This document discusses blunt trauma injuries, including definitions, classifications, signs, symptoms, and methods of diagnosis. It describes different types of blunt trauma injuries like abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and fractures. It explains that blunt trauma can cause injury to internal organs like the spleen, liver, kidneys, and intestines. Imaging tests and diagnostic procedures help physicians evaluate and diagnose internal injuries from blunt force impacts. The document outlines investigation procedures for cases involving blunt trauma death, including examination of injury patterns, trace evidence, and scene findings.
This document discusses factors that determine the appearance of mechanical injuries, including the type of weapon, how force is applied, the tissue properties, and movement. Weapon shape directly influences wound shape. Direct force causes impact injuries at the site, while indirect force causes injuries away from the impact. Tissue resistance and architecture also impact wound appearance. Proper analysis of these factors can provide clues about the causative agent.
The document discusses sports injuries, providing definitions and examples of common types of injuries. It explains that sports injuries can be soft tissue injuries, like strains, sprains, bruises and blisters, which damage muscles, ligaments or tendons, or hard tissue injuries like fractures and dislocations, which damage bones or joints. The document emphasizes the importance of studying sports injuries in physical education, as they are common in sports and knowing how to diagnose, treat and prevent injuries is crucial for coaches and trainers. Proper warm-ups, rest, ice, compression and elevation are recommended treatments for many minor soft tissue injuries.
This document provides an overview of forensic traumatology and the classification and analysis of wounds. It discusses the different types of wounds including abrasions, bruises, lacerations, and their characteristics. Abrasion wounds involve destruction of just the epidermis. Bruises are effusions of blood into the tissues. Lacerations are tears of the skin or internal organs caused by blunt force. The document also covers wound healing, determining the age of wounds, and differentiating between ante-mortem and post-mortem wounds. Causes of death related to wounds include haemorrhage, shock, infection, and organ damage.
The document discusses the analysis of wounds from a forensic perspective. It describes how a pathologist can determine details about wounds like type, dimensions, and location. It also discusses analyzing specifics of different wound types like bruises, abrasions, incised wounds, and stab wounds. Details like shape, size, depth, and other characteristics can provide information about the weapon and force used. Analysis of wounds is important forensic evidence that can provide details about crimes and injuries.
Forensic pathology involves determining cause of death by examining corpses. Forensic pathologists perform autopsies and postmortem examinations to determine the mechanism and manner of death, such as homicide, accident, natural causes, or suicide. They examine wounds, collect tissue samples, analyze toxins, and testify in court. Blunt force trauma is a common cause of injuries and deaths investigated by forensic pathologists. The severity of blunt force injuries depends on factors like the amount of force, characteristics of the impacting object, and composition of impacted tissues. Common blunt force injuries identified during autopsies include abrasions, contusions, lacerations, avulsions, and fractures.
The document discusses various types of mechanical injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and firearm injuries.
It provides details on the characteristics of each type of injury, how to determine the age of the injury, and the potential medico-legal importance. For example, abrasions can indicate the site of impact and weapon used. The shape and direction of a stab wound can reveal information about the assailant. Determining the age of wounds is also important for investigating crimes. Firearm injuries require examination by forensic ballistics experts.
Mechanical injuries can be classified as abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and fractures.
An abrasion is destruction of the skin involving the superficial epidermal layers and heals without scarring. A contusion is an effusion of blood into tissues due to blunt trauma rupturing blood vessels beneath intact skin.
Factors like amount of force, area of impact, and tissue elasticity determine the severity of mechanical injuries. Bruises appear reddish initially and then progress through colors as they heal over weeks. Patterned injuries can indicate the object causing harm. Age and distribution of injuries help determine manner and circumstances.
This document discusses factors that determine the appearance of mechanical injuries, including the type of weapon, how force is applied, the tissue properties, and movement. Weapon shape directly influences wound shape. Direct force causes impact injuries at the site, while indirect force causes injuries away from the impact. Tissue resistance and architecture also impact wound appearance. Proper analysis of these factors can provide clues about the causative agent.
The document discusses sports injuries, providing definitions and examples of common types of injuries. It explains that sports injuries can be soft tissue injuries, like strains, sprains, bruises and blisters, which damage muscles, ligaments or tendons, or hard tissue injuries like fractures and dislocations, which damage bones or joints. The document emphasizes the importance of studying sports injuries in physical education, as they are common in sports and knowing how to diagnose, treat and prevent injuries is crucial for coaches and trainers. Proper warm-ups, rest, ice, compression and elevation are recommended treatments for many minor soft tissue injuries.
