The document discusses biodiesel production methods. There are three routes: base catalyzed transesterification using alcohol which is the most common and economic method; direct acid catalyzed esterification; and converting the oil to fatty acids then alkyl esters with acid catalysis. The base catalyzed process reacts a fat or oil with an alcohol like methanol using a catalyst like sodium or potassium hydroxide to produce biodiesel and glycerine in a low temperature and pressure process with high conversion rates.

1. BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
The production of biodiesel, or alkyl esters, is well known. There are three basic
routes to ester production from oils and fats:
∗ Base catalyzed Process Input Levels = Process Output Levels
transesterification of the oil with
alcohol.
∗ Direct acid catalyzed
esterification of the oil with Alcohol 4%
methanol. Alcohol 12% Fertilizer 1%
Catalyst1% Glycerine 9%
∗ Conversion of the oil to fatty Oil 87% Methyl Ester 86%
acids, and then to Alkyl esters
Nothing is wasted
with acid catalysis.
The majority of the alkyl esters produced today are done with the base
catalyzed reaction because it is the most economic for several reasons:
∗ Low temperature (150 F) and pressure (20 psi) processing.
∗ High conversion (98%) with minimal side reactions and reaction time.
∗ Direct conversion to methyl ester with no intermediate steps.
∗ Exotic materials of construction are not necessary.
The general process is depicted below. A fat or oil is reacted with an alcohol,
like methanol, in the presence of a catalyst to produce glycerine and methyl
esters or biodiesel. The methanol is charged in excess to assist in quick
conversion and recovered for reuse. The catalyst is usually sodium or potassium
hydroxide which has already been mixed with the methanol.
Alcohol
Alcohol
ò Recovery
~
Biodiesel
ò Reactor Settler Washing Purification Evaporation
ò
Vegetable ~~
Oil Glycerine
ò
Catalyst
Mineral Neutralization Settler Evaporation
Acid Distillation
Fatty Acids