This document summarizes a study that examined genetic polymorphisms in genes related to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) pathway in type 2 diabetes patients from the Mewari population in Udaipur, India. The study genotyped 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 111 Mewari individuals, including 50 with type 2 diabetes and 61 healthy controls. Several clinical characteristics differed significantly between the two groups. The study found no significant associations between the gene polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes risk, except for one polymorphism in the AGT gene which showed a significant association under a recessive genetic model.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Effect of naringenin on 3 np induced huntington’s disease like symptoms by es...IJARIIT
The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Naringenin, a flavonoid on 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-
induced Huntington’s disease like symptoms by estimations of motor co-ordination and behavioral parameters. 3-NP is an
irreversible inhibitor of complex II in the mitochondria. 3-NP-induced neurodegeneration has been widely used as an animal
model of Huntington’s disease (HD). It replicates the pathology of HD by causing oxidative stress. Naringenin is a polyphenolic
compound, a bioflavonoid, known to have a neuroprotective effect in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. In the present study,
the neuroprotective effect of Naringenin on 3-NP induced oxidative stress in the rat was determined by behavioral parameters.
Rats were induced with 3-NP (15 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 21 days and rats induced with 3-NP were treated with Naringenin
(25mg/kg and 75mg/kg) for 21 days. 3-NP caused a decline in motor function in the neurological score, locomotor activity, and
impaired rotarod activity. Naringenin treatment significantly improved grip strength indicating an improvement in motor
performance, alterations in % spontaneous alternations. These findings suggest the antioxidant potential of Naringenin
flavonoid against 3-Nitropionic acid induced neurotoxicity. However, more investigations are required to elucidate the cellular
mechanisms of Naringenin against 3-Nitropropionic acid induced Huntington’s disease like symptoms.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Effect of naringenin on 3 np induced huntington’s disease like symptoms by es...IJARIIT
The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Naringenin, a flavonoid on 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-
induced Huntington’s disease like symptoms by estimations of motor co-ordination and behavioral parameters. 3-NP is an
irreversible inhibitor of complex II in the mitochondria. 3-NP-induced neurodegeneration has been widely used as an animal
model of Huntington’s disease (HD). It replicates the pathology of HD by causing oxidative stress. Naringenin is a polyphenolic
compound, a bioflavonoid, known to have a neuroprotective effect in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. In the present study,
the neuroprotective effect of Naringenin on 3-NP induced oxidative stress in the rat was determined by behavioral parameters.
Rats were induced with 3-NP (15 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 21 days and rats induced with 3-NP were treated with Naringenin
(25mg/kg and 75mg/kg) for 21 days. 3-NP caused a decline in motor function in the neurological score, locomotor activity, and
impaired rotarod activity. Naringenin treatment significantly improved grip strength indicating an improvement in motor
performance, alterations in % spontaneous alternations. These findings suggest the antioxidant potential of Naringenin
flavonoid against 3-Nitropionic acid induced neurotoxicity. However, more investigations are required to elucidate the cellular
mechanisms of Naringenin against 3-Nitropropionic acid induced Huntington’s disease like symptoms.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Central Adiposity and Mortality after First-Ever Acute Ischemic StrokeErwin Chiquete, MD, PhD
Erwin Chiquete a José L. Ruiz-Sandoval c Luis Murillo-Bonilla e
Carolina León-Jiménez g Bertha Ruiz-Madrigal d, f Erika Martínez-López d, f
Sonia Román d, f Arturo Panduro d, f Alma Ramos b Carlos Cantú-Brito
Background: The waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) may be a better
adiposity measure than the body mass index (BMI). We
evaluated the prognostic performance of WHtR in patients
with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods: First, we compared
WHtR and BMI as adiposity measures in 712 healthy
adults by tetrapolar bioimpedance analysis. Thereafter,
baseline WHtR was analyzed as predictor of 12-month allcause
mortality in 821 Mexican mestizo adults with first-ever
AIS by a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for baseline
predictors. Results: In healthy individuals, WHtR correlated
higher than BMI with total fat mass and showed a higher
accuracy in identifying a high percentage of body fat (p <
0.01). In AIS patients a U-shaped relationship was observed
between baseline WHtR and mortality (fatality rate 29.1%).