This document provides an overview of forensic traumatology and the classification and analysis of wounds. It discusses the different types of wounds including abrasions, bruises, lacerations, and their characteristics. Abrasion wounds involve destruction of just the epidermis. Bruises are effusions of blood into the tissues. Lacerations are tears of the skin or internal organs caused by blunt force. The document also covers wound healing, determining the age of wounds, and differentiating between ante-mortem and post-mortem wounds. Causes of death related to wounds include haemorrhage, shock, infection, and organ damage.
The document discusses the analysis of wounds from a forensic perspective. It describes how a pathologist can determine details about wounds like type, dimensions, and location. It also discusses analyzing specifics of different wound types like bruises, abrasions, incised wounds, and stab wounds. Details like shape, size, depth, and other characteristics can provide information about the weapon and force used. Analysis of wounds is important forensic evidence that can provide details about crimes and injuries.
Forensic pathology involves determining cause of death by examining corpses. Forensic pathologists perform autopsies and postmortem examinations to determine the mechanism and manner of death, such as homicide, accident, natural causes, or suicide. They examine wounds, collect tissue samples, analyze toxins, and testify in court. Blunt force trauma is a common cause of injuries and deaths investigated by forensic pathologists. The severity of blunt force injuries depends on factors like the amount of force, characteristics of the impacting object, and composition of impacted tissues. Common blunt force injuries identified during autopsies include abrasions, contusions, lacerations, avulsions, and fractures.
The document discusses various types of mechanical injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and firearm injuries.
It provides details on the characteristics of each type of injury, how to determine the age of the injury, and the potential medico-legal importance. For example, abrasions can indicate the site of impact and weapon used. The shape and direction of a stab wound can reveal information about the assailant. Determining the age of wounds is also important for investigating crimes. Firearm injuries require examination by forensic ballistics experts.
Mechanical injuries can be classified as abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and fractures.
An abrasion is destruction of the skin involving the superficial epidermal layers and heals without scarring. A contusion is an effusion of blood into tissues due to blunt trauma rupturing blood vessels beneath intact skin.
Factors like amount of force, area of impact, and tissue elasticity determine the severity of mechanical injuries. Bruises appear reddish initially and then progress through colors as they heal over weeks. Patterned injuries can indicate the object causing harm. Age and distribution of injuries help determine manner and circumstances.
This document discusses various types of injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and puncture wounds. It provides details on the features, classification, and medico-legal aspects of each type of injury. Key points covered include how to determine the age of an injury, differentiate between antemortem and postmortem wounds, identify weapons and manner of use from wound patterns, and assess time since injury through histological examination.
This document provides information on different types of injuries from a medical-legal perspective. It defines injuries clinically and legally, and classifies mechanical injuries as blunt force injuries (abrasions, contusions, lacerations) or sharp force injuries (incised wounds, stab wounds, chop wounds). For each type of injury, it describes features, age determination, antemortem vs postmortem appearance, and medico-legal aspects. Weapon identification, manner and direction of force application, and wound age determination are important considerations in mechanical injury analysis.
The document discusses various types of injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and puncture wounds. It describes the features of each type of injury, how to determine the age of an injury, and the potential medico-legal significance including identifying weapons and determining the manner of injury.
This document discusses the classification of soft tissue injuries associated with fractures. It describes several classification systems, including Tscherne, Gustilo-Anderson, and AO, that grade soft tissue injuries based on factors like wound size, contamination, and bone and muscle involvement. Proper classification of soft tissue injuries is important for determining fracture management and predicting healing to help standardize treatment protocols.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of different types of wounds and injuries for forensic examination purposes. It defines wounds as disruptions of tissue caused by force and distinguishes between wounds, which imply deliberate action, and injuries, which can be accidental. It then describes in detail the characteristics of different types of injuries including bruises, abrasions, lacerations, stab wounds, incised wounds, and how to examine and document wounds. Factors like wound size, shape, location, and color changes over time are discussed to help determine the causes and timing of injuries.
This document provides an overview of various medico-legal aspects of injuries. It discusses the examination process for cases of injury, including the nature, age and causes of different types of injuries like simple, grievous and dangerous injuries. It also describes the medico-legal implications of determining the actual cause of death in cases involving homicide. The document outlines the immediate, direct and remote causes of death and how to distinguish between them based on the examination findings.
This document discusses mechanical injuries, including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and other types of wounds. It provides details on the characteristics and features of each type of injury, as well as factors that influence the nature and extent of wounds. Mechanical injuries are caused by physical forces that result in tissue damage. The summary examines the key types of mechanical injuries and their forensic significance in determining cause and manner of injuries.
