The document discusses diabetes and obesity. It defines the three main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is most common and is associated with obesity. The document also defines obesity clinically as a BMI over 30 kg/m^2. It notes that approximately 80% of people with type 2 diabetes are obese. The South region of the US has the highest obesity rates, which may be due to factors like poverty, fried foods, and limited access to healthy foods. There is a strong positive correlation between obesity and type 2 diabetes.

1. Diabetes and Obesity
Emily Kersting & Sal Nay

2. Background: What is Diabetes?
Diabetes is a life long disease that causes the body to become
resistant to insulin, the liver to produce too little of it or both. There
are three types of diabetic condition, but one is associated with
obesity.
Type I: Also known as juvenile onset diabetes or insulin-
dependent diabetes is a condition that can occur at any
age but, as the name implies, usually occurs in juveniles,
teenagers, or young adults
Type II: also known as adult onset diabetes or noninsulin-
dependent diabetes is associated with obesity and is the
most common form of diabetes overall
Gestational Diabetes: Develops during pregnancy in women
who does not have diabetes prior to becoming pregnant
http://smartypantsvitamins.com/best-vitamins-for-diabetes/

3. Background: What is Diabetes?
What is Insulin?
• Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas.
• It assists the body in the uptake of glucose (an essential fuel source),
moving it from the blood stream and into the muscles, fats, and liver
cells.
• Those who are diabetic do not produce enough insulin or their body
has become resistant to it, resulting in a high blood sugar level
(hyperglycemia).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin#cite_note-pmid9235985-1

4. Background: What is Obesity?
In general terms, obesity is defined as having too much body fat; this is
not to be confused as being overweight. Overweight is defined as a
person that weighs too much due to a variety of reasons, such as:
extra muscles, heavy bone mass or too much water.
Clinically, obesity can be measured by calculating a person’s body mass
index (BMI). This is done by taking a person’s mass (kg) and
dividing it by their height (m). If their BMI value exceeds 30kg/m2 , a
person is clinically labeled as obese.
Formula:
BMI = (kg/m^2)
Weight in kilograms
Height in meters^2
http://www.obesityinamerica.org/

5. Hypothetical Support
What is it about the South region that allows us to pinpoint that
population with the highest rate of obesity?
 Poverty, the South is the poorest region of the US. Poor
people tend to eat a lot of inexpensive processed food,
which can be fattening and unhealthy.
 A lot of fried food and barbecues. Southern states are
notorious for their fried dishes: fried chicken, fried steak,
fried green tomatoes, fried onions, fried cornbread, etc.
 Sparsely placed grocery stores in impoverish area. Grocery
stores tend to be further away from residential homes,
compared to other regions in the US. This limits resident’s
options in terms of access to healthy food.

6. Hypothetical Support
How is diabetes linked to obesity?
• According to The Journal of American Medical Association,
approximately 80% of people diagnosed with Type II diabetes are
also clinically diagnosed as being obese.
• Being obese causes excess stress on the body in many ways
including decrease efficiency of the pancreas to produce insulin,
along with the body becoming resistant to insulin. Over a prolonged
period of time, the individual will develop type II diabetes.

7. Hypotheses
Based on this information we formulated two hypotheses.
Hypothesis 1:
 The Southern region has a higher prevalence of obesity,
compared to the other regions in America.
 Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the prevalence
of obesity between the regions in America.
Hypothesis 2:
 There is a strong positive correlation between type-2 diabetes
and obesity.
 Null hypothesis: There is no significant correlation in the prevalence
of type-2 diabetes and obesity.

8. Methods
 CDC conducted a cross sectional random-digit health survey
totalling 184,450 participants over the age of 18.
 Questionnaire consisted primarily of questions about personal
behaviors that increase risk for 1 or more of the 10 leading causes of
death in the United States.
 Results used data on self-reported weight and height to calculate
BMI. Participants were classified as obese if their BMI was 30
kg/m^2 or more.
 Diabetes was accounted for asking if a doctor had ever diagnosed
you with diabetes and if they were taking insulin regularly.

9. Analysis
In order to test our first hypothesis…
 The Southern region has a higher prevalence of obesity, compared to
the other regions in America.
 The states were divided by region.
 Data from each state was grouped.
 1-way ANOVA to test the variance.

10. https://www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf

11. Region Results
Obesity By Region
25
22.5
20
17.5
15
12.5
Percent Obesity within Region (%)
10
West Midwest Northeast South
Region

12. Region ANOVA Results

13. Diabetes and Obesity
In order to test our second hypothesis…
 There is a strong positive correlation between type-2 diabetes and
obesity.
 Arranged the Diabetes and Obesity data side by side to run a
correlation first to measure if there was any relation at all.
 After the correlation was run the results showed significance so we
then ran a linear regression.

