This document discusses gene cloning and its applications. It begins by defining gene cloning as making many identical copies of a particular gene that has been extracted from an organism. It then describes the two main methods of cloning genes - cell-based DNA cloning using restriction enzymes and cell-free DNA cloning using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Examples are given of commercially important cloned crops including Flavr Savr tomato, golden rice, Bt cotton, and Bt brinjal. The document concludes by outlining some biotechnological applications of gene cloning in medicine, including producing protein pharmaceuticals, vaccines, gene therapy, and stem cell research.