Fractures are breaks in bone continuity that can range from complete breaks to incomplete breaks. Globally in 2000, there were an estimated 9 million new fragility fractures, including over 1.6 million at the hip. Fractures are classified based on their anatomic features such as type, comminution, location, and displacement. Other classifications include the AO classification system for long bones, Salter-Harris classification for pediatric physeal fractures, and the Gustillo-Anderson classification for open fractures. Clinical presentation of fractures involves symptoms of pain, swelling, deformity, and loss of function as well as signs found on examination and imaging studies. Management principles involve stabilization, reduction, fixation, exercise, and physiotherapy.
This document discusses the histopathological diagnosis of blunt and sharp trauma injuries. It defines wounds as damage to the body from mechanical force. It describes the four main types of blunt force injuries as abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and fractures. It then provides detailed information on identifying features, causes, and timelines for healing of each type of injury based on appearance and histological analysis.
An open fracture occurs when a broken bone pierces the skin, exposing the fracture site. Left untreated, open fractures can lead to high rates of infection, wound complications, and failure of the bone to heal properly. Gustilo-Anderson classification grades open fractures based on wound size, soft tissue damage, level of contamination, and fracture pattern, with higher grades indicating more severe injuries associated with worse outcomes. Proper management of open fractures involves emergency wound care, antibiotics, splinting or stabilization of the fracture, and often surgical debridement and irrigation to reduce the risk of infection.
1) Fractures are breaks in bone continuity that can be complete or partial. Types include simple, compound, complicated, and greenstick fractures.
2) Causes include direct force from impacts or falls, indirect force from twisting motions, and diseases weakening bones.
3) Signs are pain, swelling, deformity, inability to move the injured area, and sometimes hearing a snapping sound.
4) First aid aims to prevent further injury, reduce pain, and prepare for medical transport. Injured areas are immobilized using splints or other supports.
Trauma,types of trauma ,and the complicationsariamarie294
Trauma, including abdominal trauma, can be caused by blunt or penetrating injuries and often results from motor vehicle accidents or falls. Abdominal trauma risks damaging internal organs like the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging like CT scans, and assessing for signs of injury to the abdomen like bruising, pain, or blood in the urine. Treatment depends on the severity and location of injuries but may include surgery, intravenous fluids, and other interventions to control bleeding and prevent further organ damage. Outcomes depend on the specific injuries sustained but long term disability is common for those who survive major trauma.
The document describes different types of mechanical injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, and stab wounds. It provides characteristics of each type of injury, how they are caused, and their medico-legal importance in determining the nature of wound, weapon, age of injury, and circumstances surrounding the injury. It also discusses the time-dependent changes in appearance of these injuries that are useful in estimating the age of the wound in legal investigations.
This document discusses various types of mechanical or physical injuries caused by blunt force, including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and bruises. It provides classifications of injuries including based on causative factor (blunt force, sharp force, firearms, thermal, chemical), severity (simple, grievous, dangerous), and time of infliction (antemortem, postmortem, perimortem). Details are given on features, appearances, complications and medicolegal importance of specific injuries like abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and factors that affect bruise formation. The document also discusses concepts like patterned injuries, migratory bruises, and differences between ante- and postmortem injuries.
This document discusses different types of injuries from a forensic science perspective. It defines medical and legal definitions of injuries. It then discusses classifications of injuries according to causative factors like abrasions, bruises, and lacerations. It describes features of abrasions and bruises, and how their appearance changes over time. It covers distinguishing ante-mortem and post-mortem abrasions. The medicolegal importance of patterned injuries in connecting victims to weapons or objects is also summarized.
From this topic you willl be able to cover Laceration and A short study on VRANA according to ayurveda
Very helpful for BAMS student
Hope you like and share it
Traumatology is the science of wounds and injuries. A wound is a disruption of tissues caused by external force, while an injury can also encompass internal damage from heat, cold, chemicals, electricity or radiation. Wounds are generally classified by their cause as blunt force, sharp force, gunshot or other injuries. Blunt force injuries result from impact with a blunt object and include abrasions, bruises and lacerations.
Drug resistance occurs when microbes develop the ability to survive exposure to drugs like antibiotics that previously could kill them. It happens because of overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and livestock as well as lack of development of new drugs. This reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics and makes diseases harder to treat, increasing healthcare costs and risk of death. Key strategies to prevent further drug resistance include only using antibiotics when needed, always taking the full prescribed dose, and improving infection control and hygiene.
