This document provides an overview of biodiesel, including its background and advantages, the process of making biodiesel through transesterification, biodiesel properties and challenges, and possible lesson plan ideas. Key points include that biodiesel is made from vegetable oils or animal fats through a chemical process, it can be used in existing diesel engines with little or no modifications, and has environmental benefits like lower emissions and being biodegradable compared to petroleum diesel. The document also outlines the chemistry behind biodiesel production and discusses potential lesson plans exploring the biology, chemistry, physics, economics and public policy around biodiesel.
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that can be used in diesel engines. It has lower emissions than petroleum diesel and is non-toxic. Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification where vegetable oil or fat reacts with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to form biodiesel and glycerin. Various crops like soybean, palm, and jatropha are good sources of oil for biodiesel production. Biodiesel provides benefits like reduced emissions, energy security, and rural employment. Standards are in place to ensure biodiesel quality for use as a transportation fuel.
Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as ex...Ibrahim Farouk
Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as example jec edama 3rd nov. 2015
feel free to call us at info@biorotterdam.com
World energy demands are rising while fossil fuel reserves are finite. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can help address these issues. It is made through a chemical process where vegetable oils or animal fats react with alcohol to produce fatty acid esters. This document discusses how biodiesel is made, its advantages over conventional diesel like reduced emissions, and potential sources like jatropha and honge oils. However, biodiesel also has disadvantages like poorer performance in cold weather. Overall, the document promotes biodiesel as a sustainable fuel option that can help reduce emissions and reliance on imported oil.
What It Is and How It Is Made
Learn the basics of biodiesel including biodiesel markets and benefits, production technologies, quality control, distribution and storage issues. A replay of the actual lecture can be found at: www.pccbusiness.com/green
This document provides an overview of biodiesel as an alternative fuel. It defines biodiesel as fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that can be used in diesel engines. The document outlines the benefits of biodiesel such as lower emissions and biodegradability compared to petroleum diesel. It also discusses some challenges to biodiesel adoption like issues with fuel gelling in cold weather. The future of biodiesel is uncertain as it faces competition from fossil fuels and challenges in producing enough feedstock. In conclusion, biodiesel is presented as a cleaner-burning alternative to conventional diesel that can reduce environmental impacts.
The document discusses biodiesel, including its production process, properties, and advantages over petroleum diesel. Biodiesel is produced through a chemical process called transesterification where triglycerides from oils react with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst. This produces fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerin. Biodiesel has benefits like being renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and producing lower emissions than petroleum diesel. The document also outlines some challenges with biodiesel like potential habitat destruction if grown on a large scale and increased corrosion.
IRJET- Production of Biodiesel from Cannabis Sativa (Hemp) Seed Oil and its P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that produced biodiesel from Cannabis sativa (hemp) seed oil through a transesterification process. The physicochemical properties of the hemp biodiesel were tested and found to meet ASTM standards. The hemp biodiesel was blended with base diesel in ratios from B10 to B100. Engine tests on a single cylinder diesel engine showed that B10 and B20 blends had similar brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption as base diesel. Emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were reduced on average, but nitrous oxide emissions increased compared to base diesel when using the hemp biodiesel blends. Smoke opacity also improved up
Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Palm Oil Biodiesel in a Diesel...ijtsrd
The majority of petroleum products are utilised in automobiles, and an alarming problem of outflow is the thickening of vehicles in urban areas. An alternate fuel option is biodiesel. A renewable and generally domestic source, such as fresh or used vegetable oil or animal fats, are trans esterified with an alcohol methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst to create biodiesel. It has been demonstrated that using biodiesel lowers engine emissions of SOx, CO, and particulate matter PM . It has been shown that biodiesel lowers the emission of CO, CO2, and hydrocarbons. Among all current raw materials, palm oil contains a high concentration of palmitic and oleic acids, which are generally acknowledged as the best sources for biodiesel synthesis. In this Present work, Experiments were carried out in this thesis on a compresses injection internal combustion engine and a naturally aspirated diesel engine to investigate the performance characteristics and production of biodiesel and its mixes derived from Palm Biodiesel. Experiments with only 10 and 20 blending with diesel fuels were carried out. Results revealed that at 1500 rpm constant engine speed, the brakes thermal efficiency of B10 and B20 is comparable to or lower than diesel fuel. The thermal efficiency of B20 brakes was found to be more equivalent to diesel. More blending are necessary for a thorough knowledge of brake thermal efficiency. Also, the fuel consumption of B10 and B20 has risen in comparison to diesel. It was discovered that at the same braking load, the engine used more fuel B10 and B 20 than standard diesel fuel. Prof. V. K. Nema | Deepak Kumar Sahu "Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Palm Oil Biodiesel in a Diesel Engine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52359.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/52359/experimental-investigation-on-the-influence-of-palm-oil-biodiesel-in-a-diesel-engine/prof-v-k-nema
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that can be used in diesel engines. It has lower emissions than petroleum diesel and is non-toxic. Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification where vegetable oil or fat reacts with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to form biodiesel and glycerin. Various crops like soybean, palm, and jatropha are good sources of oil for biodiesel production. Biodiesel provides benefits like reduced emissions, energy security, and rural employment. Standards are in place to ensure biodiesel quality for use as a transportation fuel.
Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as ex...Ibrahim Farouk
Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as example jec edama 3rd nov. 2015
feel free to call us at info@biorotterdam.com
World energy demands are rising while fossil fuel reserves are finite. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can help address these issues. It is made through a chemical process where vegetable oils or animal fats react with alcohol to produce fatty acid esters. This document discusses how biodiesel is made, its advantages over conventional diesel like reduced emissions, and potential sources like jatropha and honge oils. However, biodiesel also has disadvantages like poorer performance in cold weather. Overall, the document promotes biodiesel as a sustainable fuel option that can help reduce emissions and reliance on imported oil.
What It Is and How It Is Made
Learn the basics of biodiesel including biodiesel markets and benefits, production technologies, quality control, distribution and storage issues. A replay of the actual lecture can be found at: www.pccbusiness.com/green
This document provides an overview of biodiesel as an alternative fuel. It defines biodiesel as fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that can be used in diesel engines. The document outlines the benefits of biodiesel such as lower emissions and biodegradability compared to petroleum diesel. It also discusses some challenges to biodiesel adoption like issues with fuel gelling in cold weather. The future of biodiesel is uncertain as it faces competition from fossil fuels and challenges in producing enough feedstock. In conclusion, biodiesel is presented as a cleaner-burning alternative to conventional diesel that can reduce environmental impacts.
The document discusses biodiesel, including its production process, properties, and advantages over petroleum diesel. Biodiesel is produced through a chemical process called transesterification where triglycerides from oils react with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst. This produces fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerin. Biodiesel has benefits like being renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and producing lower emissions than petroleum diesel. The document also outlines some challenges with biodiesel like potential habitat destruction if grown on a large scale and increased corrosion.
IRJET- Production of Biodiesel from Cannabis Sativa (Hemp) Seed Oil and its P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that produced biodiesel from Cannabis sativa (hemp) seed oil through a transesterification process. The physicochemical properties of the hemp biodiesel were tested and found to meet ASTM standards. The hemp biodiesel was blended with base diesel in ratios from B10 to B100. Engine tests on a single cylinder diesel engine showed that B10 and B20 blends had similar brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption as base diesel. Emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were reduced on average, but nitrous oxide emissions increased compared to base diesel when using the hemp biodiesel blends. Smoke opacity also improved up
Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Palm Oil Biodiesel in a Diesel...ijtsrd
The majority of petroleum products are utilised in automobiles, and an alarming problem of outflow is the thickening of vehicles in urban areas. An alternate fuel option is biodiesel. A renewable and generally domestic source, such as fresh or used vegetable oil or animal fats, are trans esterified with an alcohol methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst to create biodiesel. It has been demonstrated that using biodiesel lowers engine emissions of SOx, CO, and particulate matter PM . It has been shown that biodiesel lowers the emission of CO, CO2, and hydrocarbons. Among all current raw materials, palm oil contains a high concentration of palmitic and oleic acids, which are generally acknowledged as the best sources for biodiesel synthesis. In this Present work, Experiments were carried out in this thesis on a compresses injection internal combustion engine and a naturally aspirated diesel engine to investigate the performance characteristics and production of biodiesel and its mixes derived from Palm Biodiesel. Experiments with only 10 and 20 blending with diesel fuels were carried out. Results revealed that at 1500 rpm constant engine speed, the brakes thermal efficiency of B10 and B20 is comparable to or lower than diesel fuel. The thermal efficiency of B20 brakes was found to be more equivalent to diesel. More blending are necessary for a thorough knowledge of brake thermal efficiency. Also, the fuel consumption of B10 and B20 has risen in comparison to diesel. It was discovered that at the same braking load, the engine used more fuel B10 and B 20 than standard diesel fuel. Prof. V. K. Nema | Deepak Kumar Sahu "Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Palm Oil Biodiesel in a Diesel Engine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52359.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/52359/experimental-investigation-on-the-influence-of-palm-oil-biodiesel-in-a-diesel-engine/prof-v-k-nema
The document discusses using jatropha biodiesel as an alternative fuel in India. It highlights the need to find renewable and domestic fuel sources due to India's dependence on imported fossil fuels. The document describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from jatropha oil and the various factors that affect the process. Performance tests on a diesel engine show biodiesel blends have similar or better efficiency and torque compared to diesel, with emissions of pollutants decreasing as biodiesel percentage increases except for a slight rise in NOx. The 50% biodiesel blend provides the best balance of performance and emissions.