On multivariate analysis, baseline WHtR ≤ 0.300 or >0.800 independently
predicted 12-month all-cause mortality (h
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Study of serum magnesium and fasting blood glucose in hypertensioniosrjce
A study was carried out to determine the fasting blood glucose and serum magnesium levels in
patients with hypertension. A total of 80 hypertensive patients were evaluated, of which, 58 were males and 22
were females. The mean ages of male and female hypertensive subjects were 48.06±6.53 and 50.83±7.62
respectively. Hypomagnesemia was observed in 61.25% subjects and raised fasting blood glucose was identified
in 55.1% of individuals. Therefore occurrence of low serum magnesium and raised blood sugar level in patients
with hypertension was observed
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
A stochastic modeling of biological systems is crucial to effectively and efficiently developing treatments for medical conditions that plague humanity. The study of challenge tests designed to evaluate serotoninergic pathways have widely used intravenous citalopram. Oral citalopram has also been used, but unsatisfactory results were obtained with a dose of 20 mg. We evaluated cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin levels and determine whether a higher oral dose would reproduce similar to those described for intravenous administration. Under the assumption that the threshold level of cortisol is a random variable follows exponentiated modified weibull distribution. The survival function of cortisol and its p.d.f are derived.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Central Adiposity and Mortality after First-Ever Acute Ischemic StrokeErwin Chiquete, MD, PhD
Erwin Chiquete a José L. Ruiz-Sandoval c Luis Murillo-Bonilla e
Carolina León-Jiménez g Bertha Ruiz-Madrigal d, f Erika Martínez-López d, f
Sonia Román d, f Arturo Panduro d, f Alma Ramos b Carlos Cantú-Brito
Background: The waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) may be a better
adiposity measure than the body mass index (BMI). We
evaluated the prognostic performance of WHtR in patients
with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods: First, we compared
WHtR and BMI as adiposity measures in 712 healthy
adults by tetrapolar bioimpedance analysis. Thereafter,
baseline WHtR was analyzed as predictor of 12-month allcause
mortality in 821 Mexican mestizo adults with first-ever
AIS by a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for baseline
predictors. Results: In healthy individuals, WHtR correlated
higher than BMI with total fat mass and showed a higher
accuracy in identifying a high percentage of body fat (p <
0.01). In AIS patients a U-shaped relationship was observed
between baseline WHtR and mortality (fatality rate 29.1%).
On multivariate analysis, baseline WHtR ≤ 0.300 or >0.800 independently
predicted 12-month all-cause mortality (h
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Study of serum magnesium and fasting blood glucose in hypertensioniosrjce
A study was carried out to determine the fasting blood glucose and serum magnesium levels in
patients with hypertension. A total of 80 hypertensive patients were evaluated, of which, 58 were males and 22
were females. The mean ages of male and female hypertensive subjects were 48.06±6.53 and 50.83±7.62
respectively. Hypomagnesemia was observed in 61.25% subjects and raised fasting blood glucose was identified
in 55.1% of individuals. Therefore occurrence of low serum magnesium and raised blood sugar level in patients
with hypertension was observed
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
A stochastic modeling of biological systems is crucial to effectively and efficiently developing treatments for medical conditions that plague humanity. The study of challenge tests designed to evaluate serotoninergic pathways have widely used intravenous citalopram. Oral citalopram has also been used, but unsatisfactory results were obtained with a dose of 20 mg. We evaluated cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin levels and determine whether a higher oral dose would reproduce similar to those described for intravenous administration. Under the assumption that the threshold level of cortisol is a random variable follows exponentiated modified weibull distribution. The survival function of cortisol and its p.d.f are derived.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hemorheological indexes, living habits, medical history and genetics factor are primary risk factors in Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). In the present study the relation of all factors to the severity of CHD was examined. The data of 282 patients (mean age: 60±9 years) diagnosed with CHD and 229 healthy controls (mean age: 59±7 years) from Wenzhou Medical University were analyzed.