Mycobacteria are slender rod-shaped bacteria that can be stained using special techniques. The most important mycobacteria that cause disease are M. tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis (TB), and M. leprae, which causes leprosy. Both bacteria are acid-fast rods that form colonies when cultured. M. leprae cannot be cultured in vitro. Both bacteria cause granulomatous lesions in humans and evade the immune system through waxy coatings and inhibiting phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, PCR and skin testing. Treatment includes antibiotics.
This document discusses hypersensitivity, classifying it into four types based on mechanisms. Type 1 is anaphylaxis caused by IgE antibodies binding to mast cells. Type 2 is antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Type 3 involves immune complex deposition in tissues. Type 4 is cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity. The types are distinguished by their pathophysiology and examples are given of conditions that fall under each type along with associated symptoms and treatments.
This document discusses various types of injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and puncture wounds. It provides details on the features, classification, and medico-legal aspects of each type of injury. Key points covered include how to determine the age of an injury, differentiate between antemortem and postmortem wounds, identify weapons and manner of use from wound patterns, and assess time since injury through histological examination.
This document provides information on different types of injuries from a medical-legal perspective. It defines injuries clinically and legally, and classifies mechanical injuries as blunt force injuries (abrasions, contusions, lacerations) or sharp force injuries (incised wounds, stab wounds, chop wounds). For each type of injury, it describes features, age determination, antemortem vs postmortem appearance, and medico-legal aspects. Weapon identification, manner and direction of force application, and wound age determination are important considerations in mechanical injury analysis.
The document discusses various types of injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and puncture wounds. It describes the features of each type of injury, how to determine the age of an injury, and the potential medico-legal significance including identifying weapons and determining the manner of injury.
This document discusses the classification of soft tissue injuries associated with fractures. It describes several classification systems, including Tscherne, Gustilo-Anderson, and AO, that grade soft tissue injuries based on factors like wound size, contamination, and bone and muscle involvement. Proper classification of soft tissue injuries is important for determining fracture management and predicting healing to help standardize treatment protocols.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of different types of wounds and injuries for forensic examination purposes. It defines wounds as disruptions of tissue caused by force and distinguishes between wounds, which imply deliberate action, and injuries, which can be accidental. It then describes in detail the characteristics of different types of injuries including bruises, abrasions, lacerations, stab wounds, incised wounds, and how to examine and document wounds. Factors like wound size, shape, location, and color changes over time are discussed to help determine the causes and timing of injuries.
This document provides an overview of various medico-legal aspects of injuries. It discusses the examination process for cases of injury, including the nature, age and causes of different types of injuries like simple, grievous and dangerous injuries. It also describes the medico-legal implications of determining the actual cause of death in cases involving homicide. The document outlines the immediate, direct and remote causes of death and how to distinguish between them based on the examination findings.
This document discusses mechanical injuries, including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and other types of wounds. It provides details on the characteristics and features of each type of injury, as well as factors that influence the nature and extent of wounds. Mechanical injuries are caused by physical forces that result in tissue damage. The summary examines the key types of mechanical injuries and their forensic significance in determining cause and manner of injuries.
Fractures are breaks in bone continuity that can range from complete breaks to incomplete breaks. Globally in 2000, there were an estimated 9 million new fragility fractures, including over 1.6 million at the hip. Fractures are classified based on their anatomic features such as type, comminution, location, and displacement. Other classifications include the AO classification system for long bones, Salter-Harris classification for pediatric physeal fractures, and the Gustillo-Anderson classification for open fractures. Clinical presentation of fractures involves symptoms of pain, swelling, deformity, and loss of function as well as signs found on examination and imaging studies. Management principles involve stabilization, reduction, fixation, exercise, and physiotherapy.
This document discusses the histopathological diagnosis of blunt and sharp trauma injuries. It defines wounds as damage to the body from mechanical force. It describes the four main types of blunt force injuries as abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and fractures. It then provides detailed information on identifying features, causes, and timelines for healing of each type of injury based on appearance and histological analysis.
An open fracture occurs when a broken bone pierces the skin, exposing the fracture site. Left untreated, open fractures can lead to high rates of infection, wound complications, and failure of the bone to heal properly. Gustilo-Anderson classification grades open fractures based on wound size, soft tissue damage, level of contamination, and fracture pattern, with higher grades indicating more severe injuries associated with worse outcomes. Proper management of open fractures involves emergency wound care, antibiotics, splinting or stabilization of the fracture, and often surgical debridement and irrigation to reduce the risk of infection.
1) Fractures are breaks in bone continuity that can be complete or partial. Types include simple, compound, complicated, and greenstick fractures.
2) Causes include direct force from impacts or falls, indirect force from twisting motions, and diseases weakening bones.
3) Signs are pain, swelling, deformity, inability to move the injured area, and sometimes hearing a snapping sound.
