Biology ch 3 & 4
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This document contains ecology terms and definitions related to different levels of biological organization (population, community, ecosystem), trophic levels, energy transfer, nutrient cycling, primary productivity, symbiosis, succession, and aquatic ecosystem classification. Key terms defined include ecology, ecosystem, population, community, autotroph, trophic level, biomass pyramid, mutualism, ecological succession, primary productivity, climate, nitrogen fixation, algal bloom, modeling.
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2. Energy enters from the sun and is converted to chemical energy by producers through photosynthesis, with about 10-20% transferred to secondary consumers.
3. Nutrients and minerals circulate through the ecosystem, being used and reused, while energy flows in one direction from producers to consumers at different trophic levels.
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Ecology 1 notes
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. There are several levels of ecological organization from smallest to largest: species, population, community, and ecosystem. Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and webs from autotrophs like plants, which produce their own food, to heterotrophs like animals. Organisms fill different roles such as producers, consumers, and decomposers to cycle matter and energy.
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The document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It explains that:
1) Solar energy is absorbed by plants and used to produce food through photosynthesis.
2) Animals obtain energy by eating plants or other animals. As they are more active, there are typically more plants than animals.
3) When organisms die, decomposers like bacteria break down their bodies and recycle the energy and nutrients.
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- Energy and matter flow through food chains and food webs in ecosystems. Food chains represent single pathways of energy transfer, while food webs illustrate the complex, interconnected feeding relationships.
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1) Energy from the sun powers photosynthesis in producers, enabling the storage of chemical energy in molecules. 2) This energy then flows through ecosystems as organisms feed on each other across trophic levels. 3) As energy moves up food chains, about 90% is lost as heat at each level, so insects gain only 10% of the energy trapped by plants, and so on.
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1) Energy from the sun is absorbed by producers like plants through photosynthesis and converted into chemical energy in sugars. 2) Consumers obtain this energy by eating producers or other consumers. 3) Decomposers break down dead organisms, releasing nutrients back into the environment and completing the energy cycle.
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- Ecosystems transfer energy from the sun to autotrophs (producers), then to organisms that eat producers, and then to organisms that eat those organisms. The amount of energy transferred decreases at each trophic level.
- Energy and matter flow through food chains and food webs in ecosystems. Food chains represent single pathways of energy transfer, while food webs illustrate the complex, interconnected feeding relationships.
- Pyramids model the distribution and amount of energy and biomass at different trophic levels in an ecosystem, with lower levels containing more than higher levels due to energy lost between levels. Other cycles like the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles are also crucial to ecosystem structure and function.
Thesis Abstract
This master's thesis examined methanogens and methane-oxidizing bacteria in 12 streams in North Carolina's piedmont region, including forested streams, urban unrestored streams, and urban restored streams. Water and sediment samples were collected seasonally from the streams and analyzed using real-time PCR to determine abundances of methanogens and methanotrophs. There were significant differences found in methanogen DNA abundance between stream types in late fall and methanotroph DNA abundance in late summer, which may be explained by differences in the timing and magnitude of organic and inorganic material inputs to the forested versus urban streams.
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1) Energy from the sun powers photosynthesis in producers, enabling the storage of chemical energy in molecules. 2) This energy then flows through ecosystems as organisms feed on each other across trophic levels. 3) As energy moves up food chains, about 90% is lost as heat at each level, so insects gain only 10% of the energy trapped by plants, and so on.
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1) Energy pyramids show that only about 10% of energy is transferred between trophic levels, so they narrow significantly with increasing levels.
2) Biomass pyramids depict the total dry weight of living tissue at each level and may narrow or even invert depending on ecosystem dynamics.
3) Number pyramids illustrate the number of organisms per trophic level, though the shape is not always a perfect pyramid due to variations in feeding relationships.
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The document introduces the concepts of energy flow through food chains and webs in ecosystems. It explains that the sun is the ultimate energy source and that plants convert the sun's energy to food through photosynthesis. This energy then flows to consumers as herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores or other carnivores. Detritivores and decomposers break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients and energy back into the system. Food chains illustrate a single path of energy transfer, while food webs show the multiple feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
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ASCB15AbsR
This study analyzed how the presence of multiple algal species affects diatom motility. It found that the motile behavior of the diatom Stauroneis, such as its direction reversal in response to blue light, was slower in the presence of the diatom Craticula in a concentration-dependent manner. For example, alone Stauroneis reversed direction in 34±3 seconds but took 42±2 seconds in the presence of Craticula. However, upon removal from Craticula, Stauroneis returned to its initial response time. The presence of Stauroneis did not affect Craticula's motility. Understanding these species interactions is important for managing healthy aquatic ecosystems.
ecological Piramid for eco system
This document provides information about energy flow and ecological pyramids in ecosystems. It defines ecosystems and their components, and explains how energy flows from producers to consumers in a trophic structure. It then describes three types of ecological pyramids - pyramids of production (energy), biomass, and numbers - which illustrate the trophic levels in a community and how energy and matter are lost between levels. Major points covered include how sunlight is the main energy source for producers, the trophic structure of ecosystems, and characteristics of the different pyramid types.