The study to measure the level of serum annexin V in patients with renal hype...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : Renovascular hypertension reflects the causal relation between anatomically evident arterial occlusive disease and elevated blood pressure. The coexistence of renal arterial vascular disease and hypertension roughly defines this type of nonessential hypertension. The aim of this study was to measure the level of serum Anti-Annexin V antibodies in patients with renal hypertension. Methods. This study was conducted on 115 patients, diagnosed with renal hypertension and hypertension. Informed consents were obtained from the patients and the study was approved by the Kharkiv National Medical University ethics committee. Ten healthy age and sex matched volunteers were included as a control group. All patients and controls were subjected to the following full history taking and thorough clinical examination. Routine laboratory testing included a complete blood count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and kidney function tests (blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine). Immunological tests for antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anticentromere antibodies (ACA) was performed by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. AntiScl-70 (anti-topoisomerase antibodies) and anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA: IgG and IgM) were tested using the ELISA technique. The anti-annexin V antibodies titre used the ZYMUTEST anti-Annexin IgG ELISA kit. [Hyphen-BioMed, France.]: to measure the IgG isotype of auto-antibodies to annexin V in human serum. Results. Anti-annexin V antibodies were present in 75% of patients (mean 83.46 ± 22.44 AU/mL) vs. 0% in the controls (mean 3.94 ± 4.5 AU/mL). Comparison between patients and controls as regards levels of anti-annexin V showed a highly significant difference (P < 0.001). Furthermore, correlation of anti-annexin V titres with the disease activity score in the patient group showed a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.51, P < 0.05).In addition, the anti-annexin V antibody titres in this study showed a highly significant positive correlation with ACL antibodies (r = 0.74, P < 0.001). Patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) have been known to have a higher frequency of anti-annexin V antibodies, and thrombotic events have been reported more frequently in patients with positive anti-annexin V antibodies. Furthermore, inhibition of annexin V binding to negatively charged phospholipids may be an additional pathogenic mechanism of APS.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
A Study on Biomarkers in a Spatially Distributed Type – 2 Diabetes mellitus G...IOSRJPBS
Diabetes, a dreaded disease already ravaged a huge population worldwide, whether it is inherited through generations or invited by the people by their uncontrolled way of life is still obscure. Biomarkers assay is a boon to the diseased to opt proper prophylactic measures to curb or eradicate diseases. The elevated levels of various biomarkers related to inflammation of vital organs, liver function, kidney function and other vital parameters in our diabetic cases reveals the extent of organ(s) damage in these subjects. It is also evident that the levels of various biomarkers are similar in our diabetic subjects, irrespective of their habits or habitats.
Background: One of the commonest complications of poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is Diabetic nephropathy (DN), which occurs in 30-40% of DM cases. It is important to identify the high-risk group who are likely to develop DN with the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This study had the objectives to estimate and correlate the levels of the urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) with age, anthropometric measures, glycaemic control markers, lipids, and renal function. To estimate each variable as independent and multivariate risk factors.
Materials and Methods: It was an observational and cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care center in Eastern India. Totally, 221 consecutive ambulatory T2DM subjects were recruited after obtaining their written consent.
Results: The diabetics were classified as having diabetic nephropathy by the urine albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) of >30 mg/gm. 53.4% of our study group had DN. There was a significant risk associated with PPBS with p=0.043 (<0.05), serum creatinine with p=0.032 (<0.05), and urine albumin with p=0.0001 (<0.001). In the multivariate regression analysis of all these variables, there was a highly significant likelihood ratio for predicting DN with p=0.0001 (<0.001) with a predictive value of 74.5% in females and 75% in males.
Conclusion: The additive factors contributed by the risk factors in the prediction of DN will benefit the DM in the prevention of DN.
Keywords: diabetic nephropathy, risk factors, diabetic kidney disease, Asian Indian
Association of cardio metabolic risk factors, serum nitric oxide metabolite a...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Evaluation of POSSUM scoring system in patients with perforation peritonitis ...Kundan Singh
Background: Continuous audit of clinical practice is an essential part of making improvements in medicine and
enhancing patient care. Recently, physiological and operative severity score for the enumeration of mortality and
morbidity (POSSUM) scores has been developed, which would help to identify those patients who are at increased
risk of developing complications and deaths. This scoring system is based on 12 physiological characteristics of
patient and 6 characteristics of the surgery performed.
