IMP POINTS ABOUT THE TOPICS FOR PG PREPARATION

1. Compiled by Dr.karthik

2. The biomedical waste management and handling rules- 1998
Proposed under environmental protection act- 1986[ sec
6,8,25}
Five schedules
1--- categories of bmw,treatment and disposal
2----color coding and type of container for bmw disposal
3----labels of bmw containers/bags
4---- labels for transport of bmw containers/bags
5---- standards for treatment and disposal of bmw
According to sch 2 – following categories donot require
containers for disposal
1. Liqiud waste
2. Chemical waste
3. Microbiological and biotecnological waste

3. category BMW
1] HUMAN ANATOMICAL WASTE
2] ANIMAL WASTE
3] MICROBIO/BIOTECHNGY WASTE
4] SHARP WASTE
5] MEDICINE WASTE/CYTOTOXIC DRUGS
6] SOILED WASTE
7] SOLID WASTE
8] LIQUID WASTE
9] INCINERATION ASH
10] CHEMICAL WASTE

4. COLOR
CODING
[1998]
COLOR
CODING[2011
]
CATEGORY
[1998]
CATEGORY
[2011]
YELLOW YELLOW 1,2,3,6 1,2,5,6
RED RED 3,6,7 3,4,7
BLUE/WHITE
TRANSLUCE
NT
BLUE 4,7 8
BLACK BLACK 5,9,10 MUNICIPAL
WASTE

5. BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES – 2015
COLOR
CODING
CATEGORY
YELLOW 1,2,3,5,6,8
WHITE[TRANSL
UCENT]
4
RED 7
BLUE GLASS[ BROKEN,DISCARDED
Red bags should not be incinerated as they contain cadmium
Waste types not to be incinerated—
I. Pressurised gas containers
II. Reactive chemical waste
III. Silver/radiographic/photographic waste
IV. Halogenated plastics
V. Wastes with high mercury/cadmium content
VI. Sealed ampoules ,ampoules with heavy metals

6. TREATMENT METHODS
Inertization– mixing before disposal to decrease toxic risk
Mostly for pharma and incerination ash
65%- pharma waste
15%- lime
15%- cement
5%- water
Incineration is a high temperature dry oxidation process,doesnot
Require pretreatment,disadvantage smoke
Autoclave- 121c to 135c
Hot air oven– 160c

7. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disaster--- term by colin grant
Catastrope with injury or illness to atleast 30 people
For every one registed disaster---- 20 unacknowledged emergencies
might
Have taken place
World disaster reduction day----2nd wed of october
m.C disease in post diaster phase--- GE
Practically most effective stategy post diaster- -- supplying safe
drinking water
And proper disposal of excreta
Foremost step in disease prevention--- chlorination of all water
bodies
Five stages of a diaster
I. Diaster impact and response
II. Stage of health and medical relief
III. Rehabilitation
IV. Mitigation
V. Diaster preparedness

8. Diaster impact and response-----
Search ,rescue and first aid
Field care
Triage
Tagging
Identification of dead
Stage of health and medical relief------
Primary phase[0-6hrs]- first aid,medical care
Secondary follow up phase[6-24hrs]- transportation,sanitation and
immu
nization
Tertiary clean up phase[1-60 days]–
food,clothing,shelter,rehabilitation,employment

9. Rehabilitation– water,sanitation,food safety,vector control
Triage
Uses four colour code system
1. Red- highest priority—immediate resuscitaion of limb /life saving surgery
in nxt 6 hrs
2. yellow[high priority]– possible resuscitation of limb/live saving surgery in
nxt 24 hrs
3.Green – low priority – minor illness
4. black– least priority- dead or moribound pts
--- pts with exposure to contaminants should be tagged ---- BLUE
triage of three types
1] simple triage
2]rapid triage-- START
3]reverse triage

10. Bhopal gas tragedy– 3rd sep 1984
Chernobyl explosion- i131,cs 134,cs 137, sr 90- level
7 on international nuclear event scale
Fukushima daichii tragedy– 11 march 2011–
i131,cs134,cs137– second diaster with level 7 grade

11. Genetics

12. Eugenics – francis galton------improving human hereditary traits by genetic
Manipulation----[GENES]
Positive eugenics- increase reproduction in genetically advantaged
Negative eugenics- lowering fertility of geneticaaly disadvantaged
Euthenics – improvement by altering external factors –[environment]
Dysgenetics – genetic deterioration in a population relative to their
environment
Hardy weinberg law
Genotypes are constant in a population from generation to generation unless
specific
Disturbing influences are introduced
Hw law--- genetic equilibrium is basic principle of population genetics
And human population is always static
Hw law fails in----
i. Small and dynamic populations
ii. Random mating
iii. New mutations,genetic drift,gene flow
iv. Assortive mating
v. Migaration
vi. Natural selection

13. Mendelian disease inheritance
1] autosomal dominent –
a) Achondroplasia
b) Huntington chorea
c) Neurofibromatosis
d) Familial polyposis coli
e) Marfans syndrome
f) Retinoblastoma
g) Abo blood grp system
h) Hyperlipoproteinemia
i) Polycystic kidney
j) Hereditery spherocytosis
2] autosomal recessive-
a) Albinism
b) Phenylketonuria
c) Tay sachs disease
d) Alkaptonuria
e) Cystic fibrosis
f) Galactosemia
g) Hemoglobinopathies
h) Maple syrup urine disease
i) Megacolon[hirschsprung disease

14. Xlinked dominent
a)Vit d resistant rickets
b)Blood grp xg
c) Familial hypophoshatemia
Xlined recessive
a)Hemophilia type a & b
b)Ducchennes muscular dystrophy
c) Color blindness
d)G6pd deficiency
e) Hydrocephalus
f) Retinitis pigmentosa

15. Human genome project
Primary goal- determine the sequence of chemical base
pairs which make up dna
Began in 1990- james d.watson
Essentially complete genome in april 2003
22,000 to 23,000 genes in human genome

16. Mental health
I. Prevalance of neuropsychiatric diseses- 10%
II. Mcc of dalys lost- unipolar depressive disorders
III. Mcc of deaths- alzheimers and other dementias
IV. Mental morbidity in india- 18-20/1000

17. Intelligent quotient
Binet & simon--- first intelligence tests
Sterns iq test- mental age/chr age x 100
WAIS[Wechsler adult intelligence scale
Mean iq is 100 and standard deviation is 15
Who categorization of mental retardation
Mental status Iq range
normal 70 and above
Mild mr 50-69
Moderate mr 35-49
Severe mr 21-34
Profound mr 20 and below