This document outlines the biological requirements of bacterial cells, including atmospheric, nutritional, temperature, moisture, and other environmental factors necessary for bacterial growth. It discusses the different types of bacteria based on their oxygen requirements, sources of nutrition, and metabolic activities. Several medically important activities produced by bacteria are also mentioned, such as toxin production, pigment formation, and other effects.

1. BIOLOGIC REQUIREMENTS OF
THE BACTERIAL CELL

2. • I. ATMOSPHERIC REQUIREMENTS---USEFUL IN
IDENTIFYING BACTERIA:
• A. RELATIONSHIP TO OXYGEN:
• 1. OBLIGATE AEROBES---REQUIRE OXYGEN
CONCENTRATIONS COMPARABLE TO THAT
FOUND IN ROOM AIR (20-21% O2)
– * Mycobacteria
– * certain fungi

3. • 2. MICROAEROPHILES---REQUIRE OXYGEN
CONCENTRATION LOWER THAN THAT AT
ROOM TEMP. FOR MULTIPLICATION( 5% O2)
– * Neiserria gonorrheae
– * Campylobacter
3. ANAEROBES---DO NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN
FOR LIFE AND REPRODUCTION; MAY VARY
IN THEIR SENSITIVITY TO OXYGEN

4. – A. OBLIGATE ANAEROBE---CAN GROW IN AN
ENVIRONMENT CONTAINING NO OXYGEN
– B. AEROTOLERANT ANAEROBE---DOES NOT
REQUIRE OXYGEN, GROWS BETTER IN THE
ABSENCE OF OXYGEN BUT CAN SURVIVE IN
ATMOSPHERES CONTAINING MOLECULAR OXYGEN
(AIR/ CO2 INCUBATOR)
– C. FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES---CAPABLE OF
SURVIVING IN EITHER THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE
OF OXYGEN (0 % O2 TO 20 TO 21% O2)

5. – ***MEMBERS OF ENTEROBACTERIACEAE/
STREPTOCOCCI/ STAPHYLOCOCCI
– D. CAPNOPHILES---GROW BETTER IN THE
PRESENCE OF INCREASED CONCENTRATIONS OF
CO2
– EX. ANAEROBES---BACTEROIDES/FUSOBACTERIUM
– AEROBES----NEISSERIA/CAMPYLOBACTER/
HAEMOPHILUS

6. • II. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
• * PROTEINS---COMPRISES 50% OF THE BACTERIAL
CELL
• ***CARBON/HYDROGEN/OXYGEN/SULFUR/PHOS
PHORUS/NITROGEN
• ***POTASSIUM/CALCIUM/IRON/MANGANESE/M
AGNESIUM/COBALT/COPPER/ZINC/URANIUM (
SPECIAL ELEMENTS REQUIRED BY BACTERIA)
• ***FASTIDIOUS----ORGANISMS WITH SPECIALLY
DEMANDING NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

7. • * GROWTH FACTORS
• * SOURCES OF ENERGY
• ***ALL BACTERIA DERIVE THEIR CARBON AND
NITROGEN FROM ORGANIC MATTER, EXCEPT
THE SAPROPHYTES
• KINDS OF ORGANISMS ACCDG. TO WHERE
NOURISHMENT IS OBTAINED:
• 1. SAPROPHYTES---FROM NON-LIVING
ORGANIC MATTER

8. • *** PARASITES---DEPEND ON LIVING MATTER
FOR SUSTENANCE
• *** FACULTATIVE SAPROPHYTES---USUALLY
OBTAIN NOURISHMENT FROM LIVING MATTER
BUT MAY OBTAIN IT FROM THE DEAD ORGANIC
MATTER.
• ***FACULTATIVE PARASITES---USUALLY OBTAIN
THEIR NOURISHMENT FROM DEAD ORGANIC
MATTER BUT MAY OBTAIN IT FROM LIVING
MATTER.

9. • ***HETEROTROPHS/ ORGANOTROPHS--- OBTAIN
THEIR NUTRIENTS BY BREAKING DOWN ORGANIC
MATTER INTO SIMPLER INORGANIC SUBSTANCES.
• MOISTURE___75-80 % OF BACTERIAL CELL IS
WATER; NEEDED TO DISSOLVE FOOD MATERIALS
IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• DRYING---DETRIMENTAL TO BACTERIA GROWTH

10. • TEMPERATURE:
• *** OPTIMUM TEMP----BEST TEMP FOR
GROWTH
• *** MINIMUM TEMP.---LOWEST TEMP. AT
WHICH SPORES WILL GROW.
• ***MAXIMUM TEMP. HIGHEST TEMP AT
WHICH GROWTH IS POSSIBLE.

11. • *** 42-45 DEGREES CELCIUS IS THE HIGHEST
TEMP WHERE BACTERIA CAN STILL MULTIPLY;
20 DEGREES CELCIUS---LOWEST TEMP AT
WHICH THEY CAN MULTIPLY
• ***THERMOPHILES---HEAT-LOVING SPECIES;
CAN GROW ABOVE 45 DEGREES CELCIUS
TEMP.