A Review on Performance and Emission analysis of 4-Stroke Diesel Engine using...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the performance and emission analysis of biodiesel from various feedstocks used in a 4-stroke diesel engine. It summarizes findings from various studies on biodiesel blends from rapeseed oil, soybean oil, Calophyllum inophyllum oil, mahua oil, and jatropha oil. Most studies found that a 20% blend of biodiesel and diesel provided the best balance of engine performance and reduced emissions compared to pure diesel. Emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons were generally lower for biodiesel blends, while oxides of nitrogen increased compared to diesel. Engine efficiency typically decreased as the percentage of biodiesel in the blend increased.
This document discusses bringing biodiesel education to automotive classrooms. It outlines the benefits of biodiesel including reduced dependence on foreign oil, lower emissions, and use in existing diesel engines. Several schools and programs are highlighted that have incorporated biodiesel into their automotive and renewable energy curriculums through hands-on labs working with biodiesel production and testing fuel quality. Resources for further education on biodiesel handling, usage, and technical specifications are also provided.
Experimental Investigation on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel E...ijtsrd
In this study, experimental investigations on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine was carried out using Palm oil Shea butter oil biodiesel as fuel. The two vegetable oils, Shea butter SB and Palm oil PO were blended in the proportion 25 75 , 50 50 , and 75 25 v v. The transesterification of the blended oils were carried out using ethanol, with potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Abdul Musa | L. T. Tuleun | J. S. Ibrahim | G. B. Nyior "Experimental Investigation on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fueled With Palm Oil/Shea Butter Oil Blends Biodiesels" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42486.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/mechanical-engineering/42486/experimental-investigation-on-performance-and-exhaust-emissions-of-a-diesel-engine-fueled-with-palm-oilshea-butter-oil-blends-biodiesels/abdul-musa
This document provides an overview of biodiesel, including:
1) Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that can be used as a substitute for or blended with petroleum diesel.
2) Biodiesel offers benefits like reduced emissions, energy security, and support for domestic jobs and rural economies.
3) For best performance and engine compatibility, biodiesel should meet ASTM quality standards and be from BQ-9000 certified producers. Blends up to B20 are widely supported, with some vehicles approved for higher blends or pure biodiesel.
The document summarizes an experimental study analyzing the emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with biodiesel made from Mahua oil methyl ester (MOME). Key findings include:
- Tests on a single cylinder diesel engine showed that neat MOME biodiesel produced lower carbon monoxide, smoke opacity, and particulate emissions than petrodiesel, but higher oxides of nitrogen emissions.
- Emissions generally improved with increasing percentages of MOME biodiesel blended with petrodiesel.
- The study concludes that MOME biodiesel is a viable alternative fuel that provides emission benefits over petrodiesel.
This document discusses biodiesel fuel performance and emissions. It begins by introducing biodiesel as an alternative fuel produced from vegetable oils and animal fats through transesterification. It then discusses various blending methods for biodiesel and diesel. The document also provides tables on biodiesel production by country and classifications. It reviews the impact of biodiesel on engine performance, finding that power is typically reduced slightly due to biodiesel's lower energy content, though impacts can vary depending on the blend and specific fuel properties. The review cites over 25 studies on this topic from 2000 onwards.
IRJET-Performance Study on Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) Engine using Diff...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research into using neem biodiesel in a variable compression ratio engine. Neem oil is converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process with methanol. The biodiesel is then tested in blends of 10%, 30%, and 50% neem biodiesel with diesel in a single cylinder engine. The performance parameters of brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and emissions of CO, HC, CO2, and NOx are evaluated at different loads. The results show that a blend of 50% neem biodiesel with 5% methanol additive has the highest brake thermal efficiency but also higher emissions due to the methanol content. Overall, the neem biodiesel blends performed
Experimental Study of Hydrogen Peroxide Induction to a 4-Stroke Diesel Engine...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on the effects of adding hydrogen peroxide to biodiesel-diesel blends used in a diesel engine. Biodiesel was produced from calophyllum inophyllum oil using a transesterification process. Blends containing 60% diesel, 30% biodiesel, and 10% hydrogen peroxide additive showed the best performance. Tests on the engine found that this blend had higher brake thermal efficiency and lower brake specific fuel consumption and emissions than other blends, especially at a injection pressure of 205 bars. The addition of hydrogen peroxide was found to improve the performance and reduce emissions of the engine compared to blends without the additive.