14. Diabetes and Obesity Correlation

15. Diabetes and Obesity Regression

16. Diabetes and Obesity
Regression Analysis

17. Overall Results
Since we rejected the null hypothesis after both statistical analyses…
Hypothesis 1 Conclusion:
 There is a significant difference in the prevalence of obesity between
American regions; West, Midwest, North East and South.
Hypothesis 2 Conclusion:
 There is a significant correlation between diabetes and obesity nation
wide.

18. What do other scientists say?
Flegal K, Carroll M, Ogden C, Johnson C. Prevalence and
Trends in Obesity Among US Adults. The Journal of the
American Medical Association 286.10 (September
2001):1195-2000. Google Scholar. Web. 27 October
2012.
Summary of Findings
Diabetes and obesity are continually increasing amount U.S.
adults. Interventions are required to improve physical activity and
overall health nation wide.

19. What do other scientists say?
Trivedi Bijal P. The Bypass Cure. Discover 33.10 (December 2012): 52-
60. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 November 2012.
Summary of Findings:
Gastric Bypass Surgery has the capability to remove the smptoms of
type-2 diabetes. As shortly as 6 days after surgery it was shown that a
significant less amount of insulin was required in diabetic patients.
Varying per patient, after a short amount of time all patients stopped the
requirement of insulin.

20. What do other scientists say?
Mencarelli M, Zulian A, Cancello R, Alberti L, Gilardini L, Di Blasio A,
Invitti C, Lovel Missense Mutation in the Signal Peptide for the
Human POMC Gene: A Possible Additional Link Between Early-
onset Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. European Journal of Human
Genetics 20.12 (December 2012):1290-1294. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 11 November 2012.
Summary of Findings:
This research looks at the genes of a woman who presents early-onset
type 2 diabetes and central obesity. Found in the POMC gene was a
missense mutation, which substituted arginine for a glycine at codon 15.
This mutation is associated with obesity; type 2 diabetes, hypertension
and coronary heart disease in the carriers. These findings further support
the hypothesis that POMC-derived peptides might have a role in the
control of peripheral glucose metabolism and represent an addition link
between type 2 diabetes and obesity.

21. Future Directions
 Smoking Relation
 Psychological
 Economical
 Situational
 High Blood Pressure vs. Degree of Obesity

22. Works Cited
 Trivedi Bijal P. The Bypass Cure. Discover 33.10 (December 2012): 52-60. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 November 2012.
 Mencarelli M, Zulian A, Cancello R, Alberti L, Gilardini L, Di Blasio A, Invitti C,L ovel Missense Mutation in the Signal Peptide for the Human
POMC Gene: A Possible Additional Link Between Early-onset Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. European Journal of Human Genetics 20.12
(December 2012):1290-1294. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 November 2012.
 Flegal K, Carroll M, Ogden C, Johnson C. Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults. The Journal of the American Medical
Association 286.10 (September 2001):1195-2000. Google Scholar. Web. 27 October 2012.
 Carmelli D, Cardon L, Fabsitz R. lustering of hypertension, diabetes and obesity in adult male twins: same genes or same
environments? The American Journal of Human Genetics 55.3 (September 1994):566-573. Pub Med. Web. 21 October 2012.
 Hartz A, Rupley D, Kalkhoff R, Rimm A. elationship of obesity to diabetes: Influence of Obesity level and body fat distribution.
Preventative Medicine 12.2 (March 1983):351-357. SciVerse. Web. 9 November 2012.
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Koplan, MD, MPH. 2001. The Continuing Epidemics of Obesity and Diabetes in the United States. The Journal of the American Medical
Association 286(10): 1195-1200
 Giuseppina Imperatore, MD, PHD, James P. Boyle, PHD, Theodore J. Thompson, MS, Doug Case, PHD, Dana Dabelea, MD, PHD, Richard F.
Hamman, MD, Jean M. Lawrence, SCD, MPH, Angela D. Liese, PHD, Lenna L. Liu, MD, MPH, Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis, PHD, Beatriz L.
Rodriguez, MD, PHD, Debra Standiford MD. 2012.
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 Allison A. Hedley, PhD; Cynthia L. Ogden, PhD; Clifford L. Johnson, MSPH; Margaret D. Carroll, MSPH; Lester R. Curtin, PhD; Katherine M.
Flegal, PhD. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among US Children, Adolescents, and Adults, 1999-2002. 2004. The Journal of the
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 Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. 1998. Overweight and Obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960-
1994. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity
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 A. Golay, J. Ybarra. 2005. Link Between Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Best Practice and Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
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