Food webs and chains
When organisms consume other organisms, only a fraction of the energy is transferred between trophic levels. A zebra obtains less than 100% of the grass's energy, and a lion obtains less than 100% of the zebra's energy. On average, only about 10% of the energy at one trophic level passes to the next level. Energy moves through an ecosystem in food chains from producers to primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers, and then to decomposers. Food webs are more complex than food chains, involving multiple predator-prey relationships. Ecological pyramids illustrate the decrease in biomass and numbers of organisms at higher trophic levels in a ecosystem.
Ecological pyamids
Ecological pyramids show the relationship between trophic levels in an ecosystem. There are three main types of ecological pyramids: (1) pyramids of numbers, which show that organism numbers decrease at higher trophic levels; (2) pyramids of biomass, which narrow from the producer to consumer levels due to energy lost between trophic transfers; and (3) pyramids of energy, which always slope downward between trophic levels as 90% of energy is lost as heat between levels. Primary productivity determines the maximum amount of energy available at higher trophic levels, and varies based on ecosystem characteristics like climate.
Eco system
This document defines key terms related to ecosystems, including ecosystem, biotic and abiotic components, trophic levels, food chains, and food webs. It explains that an ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. Ecosystems have biotic components like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic components like energy and matter. Energy and nutrients flow through ecosystems via food chains and food webs, which connect different trophic levels from producers to various consumer levels.
04 energy flow in ecosystems
1) Energy from the sun is absorbed by producers like plants through photosynthesis and converted into chemical energy in sugars. 2) Consumers obtain this energy by eating producers or other consumers. 3) Decomposers break down dead organisms, releasing nutrients back into the environment and completing the energy cycle.
Lovely
Ecosystems maintain themselves through the cycling of energy and nutrients obtained from external sources like the sun. Primary producers like plants use photosynthesis to produce organic materials from solar energy, forming the base of the trophic structure. While primary producers absorb most energy from the sun, decomposers process large amounts of organic material and release more energy, making them more important than producers in terms of energy flow through the ecosystem.
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This document contains 14 multiple choice questions about ecosystems and energy flow within ecosystems. It asks about the definition of an ecosystem and inputs/outputs of matter and energy between biotic and abiotic factors like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water. Questions also cover the effects of deforestation, drawing a 3-level food chain, where energy originates in a food chain, and why energy flow is inefficient with most energy being lost as heat.
Energy flow
This document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It begins by explaining photosynthesis and how plants use energy from the sun to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water. Producers, like plants, use this energy primarily for themselves through cellular respiration. Consumers cannot produce their own energy and obtain it by eating producers or other consumers. This transfer of energy between trophic levels can be represented by food chains or energy pyramids, which show that the amount of available energy decreases at each level. Food webs illustrate the complex interconnected feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem.
Food chains and food webs
The document discusses trophic levels and food chains in ecosystems. It explains that the sun's energy is captured by producers through photosynthesis and then transferred to consumers through eating. This creates trophic levels with producers at level 1, primary consumers at level 2, secondary consumers at level 3, and so on. Food chains show direct energy transfers between organisms but ecosystems actually contain complex food webs. Energy is lost at each transfer through inefficiencies in transformations between chemical and kinetic energy.
Thermodynamics in Ecology
The document discusses thermodynamics in ecology. It explains that the sun provides the energy that drives photosynthesis, the most important chemical reaction. It introduces concepts like food chains, food webs, and how energy enters ecosystems. It defines thermodynamics as the study of how energy causes movement and changes with temperature, pressure and volume. It outlines the first law of thermodynamics that energy cannot be created or destroyed, just changed forms, and the second law that entropy increases and energy is lost as heat in all conversions. Finally, it states that life requires a continuous expenditure of energy.
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This document summarizes key concepts in ecology, including defining abiotic and biotic factors, ecosystems, and levels of biological organization. It describes how biotic factors such as producers, consumers, and decomposers interact through food chains and webs within ecosystems and explains concepts like trophic levels, energy flow, and ecological relationships between species through competition, predation, and symbiosis.
Regents Review
The document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology and living environment including:
1) Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment, which can be studied at different levels from organisms to ecosystems.
2) Abiotic and biotic factors influence the distribution of organisms and determine an ecosystem's carrying capacity.
3) Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water, while cellular respiration releases energy from sugars to produce ATP.
Laboratory review 30
This document summarizes key concepts about ecosystems, including:
- Producers (e.g. green plants) produce their own food and provide the base of the food chain.
- Consumers, like herbivores and omnivores, feed on producers and other organisms.