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats through a chemical process. It can be used in diesel engines and vehicles alone or blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel produces lower emissions than petrodiesel, reducing harmful emissions like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and decreasing the carcinogenic properties of diesel. However, biodiesel may increase nitrogen oxide emissions slightly. Biodiesel is more biodegradable than petrodiesel and is considered more environmentally friendly.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be used in diesel engines. It is made through a chemical process called transesterification that uses triglycerides from vegetable oils and fats. Biodiesel has advantages over petroleum diesel like reduced emissions and biodegradability. However, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content and issues with operating in cold weather. Producing enough biodiesel to replace petroleum diesel at a large scale presents economic and logistical challenges.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel made from renewable sources like vegetable oils and animal fats through a process called transesterification. It has similar chemical structure to diesel, but with an ester group. Biodiesel has a carbon neutral footprint since it uses carbon absorbed by plants, while diesel increases carbon dioxide levels over time. Producing and using biodiesel helps reduce pollution from sulfur dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional diesel. However, biodiesel may gel more easily in cold weather and increase demand for cropland.
A Technical Review of Biodiesel Fuel Emissions and Performance on Industrial ...IJMER
Biofuels play an important role in many developing countries as a clean liquid fuel which helps
to address the energy, costs and global warming as compared to petroleum fuels. Biodiesel can be
blended to any level to any petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. Blending of biodiesel with small
amount of petroleum product gives control to air pollution. Additives plays and important role in
minimizing the NOx Emission which result in sigh of relief who are opting biodiesel as an alternative fuel.
In the future the biodiesel play an important role in reduce the greenhouse gases In this review article the
reports on regulated and non-regulated emission, durability, economy and performance on biodiesel by
various researchers have seen cited since 2000
1) Biodiesel is made through a process called transesterification that combines triglycerides like vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol like methanol.
2) There are challenges to biodiesel production including expensive feedstocks, strict quality standards, and concerns over NOx emissions from use.
3) Jatropha and Pongamia seeds can be used to produce biodiesel through transesterification and meet biodiesel fuel standards. Their use reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
This document discusses the sustainability dimensions of biodiesel production and use. It provides background on biodiesel, noting that it offers environmental and economic benefits but production is limited by available farmland and feedstocks. The document surveys qualities of biodiesel like its cloud point compared to petrodiesel, and feedstocks like waste vegetable oil and soybean oil. Key sustainability considerations discussed include the energy balance of biodiesel, linking bioenergy crop production to sustainable practices, and the economics of scale and consumer access to biodiesel.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that can be used in diesel engines. It has benefits over petroleum diesel such as being non-toxic, biodegradable, and producing lower emissions. However, biodiesel also faces challenges including limited availability of feedstock for large-scale replacement of petroleum diesel, issues with cold weather operation, and potential engine and emissions optimization. While biodiesel provides short and long-term environmental benefits, issues around fuel stability, transportation costs, and lack of understanding of its full environmental impacts need to be addressed for it to become a primary fuel source.
Evaluation of Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel to Compression Ignition Engine a...IJMER
To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternate fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternate to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Further it can be used with/without any modifications to the engine. It is an oxygenated fuel and emissions of carbon monoxide are less unlike fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel does not contribute to global warming as CO2 emitted is once again absorbed by the plants grown for vegetable oil/biodiesel production, thus CO2 balance is maintained. In the present work the Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil (Biodiesel) at various blends is used with pure diesel to study its effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance of the engine under different operating conditions and blends are compared by calculating the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption by using pure diesel and adding various blends of Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil to diesel. The exhaust gas analyzers and smoke meters are used to find the percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.
1) Algal biodiesel has several advantages over traditional biodiesel sources like corn or soybeans, as algae can produce significantly higher oil yields per acre and does not require valuable agricultural land.
2) There are three main methods to extract oil from algae for biodiesel production - pressing, chemical extraction using solvents like hexane, and supercritical CO2 extraction which is the most efficient but also the most expensive.
3) The oil extracted from algae can be converted into biodiesel fuel through a process called transesterification, where the algal oil reacts with ethanol and a catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerol.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes research on the production and application of biodiesel. It discusses the history of biodiesel dating back to 1893 when diesel first used peanut oil. Methods of biodiesel production discussed include transesterification using supercritical methanol, ultrasonication, and microwave techniques. Nano particles are also explored as an additive to reduce emissions when biodiesel is used in engines without modification. Biodiesel cultivation and harvesting techniques for plants like jatropha are also summarized.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
The document discusses using jatropha biodiesel as an alternative fuel in India. It highlights the need to find renewable and domestic fuel sources due to India's dependence on imported fossil fuels. The document describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from jatropha oil and the various factors that affect the process. Performance tests on a diesel engine show biodiesel blends have similar or better efficiency and torque compared to diesel, with emissions of pollutants decreasing as biodiesel percentage increases except for a slight rise in NOx. The 50% biodiesel blend provides the best balance of performance and emissions.
