Blood transfusions are used to treat patients with serious injuries causing blood loss or illnesses causing anemia. While generally safe, transfusions can cause mild to rare severe complications like allergic reactions or fever. Transfusions are indicated for moderate to severe anemia, major blood loss from injuries or surgery, or medical conditions that affect red blood cell production or destruction. Proper identification checks, consent procedures, transfusion guidelines and monitoring of patients are required to reduce risks and ensure transfusions are administered correctly.
Blood Administration Powerpoint Piedmont Tech College Summer 2010asaphlynn
Volume expanders must be infused within 2 hours of thawing while clotting factors are still viable and must be infused rapidly. Rh factor and ABO compatibility are required for plasma products. Effective response is assessed by monitoring coagulation studies and resolution of hypovolemia. Prepared from plasma and stored for up to 5 years, volume expanders are used to treat hypovolemic shock and hypoalbuminemia.
Safe blood transfusion practices and policy of hospitalLee Oi Wah
1) Blood transfusion is generally safe but risks include acute haemolytic transfusion reactions, transfusion-related acute lung injury, allergic reactions, and bacterial contamination.
2) If a transfusion reaction is suspected, the transfusion must be stopped immediately and the patient closely monitored and treated depending on symptoms.
3) Investigations include blood and urine samples, and the transfusion reaction report form must be completed to document the event and aid investigation.
Blood is a circulating fluid composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It transports nutrients, oxygen, waste, and immune cells throughout the body. Blood transfusions may be used to treat blood loss or deficiencies, with risks including allergic reactions, fever, and rare but serious immune reactions if the blood types are incompatible. Proper identification, consent, ordering, and monitoring procedures are required for safe transfusion.
This document provides information about blood transfusion, including its definition, purposes, components, blood grouping and cross matching, types of transfusions, donor selection, collection and storage of blood, administration of blood to recipients, and complications. It defines blood transfusion as transferring whole blood or components from one person to another. The main components of blood for transfusion are whole blood, packed red cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Proper blood grouping and cross matching is essential to ensure compatibility. Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction is described as a serious complication that can develop within 15 minutes of a transfusion due to ABO or Rh incompatibility.
This document provides information on various blood products including packed red blood cells, whole blood, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, albumin, and cryoprecipitate. It describes what each product is used to treat, how they are prepared and stored, typical volumes in each unit, and compatibility testing requirements. The document also outlines nursing considerations for blood transfusions such as obtaining a physician's order, explaining the procedure to the patient, preparing equipment, monitoring the patient during the transfusion, and intervening if any transfusion reactions occur.
This document discusses blood transfusion, including identifying blood groups, precautions for transfusion, and managing transfusion reactions. It outlines the nurse's responsibilities in preparing for, monitoring, and managing any complications of blood transfusion. Specific complications covered include circulatory overload, allergic reactions, febrile reactions, and hemolytic reactions along with the nursing interventions for each. Proper documentation of any transfusion reactions is also emphasized.
This document provides information about blood transfusion, including definitions, indications, blood components that can be transfused, special donation procedures, care of the patient before, during and after transfusion, potential complications, and their management. The objectives are for students to understand blood transfusion management, define key terms, identify appropriate transfusion scenarios, state donation procedures, and describe patient care and complications.
A blood bank stores and preserves donated blood for later transfusion. It must be licensed and regulated. It requires a medical officer, space, equipment for storage at proper temperatures, and testing of donated blood for diseases. Blood is separated into components like red blood cells, plasma, and platelets. Strict criteria ensure safe blood collection from voluntary, low-risk donors. Donated blood undergoes testing before use or storage according to established standards and guidelines.
Blood Administration Powerpoint Piedmont Tech College Summer 2010asaphlynn
Volume expanders must be infused within 2 hours of thawing while clotting factors are still viable and must be infused rapidly. Rh factor and ABO compatibility are required for plasma products. Effective response is assessed by monitoring coagulation studies and resolution of hypovolemia. Prepared from plasma and stored for up to 5 years, volume expanders are used to treat hypovolemic shock and hypoalbuminemia.
Safe blood transfusion practices and policy of hospitalLee Oi Wah
1) Blood transfusion is generally safe but risks include acute haemolytic transfusion reactions, transfusion-related acute lung injury, allergic reactions, and bacterial contamination.
