Forensic pharmacy involves applying drug and pharmaceutical sciences to legal issues. Forensic pharmacists work in litigation, regulation, and criminal justice by scrutinizing prescriptions, detecting drug diversion, and monitoring patients for substance abuse. They also give educational presentations on drug abuse prevention. In Pakistan, the first pharmacy program began in 1948 and focused on supplying the pharmaceutical industry and retail pharmacies. Retail pharmacists dispense prescription drugs, advise customers, and manage staff and inventory. Ethical guidelines govern prescription handling, pharmaceutical marketing and sales, research involving human subjects, and ensuring drug access and development benefits humanity.

1. Forensic Pharmacy, Forensic Pharmacist
and Ethics ...
By Dr Duryab Jamil

2. Forensic Pharmacy
❤️
• Forensic pharmacy is the application Of Drug sciences
to legal issues.
• Domain of forensic pharmacy includes Clinical,
Distributive, Administrative Aspects of Pharmacy, and
the Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences.
• It overlaps with many other forensic fields.

3.  Engage in work relating to litigation, the regulatory process, and the
criminal justice system.
 Examples (INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE):
 Scrutinize a prescription for possible forgery.
 Detect and prevent drug diversion.
 Monitor patients for signs of substance abuse.
 Pharmacists in drug utilization review programs for state Medicaid
programs have fraud detection responsibilities.
 Nuclear pharmacists may serve as radiation safety officers for their
organizations.
 Pharmacists in hospitals and academia may serve on Institutional
Review Boards which protect the rights of human subjects.
 Many pharmacists give presentations about drugs of abuse to
elementary and high school students with the intent of discouraging
illegal use of drugs.
Forensic Pharmacist👩⚕️❤️

4.  Locally Perspective
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 Import, export, manufacture, storage, distribution and sale of
drugs.
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 Drug Testing Laboratory.
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 Pharmaceutical care, selection, posology, counselling, dispensing,
use, administration, prescription monitoring,
pharmacoepidemiology, therapeutic goods information and poison
control, Pharmacovigilance, Pharmacoeconomics, storage, sales,
procurement, forecasting, supply chain management, distribution,
drug utilization evaluation, drug utilization review, formulary based
drug utilization and managing therapeutic goods at all levels
including pharmacy, clinic, medical store, hospital or medical
institution

 Medicine Procurement Process, review inclusion of essential
medicines in the list, help and monitor selection of quality
medicines and their rational use in the health institution .

5. History of Drug Legalisation in Pakistan
💚
 1st Pharmacy Professional course start by Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy (PCP), North America 1821, two-year professional course.
 In Europe, the first degree in pharmacy (BSc Pharmacy) was offered by
Manchester University in 1904.
 In 19s, Americans took initiatives to incorporate the role of the pharmacist
into direct patient care and in the 1960s the PharmD programme existed
as a post-bachelor degree in America. Those attaining a BPharm degree
will be allowed to do clinical practice only if they have a PharmD
qualification with one to three years of optional residency.
 In 1990, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) and
Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education mandated that a doctor
with a pharmacy degree would be the new first-professional degree which
is essential to practice in the United States of America

6.  Historical records reveal that the first pharmacy in the
subcontinent was founded in 1863 when the late Sheikh
Nabi Buksh, in Gujrat started a general store with a
pharmacy.
 After the independence of Pakistan (14 August 1947), the
University of Punjab became the first institution to develop
a Pharmacy Department in Pakistan in 1948.
 The University of Karachi and Gomal University followed
this pursuit.
 The first pharmacy programme was a three-year bachelor’s
programme which was then extended to four years in 1978-
1979.
 The initial goal of the programme was to produce
pharmacists to fulfil the needs of the pharmaceutical
industry, retail shops & community Pharmacies.

7. Retail pharmacists are responsible for dispensing and controlling both
prescription and non-prescription medicine. They also advise customers on
general healthcare. Retail pharmacists must work to legal and ethical guidelines.
Employment as a retail pharmacist involves:
 providing advice about health issues, symptoms and medications in response to customer enquiries
 recruiting, training and managing staff
 processing prescriptions and dispensing medication
 ordering and selling medicines and other stock
 meeting medical representatives
 managing budgets
 keeping statistical and financial records
 preparing publicity materials and displays
 marketing services
 Some evening and weekend work may be required.
Typical employers of retail pharmacists
 Independent pharmacies
 Supermarket pharmacies
 Pharmacy chains
Prescription handling at retail level 📋 🌸

8. Pharmaceutical Ethics 💜
An ethical pharmaceutical product is only sold by a pharmacists when it
has been approved by a written medical prescription from a registered
medical practitioner. At present, ethical pharmaceuticals, market is
highly profitable as well as a risky market venture.
The ethical principles that must adhere to are
1. justice,
2. Beneficence,
3. Nonmaleficence,
4. Accountability,
5. Fidelity,
6. Autonomy,
7. Veracity.

9. Ethics in Sales 🌸
The ethics involved within pharmaceutical sales is
built from the organizational ethics, which is a
matter of system compliance, accountability and
culture. Organizational ethics are used when
developing the marketing and sales strategy to
both the public and the healthcare profession of
the strategy.Organizational ethics are best
demonstrated through acts of fairness,
compassion, integrity, honor, and responsibility.

10. Ethics in industry 🌸
The pharmaceutical industry is a unique and
significant component of the international economy. It
faces ethical issues distinct from other industries. As
such, policies ought to encourage companies in this
industry to keep drug prices low and to develop new
treatments for humanitarian rather than pure profit
motives.

11. Research ethics govern the standards of conduct for
scientific researchers. It is important to adhere to
ethical principles in order to protect the dignity, rights
and welfare of research participants. Discussion of the
ethical principles of beneficence, justice and autonomy
are central to ethical review.
 Five principles for research ethics
1. Discuss intellectual property frankly.
2. Be conscious of multiple roles.
3. Follow informed-consent rules.
4. Respect confidentiality and privacy.
5. Tap into ethics resources.ficence
Ethics in Research 🌸