A Review on Performance and Emission analysis of 4-Stroke Diesel Engine using...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the performance and emission analysis of biodiesel from various feedstocks used in a 4-stroke diesel engine. It summarizes findings from various studies on biodiesel blends from rapeseed oil, soybean oil, Calophyllum inophyllum oil, mahua oil, and jatropha oil. Most studies found that a 20% blend of biodiesel and diesel provided the best balance of engine performance and reduced emissions compared to pure diesel. Emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons were generally lower for biodiesel blends, while oxides of nitrogen increased compared to diesel. Engine efficiency typically decreased as the percentage of biodiesel in the blend increased.
This document discusses bringing biodiesel education to automotive classrooms. It outlines the benefits of biodiesel including reduced dependence on foreign oil, lower emissions, and use in existing diesel engines. Several schools and programs are highlighted that have incorporated biodiesel into their automotive and renewable energy curriculums through hands-on labs working with biodiesel production and testing fuel quality. Resources for further education on biodiesel handling, usage, and technical specifications are also provided.
Experimental Investigation on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel E...ijtsrd
In this study, experimental investigations on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine was carried out using Palm oil Shea butter oil biodiesel as fuel. The two vegetable oils, Shea butter SB and Palm oil PO were blended in the proportion 25 75 , 50 50 , and 75 25 v v. The transesterification of the blended oils were carried out using ethanol, with potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Abdul Musa | L. T. Tuleun | J. S. Ibrahim | G. B. Nyior "Experimental Investigation on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fueled With Palm Oil/Shea Butter Oil Blends Biodiesels" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42486.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/mechanical-engineering/42486/experimental-investigation-on-performance-and-exhaust-emissions-of-a-diesel-engine-fueled-with-palm-oilshea-butter-oil-blends-biodiesels/abdul-musa
This document provides an overview of biodiesel, including:
1) Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that can be used as a substitute for or blended with petroleum diesel.
2) Biodiesel offers benefits like reduced emissions, energy security, and support for domestic jobs and rural economies.
3) For best performance and engine compatibility, biodiesel should meet ASTM quality standards and be from BQ-9000 certified producers. Blends up to B20 are widely supported, with some vehicles approved for higher blends or pure biodiesel.
The document summarizes an experimental study analyzing the emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with biodiesel made from Mahua oil methyl ester (MOME). Key findings include:
- Tests on a single cylinder diesel engine showed that neat MOME biodiesel produced lower carbon monoxide, smoke opacity, and particulate emissions than petrodiesel, but higher oxides of nitrogen emissions.
- Emissions generally improved with increasing percentages of MOME biodiesel blended with petrodiesel.
- The study concludes that MOME biodiesel is a viable alternative fuel that provides emission benefits over petrodiesel.
This document discusses biodiesel fuel performance and emissions. It begins by introducing biodiesel as an alternative fuel produced from vegetable oils and animal fats through transesterification. It then discusses various blending methods for biodiesel and diesel. The document also provides tables on biodiesel production by country and classifications. It reviews the impact of biodiesel on engine performance, finding that power is typically reduced slightly due to biodiesel's lower energy content, though impacts can vary depending on the blend and specific fuel properties. The review cites over 25 studies on this topic from 2000 onwards.
IRJET-Performance Study on Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) Engine using Diff...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research into using neem biodiesel in a variable compression ratio engine. Neem oil is converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process with methanol. The biodiesel is then tested in blends of 10%, 30%, and 50% neem biodiesel with diesel in a single cylinder engine. The performance parameters of brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and emissions of CO, HC, CO2, and NOx are evaluated at different loads. The results show that a blend of 50% neem biodiesel with 5% methanol additive has the highest brake thermal efficiency but also higher emissions due to the methanol content. Overall, the neem biodiesel blends performed
Experimental Study of Hydrogen Peroxide Induction to a 4-Stroke Diesel Engine...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on the effects of adding hydrogen peroxide to biodiesel-diesel blends used in a diesel engine. Biodiesel was produced from calophyllum inophyllum oil using a transesterification process. Blends containing 60% diesel, 30% biodiesel, and 10% hydrogen peroxide additive showed the best performance. Tests on the engine found that this blend had higher brake thermal efficiency and lower brake specific fuel consumption and emissions than other blends, especially at a injection pressure of 205 bars. The addition of hydrogen peroxide was found to improve the performance and reduce emissions of the engine compared to blends without the additive.