Methods: This study was done in Department of surgery at Patna medical college, Patna, Bihar, India from April
2014 to October 2015 on 100 patients. Physiological variables were collected prior to induction of anesthesia and
operative variable collected during operation chi-square test was used for expected and actual mortality differences.
Results: In present study 100 patients of peritonitis due to different cause of intestinal perforation were studied.
Comparison of observed and POSSUM predicted mortality and morbidity rates were done. Observed to expect
mortality and morbidity ratio was 1.005 and 1.001 respectively and there was no statistically significant difference
between the predicted and observed values.
Conclusions: This study confirms and validates the findings of previous work that POSSUM is an accurate and
reliable tool for estimating in-hospital mortality.
A comparative analysis of biochemical and hematological parameters in diabeti...amsjournal
This study evaluated the biochemical and the hematological parameters in diabetic and non- diabetic patients. The measured biochemical parameters were fasting blood sugar, serum alanine aminotransferase (SGPT/ALT), total cholesterol, urea, creatinine and hematological parameters were hemoglobin, total white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte,monocyte, eosinophil and ESR. There were 403 diabetic and 320 non-diabetic subjects included in this study and the study was carried out in BIRDEM (Bangladesh Institute of Research & Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders) General Hospital). It was observed that the mean values of SGPT/ALT (p<0.001),><0.001)><0.001)><0.001),><0.004),><0.001) of hematological parameters were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in the non-diabetic patients. In univariate analysis, all biochemical parameters and only four hematological parameters were found significantly associated with fasting blood sugar after adjusted with age and sex. The fasting blood sugar correlates highly with the other biochemical parameters but less or none with the hematological parameters. Our findings demonstrated that control of increased biochemical parameters and abnormal hematological levels in the early stage of diabetes mellitus may help the patients to raise quality of life.
Does Type of Dialysis Affect BNP in Fluid Overload Patients?Premier Publishers
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) levels are important as predictors of heart failure in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (PD). Twenty-four HD patients and 35 PD patients were included in the study. Each patient underwent an echocardiographic examination besides the determination of BNP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy). BNP, left ventricular mass (LVM), left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and Hcy levels were significantly higher in HD group (p<0.05); hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in PD group (p=0.029). Predialysis BNP was significantly higher than the postdialysis BNP (p=0.003). There was a significant correlation between LVMI and BNP in PD (r=0.527, p=0.009) and predialysis BNP in HD (r=0.417, p=0.043) groups. In conclusion, BNP levels were found to be significantly correlated with LVMI in HD and PD patients. Hemodialysis patients had higher BNP and LVMI levels. This may be due to the hemodynamic changes which occur with the hemodialysis.
Objective(s):
There is a rising use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in goods and in the medical fields but there is concern about the toxicity of them. So in this study spherical AuNPs with 3 different concentrations were applied for investigating their effects in vivo.
Materials and Methods:
40 male albino mice were randomly divided into sham, control, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm groups and were treated by intraperitoneal injection for period of 14 days. Blood was taken for measuring of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGOT and SGPT) enzyme levels and Complete Blood Count (CBC).
Results:
After the treatment and comparing groups with sham group, in 50 ppm group significant increases on RBC, HCT, HGB, MCHC and in 25 ppm group significant increase on MCHC and significant decrease on MCV and in 100 ppm group significant increase on MCHC were observed. Also in 50 ppm group an increase on SGOT enzyme level was observed. However, it was nonsignificant.
Conclusion:
By observing the abnormality on the RBC count and SGOT enzyme level in the 50 ppm group, we concluded a slight toxicity effect for AuNPs and the threat potential of their use in human.