2) If a transfusion reaction is suspected, the transfusion must be stopped immediately and the patient closely monitored and treated depending on symptoms.
3) Investigations include blood and urine samples, and the transfusion reaction report form must be completed to document the event and aid investigation.
Blood is a circulating fluid composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It transports nutrients, oxygen, waste, and immune cells throughout the body. Blood transfusions may be used to treat blood loss or deficiencies, with risks including allergic reactions, fever, and rare but serious immune reactions if the blood types are incompatible. Proper identification, consent, ordering, and monitoring procedures are required for safe transfusion.
This document provides information about blood transfusion, including its definition, purposes, components, blood grouping and cross matching, types of transfusions, donor selection, collection and storage of blood, administration of blood to recipients, and complications. It defines blood transfusion as transferring whole blood or components from one person to another. The main components of blood for transfusion are whole blood, packed red cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Proper blood grouping and cross matching is essential to ensure compatibility. Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction is described as a serious complication that can develop within 15 minutes of a transfusion due to ABO or Rh incompatibility.
This document provides information on various blood products including packed red blood cells, whole blood, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, albumin, and cryoprecipitate. It describes what each product is used to treat, how they are prepared and stored, typical volumes in each unit, and compatibility testing requirements. The document also outlines nursing considerations for blood transfusions such as obtaining a physician's order, explaining the procedure to the patient, preparing equipment, monitoring the patient during the transfusion, and intervening if any transfusion reactions occur.
This document discusses blood transfusion, including identifying blood groups, precautions for transfusion, and managing transfusion reactions. It outlines the nurse's responsibilities in preparing for, monitoring, and managing any complications of blood transfusion. Specific complications covered include circulatory overload, allergic reactions, febrile reactions, and hemolytic reactions along with the nursing interventions for each. Proper documentation of any transfusion reactions is also emphasized.
This document provides information about blood transfusion, including definitions, indications, blood components that can be transfused, special donation procedures, care of the patient before, during and after transfusion, potential complications, and their management. The objectives are for students to understand blood transfusion management, define key terms, identify appropriate transfusion scenarios, state donation procedures, and describe patient care and complications.
A blood bank stores and preserves donated blood for later transfusion. It must be licensed and regulated. It requires a medical officer, space, equipment for storage at proper temperatures, and testing of donated blood for diseases. Blood is separated into components like red blood cells, plasma, and platelets. Strict criteria ensure safe blood collection from voluntary, low-risk donors. Donated blood undergoes testing before use or storage according to established standards and guidelines.
The document provides guidelines for collecting blood cultures to detect bloodstream infections. It states that blood cultures should only be collected when there is a clinical indication of sepsis based on symptoms such as fever, tachycardia, or confusion. It emphasizes the importance of following proper technique to minimize contamination, including cleaning the skin with chlorhexidine, collecting cultures through a newly inserted needle before other blood draws, and clearly labelling the sample source. The document also provides step-by-step instructions for collecting both peripheral blood cultures and cultures from central venous access devices.
This document provides information about blood transfusion, including its definition, purposes, components, blood grouping and cross matching, types of transfusions, general instructions, and complications. Blood transfusion involves collecting blood from a donor and administering it to a recipient. It can be used to treat anemia, restore blood volume after hemorrhaging, and provide antibodies or clotting factors. Blood components include whole blood, packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Cross matching must ensure compatibility of blood types and Rh factor. Potential complications include acute and delayed hemolytic reactions, circulatory overload, and infections.
This document discusses blood, blood products, and blood transfusion. It defines blood and its components and functions in transportation, protection, and regulation. Blood products include whole blood, packed red cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate. Indications for transfusion of specific products are provided. The document also discusses the maximum surgery blood order schedule, blood transfusion reactions and their management, complications of transfusion, hemovigilance, and important takeaways regarding proper transfusion procedures.
blood transfusion is a life saving procedure. so role of nurse here while transfused the blood in the ward is important. in this slide role of nurse is given here. if you like kindly give your comment and share it to others. follow my account to know more.
The document provides information about blood transfusion. It defines blood transfusion as the transfusion of whole blood or its components from one person to another. The purposes of blood transfusion include restoring blood volume after hemorrhage, raising hemoglobin levels, and treating deficiencies. The components of blood used for transfusion are whole blood, packed red cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Blood typing and cross-matching must be done to match donor and recipient blood types to avoid transfusion reactions. The document discusses different types of transfusion reactions and their management.