12. • PSYCHROPHILES/CRYOPHILES---COLD-LOVING
SPECIES;CAN GROW AT TEMP JUST ABOVE THE
FREEZING POINT
• ***COLD RETARDS OR STOPS BACTERIAL
GROWTH THUS EMPLOYED IN THE PROCESS
OF REFRIGERATION IN ORDER TO PROLONG
THE SPOILAGE OF FOOD

13. Ph---refers to the acidity/alkalinity of
the medium
• ***PREFERRED PH IS BETWEEN 6-8
• **BEST PH FOR PATHOGENS IS PH 7
(NEUTRAL)
• OXYGEN REQUIREMENT:
• ***AEROBES--- GROW IN THE PRESENCE OF
FREE ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN

14. • OBLIGATE AEROBES---CANNOT DEVELOP IN THE
ABSENCE OF FREE OXYGEN
• * ANAEROBES---OBTAAIN THEIR OXYGEN FROM
OXYGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS LIKE
INORGANIC SULFATES, NITRATES, CARBONATES
OR FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• * OBLIGATE ANAEROBES---ORGNISMS WHOSE
ENZYME SYSTEMS ARE INACTIVATED BY
ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN

15. • * FACULTATIVE ORGANISMS---ADAPTABLE
EITHER TO THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF
ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN
• * MICROAEROPHILES---ORGANISMS THAT CAN
GROW EVEN IIN LOWERED OXYGEN CONTENT
IN THE AIR
• * CAPNOPHILES---NEED 3-10 % INCREASE IN
CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT IN THE AIR TO
INITIATE DEVELOPMENT

16. LIGHT REQUIREMENTS:
• RED/ YELLOW----LITTLE BACTERICIDAL EFFECT
• *GREEN---HAVE LESS KILLING ACTION
• *VIOLE/ULTRAVIOLET/ BLUE---LIGHT
WAVELENGTHS THAT ARE HIGHLY
DESTRUCTIVE TO THE BACTERIAL CELL
• ** SOME SAPROPHYTIC SPECIES USE LIGHT
FOR AUTOTROPHIC ACTIVITY

17. BY-PRODUCTS OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
• BACTERIAL METABOLISM---DEPLETES FOOD
SUPPLY & RELEASE PRODUCTS THAT INHIBIT
FURTHER BACTERIAL GROWTH
• EX. PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC ACIDS &
OTHER PRODUCTS
• ***ELECTRICITY & RADIANT ENERGY---INHIBIT
BACTERIAL GROWTH

18. • **CHEMICALS---DESTROY & INHIBIT THE
GROWTH OF BACTERIA
• CHEMOTAXIS---RESPONSES TO CHEMICALS;
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE RESPONSES
• **OSMOTIC PRESSURE----MOST BACTERIA
RESIST SMALL CHANGES IN OSMOTIOC
PRESSURE

19. • ** BACTERIA CAN BE KILLED BY HIGH
CONCENTRATIONS OF SALT OR SUGAR THUS
EMPLOYED IN FOOD PRESERVATION
• ***OSMOPHILES----PREFER HIGH SALT
CONCENTRATIONS; CLASSIFIED AS
HALOPHILES OR SALT LOVERS WHERE THEY
CAN TOLERATE HIGH CONCETRATIONS OF
SALT

20. BACTERIAL INTER- RELATIONS
• SYMBIOSIS---BACTERIA GROWING WELL
TOGETHER; BOTH PARTIES ARE BENEFITTED
• 1. SYNGERGISTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
STAPHYLOCOCCI & THE INFLUENZA BACILLI
• 2. LEGUMES & THE NITROGEN-FIXING
BACTERIA---NITROSOMONAS/ NITROBACTER
• ***ANTAGONISM---PRESENCE OF 1
ORGNAISM INHIBITS THE OTHER DUE TO
SUBSTANCES THAT ARE SECRETED

21. MAJOR METABOLIC ACTIVITIES
• ENZYMES----PLAY AN IMPT ROLE IN THE
METABOLLIC ACTIVITIES OF BACTERIA
• 2,000-3,000 ENZYMES IN THE BACTERIAL CELL
UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE DNA
APPARATUS
• CHEMOSYNTHESIS---PROCESSING OF ENERGY
FROM THE CHEMICAL ALTERATION OF
SUBSTANCES AT HAND

22. • 1. BACTERIAL DIGESTION---MAKES USE OF
HYDROLASES (ENZYMES) & HYDROLYSIS---
PROCESS INVOLVING THE ADDITION OF
WATER
• 2. ABSORPTION---VIA DIFFUSION & ACTIVE
TRANSPORT OF MOLECULES
• 3. OXIDATION---PREPARATION OF MOLECULES
FOR A POSSIBLE BONDING OR CHEMICAL
COMBINATION

23. • ---STARTS WITH PHOSPHORYLATION
• INVOLVES
OXIDASES/DEHYDROGENASES/COENZYMES
OF THE CYTOCHROME SYSTEM
• INVOLVES TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS
RESULTING IN AN OXIDIZED OR REDUCED
PRODUCT WHERE ENERGY IS LIBERATED OR
TRAPPED

