the
entrance to your home. For many homeowners, decorative concrete has become tough
to pick the best choice. With varieties choices of styles, texture and colors for a
decorative driveway, decorative concrete might be puzzled regarding what is the best
for their home. Decorative concrete provides the best ways for homeowners to create a
unique driveway.
Figure 2.2: Decorative Concrete Driveway
Source: http://www.hellerconcreteinc.com/images/100_0670.jpg
Retaining wall
A decorative concrete retaining wall is built using several forms depending on the
design, the length and the height of the desired wall. Decorative concrete retaining wall
has the stability and dependability of solid concrete that will has long service life and low
maintenance fees. Decorative concrete can be customized to designer and
homeowner’s liking and design right on site.
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Figure 2.3: Decorative Concrete Retaining Wall
Source: http://static.concretenetwork.com/photo-gallery/images/400x400Max/vertical-
stamping_12/stamped-retaining-wall-california-decorative-concrete_1772.jpg
Interior Floor
Decorative concrete floors have become the new flooring material choice for the
designer and homeowners. It was because decorative concrete floors allow the widest
range of creative and unique design over other type of flooring. Decorative concrete
provides unlimited colors, textures and patterns.
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Moreover, decorative concrete not only attractive but also very cost effective.
Decorative concrete is the popular choice for interior floor because it create an
attractive, good light reflectivity and easy to maintain long-lasting surface.
Figure 2.4 Decorative Concrete Interior Floor
Source: http://www.designercustomconcrete.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Interior-
commercial-decorative-concrete-flooring-stone-thin-stamped-concrete-flooring-
1024x819.jpg
Maintenance of Decorative Concrete
Cleaning and sealing stamped and colored concrete should be done on a
regular basis just like any other home maintenance. The frequently of the maintenance
will depend on the amount of traffic, foot traffic, water, whether and any chemicals the
concrete is exposed to. Here are some general guidelines for cleaning and maintaining
the decorative (stamped) concrete:
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Clean dirt/ filth off stamped concrete surface with a garden hose or pressure water.
Scrub the surface with liquid dish soap.
Clean well with pressure washer or garden hose until there is no sign of
soapsuds.
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Do not apply sealer to a wet surface. Sealer can only be applied once the concrete
surface is completely dry.
Physical Properties of Decorative Concrete
Resin Type Acrylic
Pigment Type Varies with color, Mica
Solvents Glycol ethers, water
Shelf life 2 years
Flash point <200°F (93°C)
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Decorative Concrete
Beautiful decorative elements Lack of durability compared to other
finished surface
There are variety of choices when it
comes to picking a decorative
concrete
The initial cost of the project is higher
than some conventional floor
coverings
There is wide assortment of custom
design available
Bulging and premature cracking is a
common problem with decorative
concrete
Ease of installation. It is far less
labor-intensive to install a stamped
concrete surface than one made of
pavers, for which each paver needs
Cost more time. There may be
considered prepare work and clean
up necessary
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to be hauled and set.
Reduced maintenance and longer
service life
-
Improve light reflectively and reduce
the urban heat island effect
-
Green and sustainable product, due
to its durability
-
Introduction to Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) is becoming the value engineered pavement
of choice for many applications. Its name is taken from the method of construction used
to build it. It is positioned with conventional or high-density asphalt paving apparatus,
then compacted with rollers. Like conventional concrete, RCC has the same basic
ingredients such as cement, water, and aggregates. But it's a drier mix stiff enough to
be compacted by vibratory rollers. These characteristics make RCC simple, fast, and
economical.
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Figure 2.5: Roller Compacted Concrete
Source: http://www.rapidintl.com/descriptions/rcc1.jpg
History of Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)
Between year 1961 and 1964, roller-compacted concrete started its early
development with the construction of the Alpa Gera Dam near Sondrio in North Italy.
During the 1970s, RCC had been touted as a revolutionary material suitable for dam
construction. In the early stage, RCC was used for backfill, sub-base and concrete
pavement construction, but increasingly it has been used to build concrete gravity
dams.
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Composition of Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)
Roller-compacted concrete is a mixture of cement or fly ash, water, sand,
aggregates and a few common additives, but contains much less water. Types of mixing
equipment for Roller-compacted concrete include continuous flow mixers, tilt-drum
mixers, transit mixers and twin-shaft mixer insert.
Manufacturing Process of Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)
Preparation of subgrade or sub-base
Test section
Mixing process
Transportation
Placing
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Consider Weather Conditions (At least 4°C)
Compaction
Joints
Finishing
Curing
Traffic (Protected from vehicular traffic during curing process)
Maintenance
Applications of Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)
Logging Facilities, Composting Areas, and Storage Yards
Pavement strength and durability are needed for this application to sustain the
heavy loads. Surface appearance, texture, and smoothness are not significant. Coarser
aggregates can be used. Roller Compacted Concrete is placed by the road graders and
dozers in the most basic applications.
Ports, Intermodal Facilities, and Heavy Industrial Facilities
These facilities are ideal candidates for Roller-compacted concrete as their huge
and open areas with some obstructions that may delay the process of construction.
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Light Industrial Areas
Light industrial areas provide huge uninterrupted areas that are excellent for
Roller-compacted concrete.
Arterial Streets
Traffic is always a major concern when paving arterial streets. The agencies
have decided to use a single lift of Roller-compacted concrete pavement for arterial
streets. RCC pavements can speed up the process of construction, reducing both
project and user costs.
Local Streets
After construction, to accommodate the nearby businesses, light traffic has been
placed on the Roller-compacted concrete pavement within 1 day. Furthermore, for new
residential developments, RCC provides a tough working platform.