This document outlines policies and procedures for blood transfusions, including obtaining consent, monitoring patients during transfusions, documenting transfusions, handling complications, and responsibilities of medical staff. It provides guidelines for requesting and administering blood under both routine and urgent/emergency situations, as well as reporting any adverse reactions or incidents. The goal is to ensure blood transfusions are performed safely and appropriately through strict adherence to procedures.
This document provides information about blood transfusion and complications of transfusion. It defines blood transfusion and its purposes, which include restoring blood volume after hemorrhage and raising hemoglobin levels. The components of blood that can be transfused are described, including whole blood, packed red cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. The document discusses blood grouping, cross-matching, and donor selection. It also covers transfusion reactions like acute and delayed hemolytic reactions, and their nursing management.
Nurses play an important role in ensuring safe blood transfusions by following proper procedures and monitoring for potential risks and complications. The nurse's responsibilities include assessing the patient's history and health, preparing equipment and medications, administering the transfusion according to established protocols while monitoring vital signs, and observing the patient after the transfusion is complete. Close attention to details like matching blood types and screening for infections can help prevent adverse reactions during the transfusion. Nurses must be prepared to respond quickly if a reaction occurs.
This document provides information and guidelines regarding blood transfusion and compatibility testing. It discusses the types of blood products available for transfusion and defines key terms. The document outlines the steps for compatibility testing, including pre-analytical procedures like patient identification and specimen collection, serological testing like ABO/Rh typing and antibody screening/identification, and post-analytical procedures like labeling and issuing blood products. It also provides guidelines for administering blood transfusions and monitoring patients.
Lecture By:
Dr Hisham Fakher
Consultant Hematology
Medical Director of Regional Laboratory and Central Blood Bank
Ministry of Health –Almadinah Almonawarah
This document provides an overview of blood transfusions including:
- Defining a blood transfusion as transferring whole blood or components between individuals.
- Blood products include red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and whole blood which serve purposes like restoring blood volume or oxygen carrying capacity.
- Nursing plays an important role in procuring blood products and supervising transfusions, which requires carefully verifying patient identity and monitoring for complications.
- Proper storage, transport, and administration of blood is important to avoid issues like hemolysis or bacterial contamination.
This document describes an experiment involving determination of clotting time and bleeding time, calculation of red blood cell indices, and blood typing. It provides objectives, materials, procedures, and results for measuring clotting time and bleeding time using a lancet and timer. Formulas and procedures are given for calculating mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin, and hemoglobin concentration from hematology results. Finally, the process for blood typing using anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh sera on a slide is outlined, along with examples of blood type compatibility. Discussion questions relate to the clinical significance of test results and concepts of blood typing.
This document defines blood transfusion and discusses its purposes, indications, contraindications, nursing assessment, preparation, procedure, documentation, complications, and sample documentation for blood transfusion. A blood transfusion involves infusing whole blood or blood components into the venous system to increase blood volume or specific blood components for various purposes such as increasing red blood cells, platelets, or clotting factors. The document outlines the nursing responsibilities and monitoring required for safe administration of blood transfusion.
Blood transfusion is the process through which blood and blood products are transferred to circulation intravenously. Early transfusions used whole blood but modern medical practice commonly used components of blood.It helps to replace blood lost during injury or surgery. It is a life saving procedure. before transfusion of blood it is necessary to know your blood group type. As blood group o is considered as universal donor and blood group AB considered as universal accepter.
Blood transfusion are relatively safe but can be fatal if incorrectly administered. Donated blood can be processed into components such as PCV, FFP, Platelets, Cryoprecipitate. Doctors and nurses plays a major role in blood transfusion. They should follows all safety precautions throughout all steps of administrating procedure.
The document discusses blood transfusion components, their storage, indications, and administration. It describes how whole blood is separated into red blood cells, platelets, and plasma through differential centrifugation. The main blood components - red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate - are summarized in terms of their storage, indications, dosages, and considerations for transfusion. The document also provides guidelines for preparing and administering red blood cell and platelet transfusions.