1. Contents lists available at BioMedSciDirect Publications
Journal homepage: www.biomedscidirect.com
International Journal of Biological & Medical Research
Int J Biol Med Res. 2013; 4(2): 3128-3134
Renin- Angiotensin- Aldosterone System gene polymorphisms in Type 2 Diabetic
patientsamongtheMewaripopulationofRajasthan.
a b c d e
Pulakes Purkait , Prem Chand Suthar ; Vijay Kumar Purohit ; J. M. Naidu ; B.N. Sarkar
a
DNA laboratory unit, Anthropological Survey of India, WRC, Udaipur- 313001, Rajasthan, India
b
Bhupalpura Govt. Dispensary, N road, Bhupalpura, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
c
Department of Anthropology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
d
Anthropological Survey of India, 27 J.N. Road, Kolkata 700016, India
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords:
Diabetes
Mewari population
Polymorphism
RAAS
Original Article
Aim: Diabetes is the one of the most serious health problems of modern times and India is the
top most country with the highest number of individuals affected with type 2diabetes and an
extremely limited data on the genetics of diabetes in the Indian populations is available. In this
context the aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution of RAAS pathway genes
polymorphism and its relationship with Type 2 Diabetes patients in Mewari population.
Methods: The present study examined the prevalence of RAAS gene polymorphism among 111
Mewari individuals from Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Among them 50 individuals belong to type
2 diabetic (T2DM) and 61 healthy controls. Isolated DNA samples from the studied subjects
were genotyped using PCR-RFLP methods. Result: There was a significant difference in age,
gender, SBP, BMI, glucose, GGT, urea, creatinine, LDL and total protein between T2DM and
Control subjects (p <0.05). The minor allele frequency of RAAS pathway gene polymorphism
AGT (rs4762), REN (rs41317140), ACE (rs4646994), AGTR1 (rs5186), CYP11B2 (rs1799998)
in T2DM patients (T2DM) are found to be 0.18, 0.20, 0.41, 0.05 and 0.30 respectively. The allele
frequencies of the same polymorphisms among the normal controls are found to be 0.13, 0.16,
0.48, 0.10 and 0.40 respectively. The general associations were not found in significant result
(p> 0.05). Conclusion: The study found that no association of RAAS gene polymorphisms with
increased risk of type 2 diabetes among the Mewari population except rs4762. The AGT
(rs4762)wasassociatedatrecessivemodel(p=0.038).
BioMedSciDirect
Publications
International Journal of
BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH
www.biomedscidirect.comInt J Biol Med Res
Volume 3, Issue 1, Jan 2012
Copyright 2010 BioMedSciDirect Publications. All rights reserved.c
* Corresponding Author : Dr. B.N. Sarkar
Anthropological Survey of India,
27 J.N. Road, Kolkata 700016, India
Email: diabetes.wrc@gmail.com
1. Introduction
Copyright 2010 BioMedSciDirect Publications IJBMR - All rights reserved.ISSN: 0976:6685.c
Diabetes is a common and complex metabolic disorder in
modern time and caused by a combination of genes and
environmental factors. Multiple genetic factors including those not
underlying diabetes can contribute to the development of
complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy
and most common complication of diabetes is hypertension.
Hypertension increases with decreasing renal function [1] and is a
risk factor for the development of ESRD [2-3]. This results from an
activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and
the RAAS may [4] predispose to the development of renal failure
and [5] promote a more rapid loss of glomerular filtration rate in
patients suffering from renal diseases. The renin -angiotensin
system (RAS) plays major roles in blood pressure regulation and
electrolyte metabolism [6] and pivotal roles in the pathophysiology
of cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic conditions [7-8]. Genetic
variantsofthissystemhavebeendevelopedtotesttheirassociation
with cardiovascular and renal conditions. Clinical evidence
suggests that the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is
associated with the etiology of type 2 diabetes [9 – 11]. Among the
candidate genes of RAAS the Renin (REN), Angiotensinogen (AGT),
Angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE), Angiotensin II type1
receptor (AGT1R) and aldosterone synthase gene (CYP11B2) are of
particularinterest.
Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the
distribution of RAAS pathway genes polymorphism and its
relationshipwithType2DiabetespatientsinMewaripopulation.In
this work, we aimed at investigation the association of REN
2. Pulakes Purkait et.al Int J Biol Med Res. 2013; 4(2): 3128-3134
3129
(rs41317140), AGT (rs4762), AGTR1 (rs5186), ACE (rs4646994),
CYP11B2 (rs1799998) genetic markers and common
anthropometric and clinical factors with type 2 diabetes among the
Mewari population of Udaipur city of Rajasthan.