- Decomposers (e.g. bacteria and fungi) break down dead organic matter and cycle nutrients in the ecosystem.
Ecosystem
The document defines key terms related to ecosystems: a population is one species living in an area, a community is made up of multiple populations in an area, and an ecosystem includes all living and non-living interactions. An ecosystem has biotic components like plants and animals, and abiotic components like water, air, and soil. Organisms are organized into trophic levels based on their position in a food chain, with producers at the base and tertiary consumers at the top. Food chains show energy transfer between organisms, and food webs combine all the food chains in an ecosystem. The document also discusses how human activities like pollution and construction can impact ecosystems, and how humans can help prevent changes through conservation efforts.
Ecology
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It can be studied at different levels from organisms to ecosystems to the biosphere. Abiotic factors like climate and biotic factors like predator-prey relationships influence the distribution of organisms. Nutritional interactions involve the transfer of nutrients between autotrophs like plants and heterotrophs like animals. Food chains show the linear transfer of energy between producers, consumers, and decomposers in a food web. Population growth is influenced by limiting factors and carrying capacity, while succession over time changes community composition and structure. Biogeochemical cycles like carbon and nitrogen cycles recycle essential elements.
Ecosystem ecology of environment
This document discusses key concepts of ecosystems, including their components, interactions, and limitations. The major points covered are:
- An ecosystem consists of organisms interacting with each other and their environment. It is characterized by nutrient cycling, energy flow, and structure.
- Components include abiotic factors like sunlight and biotic factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers. Nutrients and energy move through food chains and webs between trophic levels.
- Ecosystems are linked by cycles like carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen that recirculate materials. Nutrient availability can limit ecosystem development according to the laws of maximum and minimum.
- Environmental factors like light, temperature, water, wind, top
Ecosystem
The document discusses the key components and dynamics of ecosystems. It describes how ecosystems have interacting abiotic and biotic factors that are connected by energy, nutrients, and minerals. Energy flows in one direction through ecosystems from the sun to producers to consumers, while nutrients and minerals circulate and recirculate between factors. The main dynamics of ecosystems include energy flow, primary and secondary production through food chains and webs, trophic levels, and biogeochemical cycles.
Ecosystem
An ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic components that interact through nutrient cycling, energy flow, and structure. The key biotic components are producers, consumers, and decomposers, which interact through food chains and webs. Energy and nutrients transfer between trophic levels, with biomass decreasing at higher levels. Ecosystems are influenced by various environmental factors like temperature, water, soil properties, and biotic interactions, with different species having specific tolerances. Ecosystems strive for balance, but human activities can disrupt natural nutrient cycles and environmental conditions.
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- 1. 10 pt 15 pt 20 pt 25 pt 5 pt 10 pt 15 pt 20 pt 25 pt 5 pt 10 pt 15 pt 20 pt 25 pt 5 pt 10 pt 15 pt 20 pt 25 pt 5 pt 10 pt 15 pt 20 pt 25 pt 5 pt Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
- 2. Branch of biology that deals with interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment.
- 4. The lowest level of environmental complexity that includes living and non-living factors.
- 6. All the members of a particular species living in one area.
- 8. The simplest grouping of more than one organism in the biosphere.
- 10. An organism that uses energy to produce its own food supply from inorganic compounds.
- 12. A bacteria that uses chemicals to produce its food.
- 13. What are chemosynthetic bacteria?
- 14. Compared to land, open oceans are low in the level of these.
- 16. The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level.
- 17. What is biomass?
- 18. The term for each step in the transfer of energy and matter within a food web.
- 19. What is a trophic level?
- 20. A snake that eats a rabbit that eats grass is this level on the food chain.
- 21. What is a secondary consumer>
- 22. The amount of energy that passes to the next trophic level.
- 23. What is 10%?
- 24. The type of pyramid that shows the amount of living tissue at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
- 25. What is a biomass pyramid?
- 26. What type of pyramid shows the number of organisms at each trophic level.
- 27. What is a pyramid of numbers?
- 28. A natural phenomenon that maintains the Earth’s temperature range.
- 29. What is the greenhouse effect?
- 30. The process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonia.
- 31. What is nitrogen fixation?
- 32. The result of a lake having a large input of limiting nutrients.
- 33. What is an algal bloom?
- 34. The rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem.
- 35. What is primary productivity?
- 36. The average year-after-year condition of temperature and precipitation in a particular region.
- 37. What is climate?
- 38. A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.
- 40. The series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time.
- 41. What is ecological succession?
- 42. Primary succession can begin after this.
- 43. What is volcanic activity?
- 44. In the photic zone this can occur.
- 46. This cannot occur in the aphotic zone.
- 48. Depth, flow, temperature, and chemistry.
- 49. What are ways aquatic ecosystems are classified?
- 50. An ecological inquiry method an ecologist uses when studying populations of a certain species.
Editor's Notes
- Eleanor M. Savko 10/20/11