The document outlines safety protocols for blood administration, including recognizing adverse effects. It discusses the hematological system, components of blood, blood typing, guidelines for safe transfusion, and potential adverse reactions. Procedures at Sentara hospitals are described, such as verifying orders, consent, monitoring vitals, administration rates, and post-transfusion monitoring for reactions. Shelf life, infections, and additional topics are also covered.
Donor selection is an important step in a blood bank to ensure safe blood is transfused to the patients.
Safe blood collection makes sure that the blood donated is of no contamination.
Blood component therapy involves the intravenous administration of whole blood or blood components like red blood cells, platelets, or plasma to treat medical conditions. It is used to increase blood volume after surgery/trauma/hemorrhage, treat severe anemia, infections with low white blood cell count, or bone marrow issues. Proper blood typing and screening is crucial to avoid transfusion reactions. Nurses must carefully monitor patients during transfusions for signs of complications like circulatory overload, allergic reactions, or disease transmission.
Blood component therapy involves the intravenous administration of whole blood or blood components like red blood cells, platelets, or plasma to treat medical conditions. It is used to increase blood volume, oxygen carrying capacity, clotting factors, and fight infections. Potential complications include hemolytic transfusion reactions, allergic reactions, circulatory overload, and infectious disease transmission. Nurses are responsible for safely administering transfusions and monitoring for adverse reactions.
Autologous transfusion involves collecting and reinfusing a patient's own blood to avoid allogenic blood transfusions. There are several techniques including preoperative blood collection and storage, acute normovolemic hemodilution during surgery, and intraoperative or postoperative blood salvaging from surgical sites. Autologous transfusion can help prevent transfusion-transmitted diseases and reactions, provide compatible blood, and comply with certain religious beliefs. However, it also carries risks of anemia and bacterial contamination. The document discusses the various autologous transfusion methods and their advantages, disadvantages, indications, and complications.
The document provides guidelines for collecting blood cultures to detect bloodstream infections. It states that blood cultures should only be collected when there is a clinical indication of sepsis based on symptoms such as fever, tachycardia, or confusion. It emphasizes the importance of following proper technique to minimize contamination, including cleaning the skin with chlorhexidine, collecting cultures through a newly inserted needle before other blood draws, and clearly labelling the sample source. The document also provides step-by-step instructions for collecting both peripheral blood cultures and cultures from central venous access devices.
This document provides information about blood transfusion, including its definition, purposes, components, blood grouping and cross matching, types of transfusions, general instructions, and complications. Blood transfusion involves collecting blood from a donor and administering it to a recipient. It can be used to treat anemia, restore blood volume after hemorrhaging, and provide antibodies or clotting factors. Blood components include whole blood, packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Cross matching must ensure compatibility of blood types and Rh factor. Potential complications include acute and delayed hemolytic reactions, circulatory overload, and infections.
This document discusses blood, blood products, and blood transfusion. It defines blood and its components and functions in transportation, protection, and regulation. Blood products include whole blood, packed red cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate. Indications for transfusion of specific products are provided. The document also discusses the maximum surgery blood order schedule, blood transfusion reactions and their management, complications of transfusion, hemovigilance, and important takeaways regarding proper transfusion procedures.
blood transfusion is a life saving procedure. so role of nurse here while transfused the blood in the ward is important. in this slide role of nurse is given here. if you like kindly give your comment and share it to others. follow my account to know more.
The document provides information about blood transfusion. It defines blood transfusion as the transfusion of whole blood or its components from one person to another. The purposes of blood transfusion include restoring blood volume after hemorrhage, raising hemoglobin levels, and treating deficiencies. The components of blood used for transfusion are whole blood, packed red cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Blood typing and cross-matching must be done to match donor and recipient blood types to avoid transfusion reactions. The document discusses different types of transfusion reactions and their management.
This document outlines policies and procedures for blood transfusions, including obtaining consent, monitoring patients during transfusions, documenting transfusions, handling complications, and responsibilities of medical staff. It provides guidelines for requesting and administering blood under both routine and urgent/emergency situations, as well as reporting any adverse reactions or incidents. The goal is to ensure blood transfusions are performed safely and appropriately through strict adherence to procedures.
This document provides information about blood transfusion and complications of transfusion. It defines blood transfusion and its purposes, which include restoring blood volume after hemorrhage and raising hemoglobin levels. The components of blood that can be transfused are described, including whole blood, packed red cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. The document discusses blood grouping, cross-matching, and donor selection. It also covers transfusion reactions like acute and delayed hemolytic reactions, and their nursing management.
