Review of effect of construction site safety using BIM

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Integration of Safety Risk Identification with BIM in Construction design, planning
and maintenance
Musa Raza, Nauman Kahloon, Helsinki Metropolia & HTW-Berlin University of Applied
Sciences Musa.raza@metropolia.fi , nauman.kahloon@metropolia.fi
Abstract
Safety incidents or violations of safety norms are common issues in the daily construction
activities and this is because of changing array of activities which are sometimes quite
hazardous. Such safety issues can be reduced by proper planning and management
approach using technology in construction industry. This academic paper aims to target
the opportunities of utilizing BIM technology for safety planning and onsite construction.
The development in BIM can contribute towards a improved safety planning as it would
connect safety issues with construction planning. In safety planning BIM would help
developing a visual understanding of the associated risks involved with different
construction activities and alerts if where the major risks are involved so the construction
team can develop the safest strategies to execute the work. In site construction the major
issue seems to be usage of 2D drawings and conventional communication means with no
opportunity to consider the feedback from the direct staff (Involved in construction i.e.
workers), providing some BIM based 4D visualized models on site to the directly involved
staff would help having a better understanding of work to be performed in the safest order.
Communications and feedback from the one’s directly involved would help improving the
safety concerns. BIM is highly capable of providing a good environment for safety in
construction and its planning. The objective of this study is to discuss the use of BIM
technology in site safety, management and planning. Literature review stands to be the
major source of developing this paper as well as analysis of the results from a short
Questionnaire survey sent to 5 different professionals of a construction company in middle
east to determine the challenges, causes and effect of integrating BIM with safety.
Keywords: BIM, Safety, Construction, Planning, Communication
Background
Safety issues are ever growing issues in the construction industry because of complex
projects, which makes the site a hazardous place to work in. More focus is required to
understand and achieve the safety goals because of new designs and dynamic working
environment. There has been quite some improvement in safety incidents due to safety
awareness programs but there is still quite some effort required to achieve the no safety
incident goal.
Use of BIM-based construction planning is growing enormously across the world globally.

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These solutions are based on building information models created in the design and
engineering phases. Over the decade now, BIM based design has changed itself from
being used in trials /prototype projects into standard practice in design and engineering
field. There is a positive and encouraging experience of utilizing BIM technology in building
design and production planning (Sulankivi 2004, Sulankivi 2005, Kiviniemi 2005). The use
of integrated models where a product model and a production model are combined is
mostly still in its infancy. These so called 4D production planning and management
solutions are step by step reaching more matured stage and therefore getting gradually
more industrial usage. A lot of potential for variety of improvements has been consolidated
to 4D, especially regarding its suitability for solving conflicts and preventing problems pro-
actively in an effective manner (Porkka & Kähkönen 2007)(Kiviniemi et al., 2011).
Construction sites are complex and dynamic working environments. Work teams are
transient, the physical structure and spaces change constantly, and sites are exposed to
the environment and changes in weather (Sacks et al. 2009).
(Hinze et al., 2013) investigated the effectiveness of using historical information, for
instance OSHA recordable injury rates, to increase construction projects safety
performances.
Rozenfeld contributed towards the development and production of Construction job hazard
analysis (CJSA) where he identified the events with a probablity of loosing control to
analyze and assess how often they can occur (Rozenfeld et al., 2010). Index of safety
level for operating tower crane was developed by Shapira, rather than understanding the
use tower cranes on construction sites it included additional factor that demonstarted the
level of safety to specific construction fields (Shapira et al., 2012).Method for the
quantification of risk level for formworks in concrete structures were developed by
Hallowell & Gambatese(Hallowell & Gambatese, 2009b). For supporting planning
production and each day production control Sacks introduced a BIM based system. This
system holds the ability for improvement in workflow and depreciation in waste due to
possibility of viewing the product and process at the same time (R et al., 2009).To detect
the hazards of falling a BIM based automatick safety rule check model was developed by
Zhang et al. (2012). Zhou in his research with a project of metro station (underground)
combined BIM and levels of safety risks (Zhang et al., 2013).
There is an opportunity of improving the project management process because of BIM’s
ability to comprehend and using the information with effective access.
Problem
BIM is a tool being widely used in designing and planning phases of construction projects.
The safety facet of BIM has been studied and discussed by various researchers where the
development of automated rules for safety checking, use of BIM based models for safety
planning, advantages and effects of BIM-Safety integration have been discussed. The
major concern is how the safety incidents can be reduced using BIM in the daily