4) First aid aims to prevent further injury, reduce pain, and prepare for medical transport. Injured areas are immobilized using splints or other supports.
Trauma,types of trauma ,and the complicationsariamarie294
Trauma, including abdominal trauma, can be caused by blunt or penetrating injuries and often results from motor vehicle accidents or falls. Abdominal trauma risks damaging internal organs like the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging like CT scans, and assessing for signs of injury to the abdomen like bruising, pain, or blood in the urine. Treatment depends on the severity and location of injuries but may include surgery, intravenous fluids, and other interventions to control bleeding and prevent further organ damage. Outcomes depend on the specific injuries sustained but long term disability is common for those who survive major trauma.
The document describes different types of mechanical injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, and stab wounds. It provides characteristics of each type of injury, how they are caused, and their medico-legal importance in determining the nature of wound, weapon, age of injury, and circumstances surrounding the injury. It also discusses the time-dependent changes in appearance of these injuries that are useful in estimating the age of the wound in legal investigations.
This document discusses various types of mechanical or physical injuries caused by blunt force, including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and bruises. It provides classifications of injuries including based on causative factor (blunt force, sharp force, firearms, thermal, chemical), severity (simple, grievous, dangerous), and time of infliction (antemortem, postmortem, perimortem). Details are given on features, appearances, complications and medicolegal importance of specific injuries like abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and factors that affect bruise formation. The document also discusses concepts like patterned injuries, migratory bruises, and differences between ante- and postmortem injuries.
This document discusses different types of injuries from a forensic science perspective. It defines medical and legal definitions of injuries. It then discusses classifications of injuries according to causative factors like abrasions, bruises, and lacerations. It describes features of abrasions and bruises, and how their appearance changes over time. It covers distinguishing ante-mortem and post-mortem abrasions. The medicolegal importance of patterned injuries in connecting victims to weapons or objects is also summarized.
From this topic you willl be able to cover Laceration and A short study on VRANA according to ayurveda
Very helpful for BAMS student
Hope you like and share it
Traumatology is the science of wounds and injuries. A wound is a disruption of tissues caused by external force, while an injury can also encompass internal damage from heat, cold, chemicals, electricity or radiation. Wounds are generally classified by their cause as blunt force, sharp force, gunshot or other injuries. Blunt force injuries result from impact with a blunt object and include abrasions, bruises and lacerations.
Drug resistance occurs when microbes develop the ability to survive exposure to drugs like antibiotics that previously could kill them. It happens because of overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and livestock as well as lack of development of new drugs. This reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics and makes diseases harder to treat, increasing healthcare costs and risk of death. Key strategies to prevent further drug resistance include only using antibiotics when needed, always taking the full prescribed dose, and improving infection control and hygiene.
Mycobacteria are slender rod-shaped bacteria that can be stained using special techniques. The most important mycobacteria that cause disease are M. tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis (TB), and M. leprae, which causes leprosy. Both bacteria are acid-fast rods that form colonies when cultured. M. leprae cannot be cultured in vitro. Both bacteria cause granulomatous lesions in humans and evade the immune system through waxy coatings and inhibiting phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, PCR and skin testing. Treatment includes antibiotics.
This document discusses hypersensitivity, classifying it into four types based on mechanisms. Type 1 is anaphylaxis caused by IgE antibodies binding to mast cells. Type 2 is antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Type 3 involves immune complex deposition in tissues. Type 4 is cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity. The types are distinguished by their pathophysiology and examples are given of conditions that fall under each type along with associated symptoms and treatments.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), also called erythroblastosis fetalis, is a blood disorder that occurs when the mother and baby have incompatible blood types. During pregnancy, the baby's red blood cells can enter the mother's bloodstream through the placenta. If the mother's immune system sees the baby's blood type as foreign, it will produce antibodies to attack the baby's red blood cells. After birth, these antibodies cause the baby's red blood cells to break down too quickly. Symptoms of HDN include jaundice, swelling, enlarged liver or spleen, and yellowing of bodily fluids. Treatment may involve phototherapy, medications, transfusions, or in severe cases, an
An ELISA uses antibodies to detect the presence of antigens in biological samples immobilized on a microplate. There are four main types of ELISA - direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive - which differ in how the antigen is immobilized and detected. ELISA relies on the specific binding of antibodies to antigens, and can detect the target analyte using enzymatic or fluorescent tags to provide a quantifiable signal. It is a versatile technique that allows multiple samples to be tested simultaneously.
1. This document provides an overview of a clinical chemistry course, outlining its aims, objectives, and topics to be covered including the scope of clinical chemistry, specimen requirements, and quality assurance principles.