The present study on RAAS pathway genes polymorphisms
were carried out among 111 Mewari populations both sex,
consisting of 50 Type 2 Diabetes patients (T2DM) and 61 healthy
controls in and around Udaipur city of Rajasthan. Registered
patients were recruited from Bhupalpura Govt. Dispensary,
Udaipur and a detailed medical history of each patient was
recorded accordingly. The detection of Type 2 diabetes was based
on physician's recommendation. The healthy unrelated controls
were randomly selected and recruited from local community
centers. 10 ml of venous blood (6 ml was drawn into EDTA tube for
genetic analyses and 4 ml was drawn into serum tube for
biochemistry analysis) was collected from the participants by using
sterilized disposable blood collection kits. Prior to the recruitment
of subjects the ethical committee clearance was obtained from the
respective medical institutions and accordingly informed consent
wasobtainedfromalltheparticipants.
Anthropometric measurements and indices were taken in each
subject, using standard methodology. Clinical data included
information of duration of diabetes, presence of any complication,
history of other disorders, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic
blood pressure. Anthropometric data, weight (kg), and Height (cm),
were obtained to calculate body mass index (BMI) using the
formula, weight (kg)/ [height (m2)]. The blood pressure was
measuredontherightarmofthesubjectsusinganautomatedblood
pressure monitor (Omron, Japan) by seated and rested for 15
minutes. Blood glucose was measure using the Breez 2 glucometer
(bloodglucosemonitor).
4 ml of venous blood samples were drawn in the morning.
Thereafter, the blood samples were centrifuged, serum were
separated, collected and stored at -86°C until further analysis. All
laboratory measurements were conducted at the DNA Laboratory
in the Anthropological Survey of India, Western Regional Centre,
Udaipur. The serum levels of GPT, GOT, GGT, Urea, Creatinine, Uric
Acid, triglycerides(TG), total cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol (HDL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL),
Chloride, albumin and total Protein (TP) were measured
enzymatically on a Fully auto analyzer EM360 ( TRANSASIA with
kitssuppliedbyTRANSASIABIOMEDICALLTD).
Approximately6mlofvenousbloodwasdrawnfromeachofthe
subjects in EDTA vials and genomic DNA was extracted from whole
fresh blood using standard salting out method using phenol-
chloroform [12]. Five polymorphisms from five genes namely ACE (
I/D;rs4646994),AGT(T174M;rs4762),AGTR1(A1166C;rs5186)
, CYP11B2 ( T -344C; rs1799998) , REN (C -4063 T; rs41317140)
were chosen for genotyping using the polymerase chain
reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)
analysis using the primers and details of which are presented in
Table 1. All reaction were performed with 20 pmol of each primer
in a final volume of 10μl containing 50ng of genomic DNA, 10X Taq
PCR buffer, 25 mM MgCl2 ,100 mM of each dNTPs and 1 U/uL of Taq
polymerase. Electrophoreses of PCR products and digested PCR
products were resolved on 2- 3% agarose gel stained with ethidium
bromideanddirectlyvisualizedinUVlight.
Data were analyzed using statistical package for Social Sciences
statistical software (SPSS Version 16, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Data
were presented as mean ± SD and comparison between T2DM and
Control and among group were analyzed by the independent-
sample T tests and one way ANOVA and cross tab analysis
respectively.
Genotype and Allele frequencies were calculated for the SNPs
and tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and allelic association
with disease (χ2-test, exact tests, and Fisher- model tests) using
PLINK (http://pngu.mgh.harvard.edu/~purcell/plink/) [18]. For
comparing the allelic distributions between study groups the odds
ratio(OR)with95%confidenceinterval(CI)werealsocalculated.A
levelofP<0.05wasassumedstatisticalsignificance.
The anthropometric measurement and clinical characteristics
of the subjects are presented in the Table 2. Significant differences
were found between T2DM and Control SBP (p = 0.000) , BMI (p =
0.043), glucose (p = 0.000), GGT (p = 0.022), urea (p = 0.001 ),
creatinine(p=0.000),LDL(p=0.045),TP(p=0.044),whiletheage,
height, weight, DBP, GPT, GOT, uric acid, triglyceride, cholesterol,
HDL,chlorideand albumindidnotreachstatisticalsignificance.