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construction is yet a problem to be discussed. The problem is that the management
individuals have usually an understanding of BIM-Safety planned models whereas the
labour/workers yet needs to be exposed to this. Once the individuals directly involved in
daily construction are introduced with visual based BIM safety models of a specific activity
are exposed a beneficial feedback system for safety can be developed. The feedback from
the direct staff of construction industry is yet missing and not being registered. The use of
BIM safety integrated planned model in construction site from directly involved individuals
is quite necessary and beneficial for affirmative results in achieving zero incident goal in
daily construction.
Learning Objectives:
This paper aims to discuss the BIM safety integration for planning, design and construction
with following objectives
• What is BIM and its development?
• How integrated BIM based automated rule set development can help identifying
risks involved in construction.
• How BIM based automated rule set development can help improving the safety
design.
• How BIM based planned models can be used in generating understanding for
construction workers on site.
• How feedback and communication with workers on site, directly involved in
construction can contribute towards safety with exposure to BIM-Safety models on
daily basis.
• How the construction can be conducted more safely using BIM-based safety
models in daily activities.
Approach
A thorough literature review has been done to understand the effect of building information
modelling integration with safety, current safety communication methods, and
development/researches done in this context. Interviews of 5 different professionals
(Managers) from two construction contracting companies working in Oil & Gas sector
(Refinery) & infrastructural development in middle east were conducted to understand the
awareness about BIM and its effectiveness in safety.
Analysis
1. Building Information Modelling
In literature we can find a lot of definitions as what is BIM? How to define BIM is somehow
dependent on the purpose of what needs to be obtained from this approach and who looks
at it (Ganah & John, 2015). In this study we would like to see BIM as a “expeditor” for site

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constructors directly or indirectly involved to improve their safety concerns and
understanding of the construction projects environment, because they are the one dealing
with carrying out daily activities on site.
BIM concept explains virtual appearance of a construction project or facility before
development of its physical appearance, to have reduction in expected uncertainty, better
safety during work, execution problems, and to dissemble and investigate their possible
impacts. safety during work, execution problems, and to dissemble and investigate their
possible impacts. BIM brings in an opportunity for prevention of errors by providing 'clash
detection' or collision options by highlighting the models to know that which areas of the
building are conflicted or connected wrongly and of any geometrical error, detection of
clashes in different fields of construction e.g. structural, electrical, MEP and mechanical
that which areas of the building are conflicted or connected wrongly and of any
geometrical error, detection of clashes in different fields of construction e.g. structural,
electrical, MEP and mechanical. Therefore 3D objects are machine readable, spatial
conflicts in a building model, which can be checked automatically. Due to his ability, at
both ends of the design and shop drawing levels, errors and change orders due to internal
errors are greatly reduced. Pieces can carry attributes for selecting and ordering them
automatically, providing cost estimates and well as material tracking and ordering. Thus as
a building representation, BIM technology is far superior to drawings (Khoshnava et al.,
n.d.).
BIM started gaining recognition just recently. BIM actually developed itself from product
modeling techniques which were used in different sectors like aerospace, automotive
industry and oil and gas. In the mid-1990s building SMART (formerly known as IAI) built on
this objective to create Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) which is a common language
used for information sharing across disciplines and technical applications throughout the
project life cycle (Rulasharqi et al., 2013).
The recent increase in awareness is as a result governments’ efforts in supporting BIM
approach by setting up National Standards example of this is the National Building
Information Model Standard (NBIMS) (Underwood & Isikdag, 2010). “BIM is an integrated
process that produces a graphical representation of the physical and functional
characteristics of a building using continuous information received at various stages of the
building lifecycle.” From the definition, we can see the different aspects of BIM. First, BIM
creates a platform for collaborative working through the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)
process. In traditional project delivery systems the construction project was executed in a
linear progression where every discipline had to complete their part of the process,
whereas BIM deals with the whole process as a comprehensive system by alluring major
opinion makers and subsidizing on each participant’s exclusive experience and
perspective (Rulasharqi et al., 2013). Based on the organizational structure focused on the
relationships of each discipline engaged in the project lifecycle, BIM leverages those
relationships from inception to decommissioning (James, 2009)
2. Safety & BIM