Nurses play an important role in ensuring safe blood transfusions by following proper procedures and monitoring for potential risks and complications. The nurse's responsibilities include assessing the patient's history and health, preparing equipment and medications, administering the transfusion according to established protocols while monitoring vital signs, and observing the patient after the transfusion is complete. Close attention to details like matching blood types and screening for infections can help prevent adverse reactions during the transfusion. Nurses must be prepared to respond quickly if a reaction occurs.
This document provides information and guidelines regarding blood transfusion and compatibility testing. It discusses the types of blood products available for transfusion and defines key terms. The document outlines the steps for compatibility testing, including pre-analytical procedures like patient identification and specimen collection, serological testing like ABO/Rh typing and antibody screening/identification, and post-analytical procedures like labeling and issuing blood products. It also provides guidelines for administering blood transfusions and monitoring patients.
Lecture By:
Dr Hisham Fakher
Consultant Hematology
Medical Director of Regional Laboratory and Central Blood Bank
Ministry of Health –Almadinah Almonawarah
This document provides an overview of blood transfusions including:
- Defining a blood transfusion as transferring whole blood or components between individuals.
- Blood products include red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and whole blood which serve purposes like restoring blood volume or oxygen carrying capacity.
- Nursing plays an important role in procuring blood products and supervising transfusions, which requires carefully verifying patient identity and monitoring for complications.
- Proper storage, transport, and administration of blood is important to avoid issues like hemolysis or bacterial contamination.
This document describes an experiment involving determination of clotting time and bleeding time, calculation of red blood cell indices, and blood typing. It provides objectives, materials, procedures, and results for measuring clotting time and bleeding time using a lancet and timer. Formulas and procedures are given for calculating mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin, and hemoglobin concentration from hematology results. Finally, the process for blood typing using anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh sera on a slide is outlined, along with examples of blood type compatibility. Discussion questions relate to the clinical significance of test results and concepts of blood typing.
This document defines blood transfusion and discusses its purposes, indications, contraindications, nursing assessment, preparation, procedure, documentation, complications, and sample documentation for blood transfusion. A blood transfusion involves infusing whole blood or blood components into the venous system to increase blood volume or specific blood components for various purposes such as increasing red blood cells, platelets, or clotting factors. The document outlines the nursing responsibilities and monitoring required for safe administration of blood transfusion.
Blood transfusion is the process through which blood and blood products are transferred to circulation intravenously. Early transfusions used whole blood but modern medical practice commonly used components of blood.It helps to replace blood lost during injury or surgery. It is a life saving procedure. before transfusion of blood it is necessary to know your blood group type. As blood group o is considered as universal donor and blood group AB considered as universal accepter.
Blood transfusion are relatively safe but can be fatal if incorrectly administered. Donated blood can be processed into components such as PCV, FFP, Platelets, Cryoprecipitate. Doctors and nurses plays a major role in blood transfusion. They should follows all safety precautions throughout all steps of administrating procedure.
The document discusses blood transfusion components, their storage, indications, and administration. It describes how whole blood is separated into red blood cells, platelets, and plasma through differential centrifugation. The main blood components - red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate - are summarized in terms of their storage, indications, dosages, and considerations for transfusion. The document also provides guidelines for preparing and administering red blood cell and platelet transfusions.
The document outlines safety protocols for blood administration, including recognizing adverse effects. It discusses the hematological system, components of blood, blood typing, guidelines for safe transfusion, and potential adverse reactions. Procedures at Sentara hospitals are described, such as verifying orders, consent, monitoring vitals, administration rates, and post-transfusion monitoring for reactions. Shelf life, infections, and additional topics are also covered.
Donor selection is an important step in a blood bank to ensure safe blood is transfused to the patients.
Safe blood collection makes sure that the blood donated is of no contamination.
Blood component therapy involves the intravenous administration of whole blood or blood components like red blood cells, platelets, or plasma to treat medical conditions. It is used to increase blood volume after surgery/trauma/hemorrhage, treat severe anemia, infections with low white blood cell count, or bone marrow issues. Proper blood typing and screening is crucial to avoid transfusion reactions. Nurses must carefully monitor patients during transfusions for signs of complications like circulatory overload, allergic reactions, or disease transmission.