3.2.Primaryinformation,distributionanddifferentmodeltests
of selected SNPs of the Renin - Angiotensin – Aldosterone system
pathwaygenes
PrimaryinformationandallelefrequenciesoftheselectedSNPs
of the renin - angiotensin – aldosterone system pathway genes are
presented in Table 3. All the genotype distributions in these study
groups were consistent with Hardy – Weinberg equilibrium
expectation (p > 0.05). Allelic frequencies of all polymorphisms did
not show any difference between T2DM and Control subjects of
Mewari population of Udaipur city. The associations were further
verified through different Fisher models test to confirm which of
these5modelbestpredicttheassociationsatmicrolevel(Table4).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Anthropometric and Physical measurements
3.1.Baseline characteristics of the subjects
2.3. Biochemical analysis
2.4. Genotype assessment
2.5. Statistical analysis
3.Results
4. 3131
Table 3: Summary statistical analysis of RAAS genes by General association and HWE
Table 4: Summary statistical analysis of RAAS pathway genes by Fisher – Model Tests
(CHR= Chromosome, MAF = Minor allele frequency, * Significant at the P <0.05 level)
* Significant at the P<0.05 level
4. Discussion
1
1
17
3
8
1
1
3
8
17
rs4762
rs41317140
rs4646994
rs5186
rs1799998
rs4762
rs41317140
rs5186
rs1799998
rs4646994
T
T
C
C
D
C
C
A
T
I
GENO
TREND
ALLELIC
DOM
REC
GENO
TREND
ALLELIC
DOM
REC
GENO
TREND
ALLELIC
DOM
REC
GENO
TREND
ALLELIC
DOM
REC
GENO
TREND
ALLELIC
DOM
REC
4/10/36
18/82
18/82
14/36
4/46
2/16/32
20/80
20/80
18/32
2/48
0/5/45
5/95
5/95
5/45
0/50
4/22/24
30/70
30/70
26/24
4/46
9/23/18
41/59
41/59
32/18
9/41
0/16/45
16/106
16/106
16/45
0/61
0/19/42
19/103
19/103
19/42
0/61
0/12/49
12/110
12/110
12/49
0/61
12/25/24
49/73
49/73
37/24
12/49
12/34/15
58/64
58/64
46/15
12/49
0.075
0.337
0.352
0.834
0.038*
0.335
0.366
0.479
0.687
0.201
0.192
0.159
0.211
0.192
1
0.229
0.129
0.124
0.442
0.106
0.421
0.319
0.345
0.215
1
3889
(T174M)-4063
Intron16
1166
-344
T
T
D
C
C
0.18
0.20
0.41
0.05
0.30
0.13
0.16
0.48
0.10
0.40
C
C
I
A
T
1.011
0.7435
0.9516
1.818
2.477
0.3146
0.3886
0.3293
0.1776
0.1155
1.454
1.355
0.7668
0.4825
0.6385
0.6991
0.6781
0.4496
0.164
0.3646
3.025
2.709
1.308
1.419
1.118
0.2795
0.5174
0.8475
1
0.413
CHR
CHR
rsnumber
rsnumber
Genomic
location
Minor
allele
Minor
allele
MAF
of T2DM
MAF
of CON
Major
allele
Major
allele
2
X
TEST
P
value
T2DM
OR
CON
95%CI
P
HWE
pvalueL U
Diabetes is the one of the most serious health problems of modern times and India is the top most country with the highest number of
individuals affected with type 2 diabetes. Regarding the epidemiological studies in India, an extremely limited data on the genetics of
diabetes in the Indian populations is available. Numerous diabetes genetic studies that have been conducted in India thus far are
population-basedcandidategeneassociationstudies[16,19-24].
InthisreportonRAASpathwaygenes,wetestedassociationofatotalfivepolymorphismfrompromoter,exonicandintronicregionsof
five genes and 20 variables are tested for association between type 2 diabetic and controls in Mewari population.