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats through a chemical process. It can be used in diesel engines and vehicles alone or blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel produces lower emissions than petrodiesel, reducing harmful emissions like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and decreasing the carcinogenic properties of diesel. However, biodiesel may increase nitrogen oxide emissions slightly. Biodiesel is more biodegradable than petrodiesel and is considered more environmentally friendly.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be used in diesel engines. It is made through a chemical process called transesterification that uses triglycerides from vegetable oils and fats. Biodiesel has advantages over petroleum diesel like reduced emissions and biodegradability. However, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content and issues with operating in cold weather. Producing enough biodiesel to replace petroleum diesel at a large scale presents economic and logistical challenges.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel made from renewable sources like vegetable oils and animal fats through a process called transesterification. It has similar chemical structure to diesel, but with an ester group. Biodiesel has a carbon neutral footprint since it uses carbon absorbed by plants, while diesel increases carbon dioxide levels over time. Producing and using biodiesel helps reduce pollution from sulfur dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional diesel. However, biodiesel may gel more easily in cold weather and increase demand for cropland.
A Technical Review of Biodiesel Fuel Emissions and Performance on Industrial ...IJMER
Biofuels play an important role in many developing countries as a clean liquid fuel which helps
to address the energy, costs and global warming as compared to petroleum fuels. Biodiesel can be
blended to any level to any petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. Blending of biodiesel with small
amount of petroleum product gives control to air pollution. Additives plays and important role in
minimizing the NOx Emission which result in sigh of relief who are opting biodiesel as an alternative fuel.
In the future the biodiesel play an important role in reduce the greenhouse gases In this review article the
reports on regulated and non-regulated emission, durability, economy and performance on biodiesel by
various researchers have seen cited since 2000
1) Biodiesel is made through a process called transesterification that combines triglycerides like vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol like methanol.
2) There are challenges to biodiesel production including expensive feedstocks, strict quality standards, and concerns over NOx emissions from use.
3) Jatropha and Pongamia seeds can be used to produce biodiesel through transesterification and meet biodiesel fuel standards. Their use reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
This document discusses the sustainability dimensions of biodiesel production and use. It provides background on biodiesel, noting that it offers environmental and economic benefits but production is limited by available farmland and feedstocks. The document surveys qualities of biodiesel like its cloud point compared to petrodiesel, and feedstocks like waste vegetable oil and soybean oil. Key sustainability considerations discussed include the energy balance of biodiesel, linking bioenergy crop production to sustainable practices, and the economics of scale and consumer access to biodiesel.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that can be used in diesel engines. It has benefits over petroleum diesel such as being non-toxic, biodegradable, and producing lower emissions. However, biodiesel also faces challenges including limited availability of feedstock for large-scale replacement of petroleum diesel, issues with cold weather operation, and potential engine and emissions optimization. While biodiesel provides short and long-term environmental benefits, issues around fuel stability, transportation costs, and lack of understanding of its full environmental impacts need to be addressed for it to become a primary fuel source.
Evaluation of Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel to Compression Ignition Engine a...IJMER
To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternate fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternate to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Further it can be used with/without any modifications to the engine. It is an oxygenated fuel and emissions of carbon monoxide are less unlike fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel does not contribute to global warming as CO2 emitted is once again absorbed by the plants grown for vegetable oil/biodiesel production, thus CO2 balance is maintained. In the present work the Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil (Biodiesel) at various blends is used with pure diesel to study its effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance of the engine under different operating conditions and blends are compared by calculating the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption by using pure diesel and adding various blends of Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil to diesel. The exhaust gas analyzers and smoke meters are used to find the percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.
1) Algal biodiesel has several advantages over traditional biodiesel sources like corn or soybeans, as algae can produce significantly higher oil yields per acre and does not require valuable agricultural land.
2) There are three main methods to extract oil from algae for biodiesel production - pressing, chemical extraction using solvents like hexane, and supercritical CO2 extraction which is the most efficient but also the most expensive.
3) The oil extracted from algae can be converted into biodiesel fuel through a process called transesterification, where the algal oil reacts with ethanol and a catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerol.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes research on the production and application of biodiesel. It discusses the history of biodiesel dating back to 1893 when diesel first used peanut oil. Methods of biodiesel production discussed include transesterification using supercritical methanol, ultrasonication, and microwave techniques. Nano particles are also explored as an additive to reduce emissions when biodiesel is used in engines without modification. Biodiesel cultivation and harvesting techniques for plants like jatropha are also summarized.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
1. Overview
• Biodiesel Background & Advantages
• Making Biodiesel, Glycerin Separation,
washing issues
• Chemistry of the process
• Demo: Canola Oil
• Biodiesel properties (double bond
location, viscosity, Cetane number, cloud
point)
• Biodiesel Challenges (Gelling, additives,..)