Blood component therapy involves the intravenous administration of whole blood or blood components like red blood cells, platelets, or plasma to treat medical conditions. It is used to increase blood volume, oxygen carrying capacity, clotting factors, and fight infections. Potential complications include hemolytic transfusion reactions, allergic reactions, circulatory overload, and infectious disease transmission. Nurses are responsible for safely administering transfusions and monitoring for adverse reactions.
Autologous transfusion involves collecting and reinfusing a patient's own blood to avoid allogenic blood transfusions. There are several techniques including preoperative blood collection and storage, acute normovolemic hemodilution during surgery, and intraoperative or postoperative blood salvaging from surgical sites. Autologous transfusion can help prevent transfusion-transmitted diseases and reactions, provide compatible blood, and comply with certain religious beliefs. However, it also carries risks of anemia and bacterial contamination. The document discusses the various autologous transfusion methods and their advantages, disadvantages, indications, and complications.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV likely originated from chimpanzees in Africa and slowly spread globally over decades. There is no cure, but treatment can control the virus.
- HIV attacks CD4 white blood cells, weakening the immune system and leading to AIDS if untreated. It can be transmitted sexually, through blood or mother-to-child.
- Left untreated, HIV destroys CD4 cells over time, leaving the body vulnerable to infections. Symptoms of AIDS include weight loss, fever, tiredness and various infections. Treatment with antiretroviral drugs can suppress the virus and help people live healthy lives.
This document discusses angina pectoris, including its definition, risk factors, types, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and treatment. Angina pectoris is a clinical syndrome characterized by chest pain or pressure due to insufficient blood flow to the heart. It discusses the three main types of angina - stable, unstable, and variant angina - and their distinguishing features. Treatment focuses on reducing oxygen demand on the heart and includes medications like nitroglycerin, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Nursing care involves health education regarding medication administration and lifestyle modifications.
METHOD OF STERILIZATION IN OPERATION THEATRE.pptxrozilaibrahim3
This document discusses sterilization methods used in hospital operating theatres. It begins by defining sterilization and listing its objectives. It then describes various sterilization categories including physical (thermal/heat, radiation, filtration) and chemical (gaseous, liquid) methods. It focuses on steam/moist heat sterilization using autoclaves as the most common and effective method. It also discusses the roles and responsibilities of the Central Sterile Supply Department and nurses in ensuring sterilized equipment and preventing hospital-acquired infections.
The document discusses body mechanics, which involves coordinated muscle and skeletal movement to maintain balance, posture, and proper alignment during patient handling tasks. It defines the four components of body mechanics as posture, base of support/center of gravity, muscle groups, and lifting technique. The document outlines several principles of proper body mechanics, including maintaining a wide base of support, keeping the line of gravity vertical, and proper body alignment. It also discusses the importance of body mechanics for preventing injuries when assisting patients.
This document defines and describes various patient positioning techniques that are important for nurses to know. It outlines 10 main recumbent positions including supine, prone, Fowler's position and lateral position. It also discusses additional positioning techniques such as Trendelenburg's position, reverse Trendelenburg's, knee chest position and kidney position. Descriptions are provided for each type of positioning, emphasizing that proper positioning of patients is a critical nursing responsibility.
This document discusses proper hand washing techniques for nurses. It notes that hands can harbor dangerous pathogens and proper hand washing following several steps can significantly reduce microorganisms. The steps include removing jewelry, trimming nails, wetting hands, applying soap, scrubbing for 20 seconds, rinsing, and drying hands. Nurses should wash hands before and after contact with patients using the WHO's 5 moments for hand hygiene to prevent the spread of infection.
Heat and cold therapy is slide aims for health sciences nursing students. Its discuss about the purpose , general principle and nurses role in giving cold and heat therapy to the client.
The document discusses the technique for performing a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). It describes what a 12-lead ECG is, its purpose in identifying cardiac abnormalities, proper electrode placement on the limbs and chest, and how to minimize interference during the procedure. The key steps include preparing the patient and equipment, applying electrodes to the limbs and chest in specific locations, recording the ECG, interpreting the results, and cleaning up. Performing a 12-lead ECG provides important cardiac information to identify conditions like arrhythmias, ischemia, and myocardial infarction.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
3. Introduction
Blood transfusions are used for
patients who have experienced
serious injuries from car crashes or
natural disasters. Individuals with an
illness that causes anemia, such as
leukemia or kidney disease, will often
be the recipients of blood transfusions.