2. It reviews the history of clinical chemistry from early experiments isolating compounds from living materials in the 19th century to modern developments in instrumentation, automation, and computer integration that have increased testing efficiency and productivity.
3. Advances in clinical chemistry have expanded biochemical knowledge and allowed for more accurate detection of metabolic disorders through small sample sizes and short test turnaround times, supporting evidence-based medicine.
Blood coagulation is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel-like mass. It involves several coagulation factors and occurs in three stages: formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The resulting blood clot traps platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells. Over time, the clot retracts as platelets contract. Fibrinolysis then breaks down the clot. Coagulation ensures wounds are sealed but can become problematic if clots form inside blood vessels.
This document discusses fungal diseases (mycoses) including cutaneous, subcutaneous, and systemic mycoses. It provides examples of common fungal infections like ringworm, athlete's foot, and candidiasis. Systemic mycoses are caused by dimorphic fungi that exist in different forms inside and outside the host. Examples provided are histoplasmosis and coccidiomycosis. Opportunistic fungi like Aspergillus and Candida normally do not cause disease but can in immunocompromised individuals. The document also discusses the biology and pathogenesis of the opportunistic fungus Candida albicans.
Rickettsia are obligate intracellular parasites that infect arthropods like ticks and mites. They are transmitted to humans via arthropod bites and infect endothelial cells. This causes thrombosis and occlusion of blood vessels, leading to organ damage and acute febrile illness with rash. Some important Rickettsia species that cause disease in humans are R. prowazekii (epidemic typhus), R. typhi (murine typhus), and R. rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever). Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, serology like the Weil-Felix test or immunofluorescence antibody technique. Treatment is with doxycycline or tetracycline.
Chlamydia are small, gram-negative bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. They include C. trachomatis, C. psittaci, and C. pneumoniae. C. trachomatis can cause trachoma (the world's leading cause of preventable blindness), and genital infections leading to pelvic inflammatory disease. It has different biovars that cause different diseases. C. psittaci infects birds and mammals. Laboratory diagnosis includes culturing, antigen detection, PCR, and serology. Treatment is usually with tetracyclines or azithromycin. Control involves treatment, contact tracing, hygiene and avoiding animal contact.
This document provides an overview of immunodeficiency. It begins by defining immunodeficiency and classifying it into primary and secondary types. Primary immunodeficiency is due to genetic defects present at birth, while secondary immunodeficiency is acquired from other diseases, infections, or medications. The document further discusses specific deficiencies in B cells, T cells, complement systems, and phagocytes. It also covers severe combined immunodeficiency and common secondary causes like infections, malnutrition, and immunosuppressive drugs or therapies. Treatment options include supportive therapies with antibiotics or immunoglobulin replacement as well as definitive therapies like bone marrow transplantation or gene therapy.
This document discusses immunodeficiency, including:
- It defines immunodeficiency and classifies it as either specific or non-specific, as well as primary or secondary.
- It describes various types of primary immunodeficiencies affecting B cells like X-linked agammaglobulinemia and common variable immunodeficiency. It also covers T cell deficiencies like DiGeorge syndrome.
- Severe combined immunodeficiency is discussed as being either X-linked or autosomal and resulting in an absence of both T and B cells.
- Secondary immunodeficiencies can be caused by drugs like corticosteroids, methotrexate, and cyclosp
The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterol that surrounds the cell. Integral proteins pass through the lipid bilayer, serving functions like passive diffusion of substances, active transport against gradients, and acting as receptors. Peripheral proteins are attached to the inner surface of the membrane and function as enzymes catalyzing chemical reactions. The cell membrane and organelle membranes form a barrier controlling what enters and exits the cell while integral proteins allow selective transport of substances into and out of the cell.
This document summarizes blood groups and their importance in blood transfusions. It describes Karl Landsteiner's discovery of the ABO blood group system and the corresponding antigens (A, B) and antibodies (anti-A, anti-B). Based on the presence or absence of these antigens, blood is categorized into A, B, AB, and O groups. Compatibility is required to prevent hemolytic transfusion reactions. It also covers the Rh blood group system and hemolytic disease in newborns when an Rh-negative mother has an Rh-positive baby.
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
3. •What is blunt trauma?
Blunt trauma, also known as non-penetrating trauma or blunt force trauma,
refers to injury of the body by forceful impact, falls, or physical attack with a dull
object. Penetrating trauma, by contrast, involves an object or surface piercing
the skin, causing an open wound. Blunt trauma can be caused by a combination
of forces, including acceleration and deceleration (the increase and decrease in
speed of a moving object), shearing (the slipping and stretching of organs and
tissue in relation to each other), and crushing pressure.