• Possible Lesson Plans: Energy efficiency,
Vehicle comparison
2. What is Biodiesel?
• Alternative fuel for diesel engines
• Made from vegetable oil or animal fat
• Meets health effect testing (CAA)
• Lower emissions, High flash point (>300F), Safer
• Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.
• Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl
esters produced usually from triglyceride esters
Fatty Acid
Alcohol
Glycerin
Vegetable Oil
Biodiesel
FA
FA
FA
FA
3. Biodiesel can be used in
existing Diesel Engines
• Pure Biodiesel (B100) or blended with petroleum
diesel (B20, BXX).
• Rudolf Diesel: peanut oil.
• Little or no engine modifications
• Use existing fuel distribution network.
• Available now
4. Environmental Issues
• Burning fossil fuels increases atmospheric levels of
carbon dioxide
• Fossil fuels are a
finite resource
Graph taken from USF Oceanography webpage
Biodiesel’s Closed
Carbon Cycle
30% Increase
5. Relative Greenhouse Gas Emissions
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Gasoline
CNG
LPG
Diesel
Ethanol 85%
B20
Diesel Hybrid
Electric
B100
Data from “A Fresh Look at CNG: A Comparison of Alternative
Fuels”, Alternative Fuel Vehicle Program, 8/13/2001
B100 = 100% Biodiesel
B20 = 20% BD + 80% PD
6. ** B100 (100% biodiesel) with NOx adsorbing catalyst on vehicle
Relative emissions: Diesel and Biodiesel
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Total Unburned HCs
CO
Particulate Matter
**NOx
Sulfates
PAHs
n-PAHs
Mutagenicity
CO2
Percent
B100 **
B20
Diesel
8. Chemistry of Triglycerides
• Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride
with a monohydroxy alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol…).
• What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of
glycerol and three fatty acids:
9. Transesterification
While actually a multi-step process, the overall
reaction looks like this:
CH2OOR1 catalyst CH2OH
| |
CHOOR2 + 3CH3OH 3CH3OORx + CHOH
| |
CH2OOR3 CH2OH
Triglyceride 3 Methanols Biodiesel Glycerin
R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl groups (could be different, or the
same), and depend on the type of oil. The fatty acids involved
determine the final properties of the biodiesel (cetane number, cold
flow properties, etc.)
10. Individual step of Transesterification
First step, triglyceride turned into diglyceride, methoxide
(minus Na) joins freed FA to make biodiesel, Na joins
OH from water (from methoxide formation) to make
NaOH. Other H joins the diglyceride.
H O H
| | |
HCOR1 H HCO H O
| | | | |
HCOOR2 + HCONa +H2O CHOOR2 + HCOR1 + NaOH
| | | |
HCOR3 H HCOR3 H
| | | |
H O H O
Triglyceride + Methoxide + H2O Diglyceride + Biodiesel + NaOH
11. Pictorial by Graydon Blair of the Utah Biodiesel Cooperative
http://www.utahbiodiesel.org/biodiesel_making.html
17. I. Biology
I.a. Carbon Cycle
I.b. Greenhouse Effect (Chem,
Physics)
I.c. Health Issues, Animal Testing
(Chemistry)
I.d. Plant suitability - breeding
preferable feedstock crops
(Chemistry, Economics)
I.e. Photosynthesis – as an energy/fuel
production system for humans
18. II. Chemistry
II.a. Titrations (and general
acids/bases)
II.b. Organic Chemistry Terminology
II.c. Freezing and Gelling
II.d. Transesterification reactions
II.e. Catalytic reactions
II.f. Reversible reactions
II.g. Fermentation
II.h. Materials Compatibility
19. III. Physics
III.a. Thermodynamics, Energy
Conservation
III.b. Engines, Combustion (Chemistry)
III.c. Photosynthesis as energy
conversion, quantum limits
III.d. Thorough analysis of alternative
fuels, particularly efficiency and safety
of (combustion science, etc.)
20. IV. Economics
IV.a. Economics of worldwide petroleum
industry, impacts on US (trade deficits,
military obligations, etc.)
IV.b. Co-product economics (co-products of
feedstocks (i.e. soy meal) and processing
(glycerin)
IV.c. Economic incentives for greater fuel
efficiency and alternative fuel use
IV.d. Economic analysis of biodiesel
production plant
21. Jetta TDI
on biodiesel
Jetta TDI
on
petroleum
diesel
Jetta 2.0L
gasoline
engine
Toyota
Prius on
gasoline
Toyota
Fuel Cell
vehicle
(hydrogen)
Dodge
ESX3
(diesel-
hybrid) on
biodiesel
Vehicle cost $19,970 $19,970 $18,790 $21,520 $100,0003
$28,500
Fuel efficiency (FE) 41/48.5 42/50 24/31 52/45 5.74
72
Vehicle range (miles) 609/711 609/711 348/450 619/536 155 ???