M A D A M R O Z I L A I B R A H I M J U L Y 2 0 2 2 3
4. Cont..introduction
Blood transfusions are generally
considered safe, but there is some risk of
complications. Mild complications and
rarely severe ones can occur during the
transfusion or several days or more after.
More common reactions include allergic
reactions, which might cause hives and
itching, and fever.
M A D A M R O Z I L A I B R A H I M J U L Y 2 0 2 2 4
5. Indication
For all of the tested groups, moderate anemia
corresponds to a level of 7.0-9.9 g/dl, while
severe anemia corresponds to a level less than
7.0 g/dl.
A serious injury that's caused major blood loss.
Surgery that's caused a lot of blood loss.
Blood loss after childbirth.
A liver problem that makes your body unable to
create certain blood parts.
A bleeding disorder, such as hemophilia.
M A D A M R O Z I L A I B R A H I M J U L Y 2 0 2 2 5
6. Cont..indication
Anemia has three main causes: blood loss, lack of
red blood cell production, and high rates of red
blood cell destruction. Conditions that may lead to
anemia include: Heavy periods. Pregnancy.
M A D A M R O Z I L A I B R A H I M J U L Y 2 0 2 2 6
7. complication
This normally takes place during or right after
your transfusion, and you'll experience symptoms
like fever, chills, nausea, or pain in your chest or
lower back. Your urine might also come out dark.
Delayed hemolytic reaction: This is similar to an
acute immune hemolytic reaction, but it happens
more gradually.
M A D A M R O Z I L A I B R A H I M J U L Y 2 0 2 2 7
8. Complications
Side-effects could include:
itching, skin rash, fever, or
feeling cold. More serious side
effects such as trouble breathing
are very rare. Blood transfusions
are very carefully matched to
the patient's blood type but
transfused blood is not identical
to your blood
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9. Cont..complications
An acute immune hemolytic reaction is a
very serious, but rare, reaction caused by a
patient's body attacking the transfused red
blood cells. The attack triggers a release of
a substance that damages the kidneys.
This is often the case when the donor
blood is not a proper match with the
patient's blood type.
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10. Transfusion practice guideline from National Blood
Centre , MOH Malaysia
Code of Ethics for Blood Donation and Transfusion from Pusat:
o Donor
o Receipient
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11. Consent for Transfusion pre intervention
The patient must give written informed consent prior to transfusion.
The clinician in charge of the patient shall explain to the patient the
indication, benefits, risks and alternatives to transfusion therapy, and ensure
that the patient understands the issues discussed. The patient should be
given an opportunity to ask questions. The decision of the patient regarding
which therapy to take shall be clearly documented.
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12. Consent for Transfusion pre intervention
If for any reason, the patient is unable to personally give consent, a
responsible family member of the patient shall be asked to do so. If no such
family member is available, or in emergencies when the need for transfusion
leaves no time for consent, the decision shall be made by two fully registered
medical practitioners. This decision shall be clearly documented. Refer to
Appendix 9 for a sample of consent form.
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13. Consent for Transfusion pre intervention
Each hospital shall develop its own policy for obtaining consent for patients
receiving long term transfusion support, example annual consent for
Thalassaemia cases.
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14. Issue and Collection of Blood
Only authorized hospital blood bank personnel shall be allowed to issue blood.
The ward personnel collecting the blood shall bring documentary proof of the
patient’s identity.
The blood compatibility label shall be duly completed by the hospital blood bank
and shall carry at least the following information:
a. Full name of patient. b. Identity card or passport number of patient. c. Hospital
registration number of patient. d. ABO and RhD blood group of patient. e. Unique
pack number (donation barcode number) of the blood product. f. Date of issue. g.
Type of component.
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15. Cont..collecting blood
The authorized hospital blood bank and ward personnel shall verify that the
particulars of patient match those of the blood to be issued.
The authorized hospital blood bank personnel shall record the dates and
times of issue and collection, the name of person issuing and the name of the
person collecting the blood.