4. Classified into:
Blunt trauma can generally be classified into four categories: contusion,
abrasion, laceration, and fracture. Contusion—more commonly known as a
bruise—is a region of skin where small veins and capillaries have ruptured.
Abrasions occur when layers of the skin have been scraped away by a rough
surface. Laceration refers to the tearing of the skin that causes an irregular or
jagged-appearing wound. Lastly, fractures are complete or partial breaks in
bone. Such injuries can often occur in motor vehicle crashes, sports injuries,
physical assaults, and falls.
5. Abrasion
In abrasion, the outer layers of the skin are removed leaving a bare area with minimal or no
bleeding. It is often the most superficial of the injuries, and with regard to medical intervention,
generally minor. However, in trauma forensics, it is by no means insignificant. It could be quite
revealing about the dynamics of interactions between an object or objects and the body of the
patient. Abrasion tells an important story as follows:
i. An object has come into contact with the skin
ii. The impingement is at an angle of less than 90 degrees
iii. There is a relative movement between the object and the body
iv. There is friction between the object and the body.
6. Therefore, when a patient has abrasions, it is crucial to enquire about how they
come about the injury and to document every detail provided. It is important to
bear in mind that the role of the surgeon is to provide a medical assessment that
could be relevant to any potential legal issues that may arise. Often, the
abrasion may occur together with more severe injuries. The patient or the carer
may not even be aware of the abrasion nor take cognisance of its presence.
However, the abrasion may hold a significant clue to how the other associated
injuries on the body may have come about.
7. Bruise or Contusion
Bruise / Contusion:
“It is an extravasation of blood into tissue due to application of blunt force”.
Damage may not be so evident macroscopically but may be appreciated microscopically.
Clinical Manifestations:
• Pain.
• Redness.
•Swelling.
•Epidermis may not show any damage.
Appearance:
Shape may or may not corresponding the shape of the weapons.
8. Factor controlling appearance of bruise:
1. Type of tissue.
2. Color of skin.
3. Age.
4. Natural disease.
5. Vascularity.
6. Gender.
9. Medicolegal Importance Of Bruise
1. It is evidence of application of blunt force.
2. Helps in identification of weapon.
3. Indicates degree of violence.
4. Tells time of infliction of injury.
10. Colour Changes
Fresh: is Red colour _ due to oxygenated Hb.
After 12 hours: Blue colour _ due to deoxygenated Hb.
1-2 days: Blackish Blue or Brown _ due to Haemosiderin.
After 3 days: Greenish colour _ due to Haemotoidin.
After 7 days: Yellowish due to Bilirubin.
After 2 weeks: Complete disppearence.
11. Laceration
Laceration can be caused by any imaginable blunt object and incidents such as kicking, a fist, a
piece of rock, a rod, a hammer, an axe, falls, road traffic crashes, etc. The mechanism of damage
to the issue is either from a direct blow to the area or a tear from the stretching of the tissue.
The characteristic features of the injury include ragged margins with associated bruising and an
irregularly torn base. Occasionally, one may require the aid of a hand-held magnifying lens to
correctly identify a laceration and differentiate it from an incision (especially on the scalp),
which is a type of wound with a different mechanism of causation, which will be discussed in the
next broad category of traumatic injuries. However, the presence of a ragged and bruised margin
confirms the impression. Meanwhile, like abrasion, it is of forensic significance to look for trace
elements and document and process them accordingly.
12. In the medical evaluation of the patient, the following determinations are of forensic significance and should
engage the thoughts and consultation of the surgeon:
i. The nature of the object that may have caused the injury
ii. The degree of applied force
iii. The number of blunt force impacts with attendant injuries
iv. The severity of external injuries
v. Internal injuries may be associated with the external traumatic impact.
Photo documentation is a critical aspect of the management of lacerations. It is necessary to have sets of both
before and after images to show what the injury looks like before treatment and following wound care that has
taken place in the medical intervention. In major lacerations where wound debridement has taken place with
other required surgical interventio
13.
14. What is blunt trauma death?
Blunt trauma death refers to physical trauma to the body by way of fall, impact,
or attack, that results in death. Head trauma and severe loss of blood are the
most common causes of death due to blunt traumatic injury. Severity of the
injury depends on the mechanism and extent of injury. Typically, a large force
applied to a sizable area over several minutes will result in vast tissue damage,
which increases the chance of death. Whereas a smaller force applied to a
smaller area will result in less tissue damage.