Power (hp) 90 90 115 70 110 ???
Torque (ft-lbs) 155 155 122 82 188 ???
Cost/mile2
$0.047 $0.040 $0.062 $0.035 $0.195
$0.03
Energy density (ED) of fuel
(Thousands of BTUs/gal)
127 141 123 123 9 127
Fossil Fuel Energy Balance
FEB)6
3.2 0.83 0.74 0.74 0.667
3.2
Total fossil energy input/mile8
(Thousand BTU/mile)
0.89 3.7 6.0 3.4 2.4 0.55
1 Assuming modern catalyst used with the TDI running biodiesel or ULSD.
2 Assuming $1.70/gallon for gasoline, $1.80 for petroleum diesel, and $2.16/gallon for biodiesel, based on 50/50
average of city/highway
3 Honda’s estimate for the cost of their fuel cell vehicles in mass production in 2012
4 Miles per gallon of hydrogen compressed to 5,000 psi (35 atmospheres), based on maximum range of Honda’s
FCV of 170 miles on a 30 gallon tank
5 30 gallons at 5,000 psi equals 3.2 kg of hydrogen (hydrogen density at 14.7 psi is 0.0003142 kg/gal, at 5000 psi
it’s 0.1069 kg/gal). Typical cost for very large consumers of compressed hydrogen expected to be $10/kg. So, $32
for 170 miles.
6 See http://www.mda.state.mn.us/ethanol/balance.html
7 Assumes hydrogen produced from steam reformation of natural gas, fossil energy balance (net energy ratio)
taken from http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/27637.pdf
Lesson Possibility - Vehicle comparison (energy efficiency, economics, etc.)
22. Biodiesel Hydrogen
Technological Readiness Can be used in existing diesel
engines, which have already been in
use for 100 years
Electrolyzing water (most likely using
fossil fuel energy) or reforming fossil
fuels. Most likely non-renewable
methods with large net CO2
emissions
Fuel Distribution System Can be distributed with existing filling
stations with no changes.
No system currently exists, would
take decades to develop. Would cost
$176 billion to put one hydrogen
pump at each of the filling stations in
the US.
Fossil Energy Balance [higher is
better]
3.2 units (soy)
4.3 units (rapeseed)
0.66 units (steam reforming of natural
gas)
Large scale fuel development cost
analysis
For an estimated $1691 billion,
enough algae farms could be built to
completely replace petroleum
transportation fuels with biodiesel
To produce enough clean hydrogen
for our transportation needs would
cost $2.5 trillion (wind power) or $25
trillion (solar)
Safety Flash point over 300 F (considered
“not flammable”)
Highly flammable, high pressure
storage tanks pose a large risk due to
store mechanical energy, as well as
flammability/explosiveness
Time scale for wide scale use 5-15 years 30-70 years optimistic assumption
Cost of engines Comparable to existing vehicles Currently 50-100 times as expensive
as existing engines.
Tank capacity required for 1,000 mile
range in conventional sedan
20 gallons 268 gallons
Comparison of Biodiesel and Hydrogen as Fuels of the Future
23. V. Public Policy, Current Events
• Scientific and engineering advancements are
not independent of economics and legislation
- they are closely intertwined
• Legislative efforts can make technological
advancement more economical while the
industry develops (i.e. temporary biodiesel
road tax exemption)
• Petroleum is a critical player in world politics,
wars, etc. Replacing petroleum vitally
important for strategic, economic, and
environmental reasons.
24. Summary
Alternative fuels and energy sources are an issue of increasing importance -
not only among the scientific and engineering community, but also in
economics and public policy. Alternatives need to be compared on scientific
and economic terms - which is not done well in the media.
Alternative fuels and energy sources provide an excellent opportunity to
introducing a variety of science topics, and increasing student interest in
those topics. Science and engineering fields are increasingly disciplinary -
lessons on biodiesel can demonstrate that clearly, by showing the
overlapping of biology, chemistry, and physics in studying this and other
alternative fuels. It can also demonstrate to students that science is not
independent of economics, and advancements in science can yield
considerable benefit to the general public (i.e. shifting from petroleum fuels
to domestically produced biofuels would create millions of jobs, improve
our economy, reduce pollution enormously, and eliminate a key strategic
concern for all countries - the dependence on foreign fuels).