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16. Storage and Transport
The ward personnel shall transport the issued blood to the ward or returned
blood to the hospital blood bank without delay. Transportation shall be carried
out in an appropriate temperature.
Issued blood shall be transfused without undue delay. However, in the event
where delay is inevitable, the ward shall maintain the blood at the appropriate
temperatures and condition until they are used or returned to the blood bank
immediately.
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17. Transfusion Process Identification
CheckPrior toTransfusion- FINAL
BEDSIDE CHECK
Each hospital shall establish procedure for carrying out identification checks,
to prevent any error occurring at this final stage before transfusion
commenced. The check shall include the blood bag label, blood compatibility
label, request form, and the patient’s identification.
Each unit of blood supplied by the hospital blood bank shall be appropriately
label and accompanied by a blood compatibility label.
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18. M A D A M R O Z I L A I B R A H I M J U L Y 2 0 2 2 1 8
20. M A D A M R O Z I L A I B R A H I M J U L Y 2 0 2 2 2 0
21. FINAL BEDSIDE CHECK
The blood shall also be checked to ensure that it has not
expired and that it conforms to the following in appearance: a.
No change in colour. b. Absence of clots. c. No foamy
appearance. d. No leakage.
A competent personnel (doctor or paramedic) shall perform all
the steps in, and a second person (doctor or paramedic) shall
countercheck that the steps mentioned have been carried out
correctly. These shall be carried out BEFORE the transfusion.
The checking and the counterchecking shall be documented in
a transfusion checklist form.
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22. FINAL BEDSIDE CHECK
In the event of any discrepancy in the identification check of
intended recipient, blood compatibility label, request form and
blood component, the blood bank shall be immediately
informed. The implicated blood shall be immediately returned to
the blood bank for appropriate measures to be taken. The chain
of custody shall be documented.
DO NOT transfuse if there is any non-compliance to any of the
requirements stated in 10.1.2 to 10.1.6 above
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23. M A D A M R O Z I L A I B R A H I M J U L Y 2 0 2 2 2 3
The patient shall be closely observed and monitored during blood
transfusion.
Parameters to be monitored shall include: a. Blood pressure. b. Pulse
rate. c. Temperature. d. Clinical features of acute transfusion
reactions.
The vital signs shall be monitored and recorded: a. Before starting transfusion.
b. During the transfusion (close observation and monitoring for the first 5 to 10
minutes, and subsequently half hourly and then hourly. Perform vital sign
monitoring every 15 minutes for unconscious patients receiving transfusion). c.
After completion of transfusion.
* The first 50ml of red cells should be transfused slowly as it serves as
an in vitro compatibility testing.
24. M A D A M R O Z I L A I B R A H I M J U L Y 2 0 2 2 2 4
The following information for each transfusion shall
be recorded into the patient’s case note:
a. Type of product transfused. b. Identification of
product transfused (donation barcode number). c.
Times transfusion starts and ends. d. Date of
transfusion. e. Adverse transfusion reaction, if any.
A copy of the blood request form (with clear
compatibility test results from the blood bank) shall
be kept with the patient’s case notes.
25. Duration for Transfusion of Blood
Red cells:
Packed red cells and whole blood should be transfused within 30
minutes of removal from the blood refrigerator. The transfusion of each
unit shall not exceed 4 hours. Note: There is significant risk of bacterial
contamination if a unit of red cells is kept at room temperature for too
long.
Platelets:
Platelets should be transfused as soon as it is received from the hospital
blood bank. The transfusion of each pack should not exceed 30 minutes.
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26. Cont..Duration for Transfusion of Blood
Do not refrigerate platelets. Keep platelets at room temperature (20-
24°c).
Plasma
should be transfused as soon as possible (ASAP) the ward unit is
received from the hospital blood bank. The transfusion should be
carried out at a rate that the patient can tolerate.
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27. Blood Administration Sets
ALL blood and blood components shall be transfused through
a blood administration set containing special IV tubing with an
integrated filter (170 - 260 micron) to remove blood clots and
particles.
A mechanism should exist in the IV setup to allow the
administration of 0.9% NaCl in the event of transfusion
reaction e.g. a “Y” port.
The tubing of the administration set shall be primed with 0.9%
NaCl or with the component itself.
If an administration set has previously been used for the
transfusion of red cells, it shall NOT be used for transfusing
platelets. A fresh transfusion set shall be used.
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