Multi-Layer Pavement Systems for High-Speed Uses
Roller-compacted concrete is used primarily for roadways that need to carry
traffic at highway speeds. RCC provides a good platform for construction and allows to
reduce the thickness of the final surface of the pavement. In results, multi-layer systems
can be used cost-effectively in highway, airport, and heavy industrial applications and
should provide long-term performance.
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Maintenance of Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)
RCC doesn’t require any maintenance.
Physical Properties of Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)
Flexural Strength High flexural strength
(500 to 1000 psi) (3.5 MPa to 6.9 MPa)
Structural Capacity High compressive strength
(4,000 to 10,000 psi) (28 MPa to 69 MPa)
Density High density
Water Content Low water content,
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Presence of steel reinforcing No steel reinforcing
Types of finishing No finishing
Appearance Hard, durable, light-colored surface
Advantages and Disadvantages of Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)
Can be delivered in a dump truck
instead of a mixing truck, the concrete is
ready for use and it is more convenient.
More environmentally sensitive than
Asphalt.
It is waterproof and can be used
throughout the whole year, this ensure
that the construction project will not be
delayed by the weather conditions.
Lack of mix design standards that
address varied environmental
conditions.
Able to withstand damage from freezing
and unfreezing.
Longer road closure is required.
Able to withstand heavy or specialised
loads.
To ensure the finish quality, it needs
learning best practices through training
and experience.
High temperatures, and hydraulic fluids
or fuels will not cause roller compacted
-
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concrete to deteriorate.
Very easy to use. -
Good for a sub base like parking lot or
lower speed street.
-
Less costly. -
Requires minimum of maintenance -
Introduction to Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), also known as Self-Consolidating Concrete
initially a concept originated from Prof. Okumara at the University of Tokyo. During the
1980’s, Japan is facing a major dilemma where the number of skilled construction
workers is declining day by day and this caused a negative impact to the quality of the
construction work. SCS can be the ultimate solution to this problem as it can be
compacted into every single corner of a formwork without vibration by means of its own
weight.
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Figure 2.6: Self Compacting Concrete
Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
v1aN_4xVQxk/TzCrjiKDbUI/AAAAAAAAElE/fpUWmdJ0LWo/s1600/self+compacting+co
ncrete.JPG
History of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) was a concept proposed by a Japanese
professor, Prof. Okumara in the year 1986 but it first introduced into the French
construction industry in the end of the 1990’s. In the 1980’s, Japan’s construction
suffered a shortage in skilled workers. Sufficient compaction by skilled workers was
required to produce conventional concrete with high durability. SCC, a concrete that can
be compacted into every corners of the formwork purely by its own weight, was the
solution to the skilled workers shortage issue.
Manufacturing Process of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
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Determine required performance of SCC
Identify materials and equipment required to produce the correct SCC mix proportion
Design and adjust the SCC mix proportion
Verification and adjustments on the performance of SCC mix are carried out in a
laboratory
Final verification of SCC mix is verified in a concrete plant or on site.
Applications of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
The area of application of Self-compacting concrete is very wide. It is divided
into horizontal application which are structures like floors, raft foundation as well as
paving, and vertical application which are structures like columns, wall panel and bridge
piers.
Horizontal Application
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is used in horizontal structures such as
floors, raft foundation and paving due to SCC’s self-leveling characteristic. The leveling
and finishing quality is crucial when SCC is at its fresh state. Therefore, thickening
agents such as starches and Welan gum are added with super-plasticlizers in order to
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achieve the ultimate stability of the concrete. The strength of SCC is 40MPa when it is
in its hardened state.
Vertical Application
Vertical structures such as columns and wall panel are load bearing
structures. Therefore, concrete with high level strength has to be used to produce these
vertical load bearing structures. In order to reach the ideal strength target, the
water/cement ratio and mass of SCC has to be optimized. In the process of optimizing
the water/cement ratio and mass of SCC, reactive mineral additives and super-
plasticlizers are added in order to reduce the water requirement.
Maintenance of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
SCC does not require any maintenance.
Physical Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
Filling Ability Flow into forms and reinforced concrete
without any voids
Passing Ability Able to pass through various obstacles and fill
in open spaces in formwork.
Stability Dynamic stability throughout transportation,
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mixing and curing.
Presence of Reinforced Steel Yes
Advantages and Disadvantages of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
Decreases the required manpower which
is an advantages for developed countries
where the cost to hire skilled construction
workers is relatively high compared to
developing countries.
Requires high level of technology to
produce ready-mix concrete which is
requires a high cost and unaffordable for
developing countries.
More durable compared to conventional
concrete.
Hard to control the quality of SCC as it is
impossible to transfer entire volume of
SCC mix to the laboratory to carry out
quality-control tests.
Reduces the cost for equipment as a
vibrator is not needed to compact SCC.
Different types of super-placticlizers and
raw materials are needed to produce SCC
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which is fairly expensive for developing
countries.
Has high level of strength which improve
the earthquake resistance.
-
References
Albuquerque, M. F., Balbo, J. T., Sansone, E. C., & Pinto, P. C. (2011). Fracture
Characterization of Roller Compacted Concrete Mixtures with Blast Furnace Slag
and Industrial Sand. International Journal Of Pavement Research & Technology,
4(4), 244-251.
Azamirad, H., Zadeh, B.H. (2005, August 23) A Criticism of Self Compacting Concrete.
Introduction. Retrieved on 2014, 19th
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Chow, Lee Pui Sun

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