Pulakes Purkait et.al Int J Biol Med Res. 2013; 4(2): 3128-3134
5. 3132
The AGT T174M polymorphism is located at the exon 2 of the
AGT gene on Chromosome 1. Genetic linkage study showed that
AGT gene T174M and M235T variants were strongly associated
with high blood pressure in diabetic patients [25]. In this study we
observed a higher frequency of AGT 174 M (T) allele in the T2DM
subjects(0.18)thatincontrolsubjects(0.13)inMewaripopulation.
Estimated OR of T2dm with carrier M (T) allele as compared with
control subjects was (1.454) with 95% CI (0.6991 – 3.025). We
found T174 genotype frequency almost pattern to other
populations and found no homozygous MM genotype in Control
Subjectlike[26–29].
The Renin (– 4063 C >T) polymorphism is located at the
promoter region of the gene. I has been showed that the frequency
of the T allele is increased in T2DM subjects (0.20%) that control
(0.16%) and estimated OR of T2DM with carrier T allele as
compared with control subjects was 1.355 with 95% CI (0.678 –
2.709) and found no association with T2DM and rennin gene
promoter polymorphism in Mewari population Our study showed
same result reported by Mtiraoui N et al. [30].
The ACE gene is located on chromosome 17q23 and the ACE
gene polymorphism results from the insertion (I) or deletion (D) of
a 287 bp Alu sequence near the 3′ end of intron 16 (Rigat et al.,
1992). In our study the frequency of the ACE deletion (D) allele has
been found to be lower in T2DM patients (0.41) than control (0.48)
subjects, found null association with T2DM and the result was
totally different than the earlier reports [31-34]. At this stage we
can presume that ACE gene can be used as a suitable marker for
studying genetic variation among different human populations.
The AGTR1 gene A1166C polymorphism is located at the 5' end
of the 3' UTR of the gene [35]. In our study showed that no
association between the AGTR1 gene polymorphism and Mewari
T2DM patients. It has been showed that the frequency of the AGTR1
C allele is increased in control (0.10) than T2DM patients (0.05).
The -344 (C >T; rs1799998) variant is a commonly reported
polymorphism of the CYP11B2 gene, which is located at the
promoter region [36]. The -344 (C >T) polymorphism is associated
with serum aldosterone level and production [37-39], blood
pressure [40-43]. Its association was reported with progression of
renal function [44-46] and ESRD [47]. However, there were few
studies from India have been found on the association of CYP11B2 -
344C/T polymorphism and CRI [16], healthy volunteers [48];
hypertension [49-50]. In our study, The C allele frequency was the
highest among Control subjects (0.40) than T2DM subject (0.30)
and expected OR was 0.6385 with 95% CI (0.3646 – 1.118) but we
could not observe significant differences in allele frequency (X2 =
2.477, p = 0.1155) of the CYP11B2 gene (-344 T > C) polymorphism
between T2DM patients and Controls subjects and the result follow
ourpreviousstudy[51].
This is the first report on genetics of type 2 diabetes among the
Mewari population of Udaipur city, Rajasthan. On the whole it was
observed through the analysis that there was no significant
association at micro level also between REN, AGTR1, ACE and
CYP11B2genepolymorphismandT2DMinMewaripopulation.The
AGT (T174M, rs4762) was statistically significant at micro level
recessive model (p = 0.038). This inconsistence result may be for
oursmallsamplesize.Thereforewhilestudyingthesusceptibilityof
RAAS gene with the etiology of type 2 diabetes we have to take care
of the ethnic background of the population. Further studies and
more samples size will definitely add more information to this
issue.
The authors declare no conflict of interest for the present
researchoutcome.
We would like to thank the members of the study populations
and Dr. Lalit Kumar Gandharve for their cooperation during data
collection. We wish to express our deep gratitude to the Director,
Anthropological Survey of India, for his kind permission to initiate
the work and also for providing financial support. We are also
thankful to the Head of Office, Anthropological Survey of India,
Western Regional Centre, Udaipur for providing all the logistic
support.
5. Conclusion
6. Conflict of interest
7. Acknowledgements
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Pulakes Purkait et.al Int J Biol Med Res. 2013; 4(2): 3128-3134