24. CLASSES OF BIOLOGIC OXIDATION:
• A. AEROBIC---ULTIMATE HYDROGEN
ACCEPTOR IS MOLECULAR OXYGEN
• B. ANAEROBIC---HYDROGEN ACCEPTOR IS
INORGANIOC NITRATE, SULFATE OR
CARBONATE
• FERMENTATION---HYDROGEN ACCEPTOR IS
AN ORGANIC COMPOUND; USES ORGNANIC
COMPOUNDS BOTH AS DONORS & ELECTRON
ACCEPTORS

25. MEDICALLY RELATED ACTIVITIES:
• ***TOXIGENICITY---TOXIN PRODUCTION
• ***TOXICITY---POTENCY OF THE TOXINS
• A. EXOTOXINS---PROTEINS IN NATURE
• ------ANTIGENIC; PRODUCES ANTITOXIN
• -----SPECIFIC---CAUSES 1 DISEASE & NOTHING
ELSE
• ANATOXINS/ TOXOIDS---MODIFIED TOXINS THAT
CAN NO LONGER CAUSE DISEASE BUT CAN STILL
PRODUCE IMMUNITY TO THE DISEASE

26. • B. ENDOTOXINS---MADE UP OF COMPLEX
LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES
• ---DO NOT PROMOTE ANTITOXIN FORMATION
• ---NON-SPECIFIC
• ---CANNOT BE CONVERTED INTO TOXOIDS
• EX. SALMONELLA TYPHI
• NEISSERIA MENINGITIDES

27. HARMFUL METABOLLIC PRODUCTS
• ---MAY NOT BE DIRECTLY TOXIC BUT RELATED
SIGNIFICANTLY TO DISEASE
• 1. HEMOLYSINS---CAUSE LYSIS OF THE RED
BLOOD CELLS
• 2 TYPES OF BACTERIAL HEMOLYSINS:
• A. FILTRABLE
• B. THOSE THAT ARE DEMONSTRATED ABOUT
THE BACTERIAL COLONY ON A CULTURE
MEDIUM CONTAINING RBCs

28. • & HEMOLYSINS ---- NAMED AFTER THE BACTERIA
THAT GIVES RISE TO THEM
• EX. STAPHYLOLYSIN
• STREPTOLYSINS
• 2. LEUKOCIDINS---DESTROY
POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHILIC
LEUKOCYTES
• ***FORMED BY PNEUMOCOCCI,STREPTOCOCCI &
STAPHYLOCOCCI

29. • 3. COAGULASE---ACCELERATE COAGULATION OF
BLOOD
• EX. STAPHYLOCOCCI
• COAGULASE TEST---USED TO DIFFERENTIATE
PATHOGENIC FROM NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
• 4. BACTERIAL KINASES---ACT ON CERTAIN
COMPONENTS OF THE BLOOD TO LIQUIFY FIBRIN;
INTERFERE WITH BLOOD COAGULATION

30. • EX. STREPTOKINASE/FIBRINOLYSIS---
PRODUCED BY MANY HENOLYTIC
STREPTOCOCCI, STAPHYLOCOCCI & OTHER
BACTERIA
• ---USED TO DISSOLVE BLOOD CLOTS & TO
PREVENT THE FORMATION OF ADHESIONS
THAT WOULD BE LAID DOWN ON THE FIBRIN
PRECIPITATED IN THE BODY CAVITIES

31. • -5. HYALURONIDASE---MAKE TISSUES MORE
• PERMEABLE TO THE BACTERIA ELABORATING
IT
• EX. PNEUMOCOCCI & STREPTOCOCCI
• 6. BACTERIOCINS---BACTERIAL PROTEIN OR
POLYPEPTIDE SUSBTANCES PRODUCED BY
STRAINS OF A FAMILY OF MICROBES

32. • 7. COLICINS----PRODUCED BY THE FAMILY
ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; WILL ACT ON THE
BACTERIAL MEMBRANE
• OTHER EFFECTS:
• 1. PIGMENT PRODUCTION---IMPT. IN THE
IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANISMS BUT NOT
RELATED TO DISEASE PRODUCTION

33. • ***PRODUCED BY BOTH PARASITIC &
SAPROPHYTIC BACTERIA
• EX. STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS---GOLD COLOR
• PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA---PRODUCES
THE BLUE-GREEN PIGMENT
• HALOBACTERIUM HALOBIUM---PRODUCES
RED PIGMENT
• SERRATIA MARCESCENS---RED PIGMENT

34. • 2. HEAT PRODUCTION----RESULTS IN THE
HEATING OF DAMP HAY
• 3. LIGHT PRODUCTION
• EX. BIOLUMINESCENCE---EXHIBITED BY
BACTERIA THAT LIVE IN SALT WATER; EMITS
LIGHT AS THEY OPEN THEIR MOUTHS; LIGHT
PRODUCERS ARE GENERALLY NON-
PATHOGENIC

35. • 4. PRODUCTION OF ODORS---DUE TO
DECOMPOSITION OF THE MATERIAL WHERE
THE BACTERIA IS GROWING