15. Severity of injury also depends on the underlying age and health of the
individual. For example, elderly patients have been identified as having some of
the highest injury-related mortality rates. This has been attributed to several
factors including reduced cardiopulmonary reserve, which is a measure of heart
and lung function, as well as poor nutritional status, and propensity for bleeding
after fractures.
16. What organs are most likely be injured by
blunt trauma:
The majority of blunt trauma cases are from motor vehicle crashes and
pedestrian injuries often resulting in abdominal injuries. These injuries are
typically attributed to collisions between the individual and the external
environment, or to acceleration and deceleration forces acting on the
individual’s internal organs.
17. Within the abdomen, the spleen is the most commonly injured organ, followed
by the liver. The kidneys, bladder, diaphragm, and the large and small
intestines may also be affected. Injuries to the internal organs can lead to
hemorrhage (release of blood from damaged blood vessels). This may result
in hypotension, or a decrease in blood pressure, and more
severely, hypovolemic shock. This occurs when the volume of blood in
the body is too low, resulting in circulatory failure. Hypovolemic shock can be
life-threatening and can lead to organ failure.
18. How is blunt trauma diagnosed?
When assessing possible abdominal trauma, physicians look for abdominal pain,
tenderness, nausea, and vomiting. In cases of motor vehicle crashes, the
presence of a positive ‘seatbelt sign’, appearing as bruising in a horizontal or
diagonal band that corresponds to a seatbelt across the abdomen, chest, or
neck, indicates an increased likelihood that the individual has an intra-
abdominal injury. If serious trauma is suspected, imaging techniques, such as X-
rays, CT scans, and ultrasound imaging, can also be used to detect fractures and
internal injury.
19. If a hollow organ, such as the small or large intestine , ruptures upon injury, it is
considered a medical emergency and requires immediate medical attention. In
addition to diagnostic imaging, providers may use a diagnostic peritoneal lavage
to determine if there is free floating fluid, such as blood, in the abdominal cavity.
The procedure entails inserting a catheter into the peritoneal cavity, or the sac
around the abdominal cavity. After insertion, any free floating blood or fluid is
drawn out. If necessary, sterile saline is then infused to wash out the cavity.
20. In cases like:
Blunt force trauma is routinely involved in cases classified as accidents, as
well as in cases of suicide and homicide. People dying natural deaths often have
minor blunt force injuries that do not contribute to death—small abrasions or
contusions on the skin are commonplace at autopsy
21. For purposes of death certification, it should be noted that blunt force trauma
may be the underlying (proximate) cause of death in cases in which the
immediate cause of death is a natural disease process. For example, individuals
may die of infections, thromboemboli, or organ failure that occurs as a delayed
result of previous blunt force trauma. In some cases, the injury may have
occurred many years before death.
22. Scene Findings
As with most types of traumatic deaths, scene findings often play an important
role in the death investigation process. Examples include blood spatter
evaluation and DNA analysis in homicide cases involving multiple blows with a
blunt object, such as a baseball bat, and scene reconstruction following motor
vehicle collisions.
23. In certain cases, it may be helpful to examine the skin surface and wounds for
trace evidence. This may involve looking for paint, metal, or glass fragments on a
body that was struck by a hit-and-run motor vehicle; identifying embedded
fragments of a weapon used to assault someone; or identifying a tool mark left
in a bone underlying a blunt force impact site. Such trace evidence may be used
by forensic science technicians to help identify the vehicle or weapon that
caused the injuries.
24. Gross Examination
The individual types of blunt force trauma discussed above do not always occur
individually; they often occur in combination. That is, one may encounter
abraded contusions, abraded lacerations, and lacerated contusions (as depicted
in the images below). The appearance of a blunt force injury is determined by
several variables, including the impacting weapon or surface, the anatomic site
impacted, and individual factors including skin elasticity and coagulability status.
25.
26. Example
One common type of blunt force injury is the so-called brush-burn abrasion.
Brush-burn abrasions are broad, dried abrasions that often have a yellow-orange
or orange-red coloration. These abrasions are caused by dragging or scraping
the surface of the skin against a rugged surface; they are most often
encountered when a body slides on pavement. These abrasions are sometimes
called "road rash.
27.
28. Documentation
Measurements and descriptions of blunt force injuries on the skin surface
should be documented on a body diagram. Injuries to deeper tissues and
internal organs must also be documented either on the same diagram or
elsewhere in the case file. When generating the autopsy report, it is often best
to divide the description of injuries into subsections for the head and neck,
trunk, and extremities. Furthermore, one should describe the injuries "from the
outside in." That is, a description of a laceration on the scalp should be followed
by that of any deeper scalp hemorrhage, then associated skull fractures, then
associated intracranial hemorrhages and any traumatic injuries to the brain.