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Construction projects increase in complexity, alternative modern methods of construction
and design increase in popularity (Ganah & John, 2015). The newly coming complex
structured construction projects needs new ways of discovering in design and methods of
construction. To fix this issue, Suermann (Suermann & Issa, 2009) pointed out that
building information modeling (BIM) can be used by designers, construction managers,
and contractors to accomplish tasks more efficiently than ever before and pave the way for
future construction professionals. Hence, with the development of BIM and the life cycle
realization of the project in one holistic environment, most of the H&S information can be
created directly in this single environment. These are some of the advantages that this
article intends to explore by presenting the idea of integration of BIM with safety and its
use in daily construction process. As explored and discussed earlier there have been a lot
of capabilities to use BIM in construction safety Modelling. BIM have been used in quite
some projects in Finland and Hong Kong as pilot projects for planning of safety, which has
been hence proved to be quite useful for the improvement in safety planning. So far
different researches have been done to use BIM as an automated rule check which could
identify during design if what safety hazards and risks are involved in the specific activities.
The Same technique could be used for analyzing a BIM model where the safety analysis
can provide what hazards are expected in regard to the construction of a component or
element. Identifying and highlighting the hazards, precaution and later presenting it to the
directly involved employees on site would create a better understanding on daily basis to
improve the safety incidents and awareness. Presenting the visual models of pre planned
construction activities with details of construction hazards and precautions linked with each
component of the structure to the labors or workers on site and later registering their
feedback and commitments will create a realistic safe environment to work in.
I. BIM automated Safety Rule set Model
Identification of risks and hazards are sometimes because of the constrained expertise or
overlooking from the responsible individuals like site engineers or safety staff when
implementing safe practices for performing certain job, improper training and lack of
awareness regarding safety issues. The rapidly growing applications of BIM can be useful
to approach the safety from another perspective. According to Sijie Zhang his research
takes advantage of the potential that BIM provides for safety in construction (building)
design and planning, and further facilitates the integration of construction safety and health
practices in BIM. It does so by automatically detecting and eliminating hazards. It is based
on the recognition that a building model and associated schedule means that the
construction site changes daily, with new safety issues emerging (and others being
removed) as the project progresses (Zhang et al., 2013).There are often quite many
activities and their sequence which are risky to perfrom without having proper corrective
action plans and safety requirements fullfiled but using BIM the sequence of these
activities can be identified during the planning phase and if there is any ambigous things
they can be modified and cleared.This section aims to discuss the automated rule-based
checking system for BIM which have been presented and discussed by several reseacher
like Sijie Zhang. The goal of the rule checking system is to assist human decision makers
in the safety planning and scheduling by proposing realistic solutions to resolve the
identified issues(Zhang et al., 2013).

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The use of automated rule based tool in BIM can help designers considering the safety
aspects during the construction as well as dedicated frame work for safety engineers
manager to overview prior to executing the design. There have been several proposals
being discussed previously with same or a little different approach of automated safety rule
set in BIM. A dedicated feature in BIM can help designers and the construction team to be
on the same page when going through the model. A realistic vision of the activities and a
reminder of something which might have been missed during modelling would be easily
identified. OSHA safety rules needs to be configured with BIM’s dedicated safety tool.
Provision of an automated tool would help the same way as of “Clash detection tool” in
BIM, where the during checking or analysis the missing hazards which might not have
been considered would be popped up for revision of safe design and execution.
There are two different types of approaches, which can be used for rule based checking of
the model. One approach could be to develop a designing software with an additional plug
which can help designers to keep checking their model during designing phase as there is
no such function currently to check right away there so there is an opportunity to develop
an application to check their models based on the target rules without changing the design
later again and again. Information exchange is another challenge in the projects between
different stakeholders during certain project stages, the issue is with the interoperability of
the data. This is a main problem for the users while dealing with BIM. The other possible
approach could be to use IFC based models for viewing or checking.
IFC is a public and internationally recognized industry standard for data exchange and
integration within building construction industries (Eastman et al., 2010). The applications
based on IFC have ability to accept the models from different BIM-soft wares. Available
rule-based platforms exist that apply rules to IFC building model data, They show a
promising approach to en- able broader application of rule checking on IFC based models
(Lee, 2011) (Pauwels et al., 2011).
The BIM tools which are currently existing they do provide export function for IFC models.
IFC is a rich and redundant data-modeling schema and clear definitions for implementation
are required (Zhang et al., 2013). The requirements of BIM safety checking tool would be
different than as of the clash detection in IFC. A new model view development effort
addressing the requirements of safety rule checking in BIM will need to be introduced ,
Preliminary work on a BIM/safety-rule checker has been introduced by (Zhang, 2014).
II. Proposed Framework for Rule Based Safety Checking System
A proposal of framework development for rule-based safety checking system was
developed by Sijie Zhang and fellows as illustrated in Figure 10.
One of the very first step is to analyse and collect the data of construction.
• Work Breakdown structure (WBS)
• Schedule
• Quantities

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The above mention data is what is connected to the Model of the Building and its
schedule.
Building Model and schedule is what provides most required technical view of scope of
work describing job in hierarchy of product oriented constituents as well as developments,
which are necessary for completion of building elements.
Figure1: Framework for implementing an automated rule-based safety checking in BIM. (Zhang, 2014)
One of the biggest challenges studied is that the schedule is usually not finalized or
considered till the design is almost finished; hence the implication of safety in design could
be dependent on the schedule completion and the method of performing activities.
According to the safety rules the rule checking outputs can be sent to designer with as per
the needs of the contractor using an action report. It would be possible if required to
exclude the hazards which have been identified during the initialization or construction of
the projects. A transformative step in the industry would be to integrate safety into the
design process and to start scheduling for safety earlier (Zhang, 2014).

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Figure 2: Turner Construction uses Solibri Model Checker software Source: (Barista, 2015)
Figure 2 represents a model prepared by a construction company named as Turner which
could be best used for describing how automated safety rule set can help identifying the
risk during different phases of construction. Turner Construction uses Solibri Model
Checker software to write and apply custom rule sets to search for safety-related problem
areas in BIM models, such as the location of fire extinguishers and material storage areas
(Barista, 2015)
The figures points out a hazard where the material has been stored quite near to the
existing fire hydrant. The concept of Rule-set can help construction professionals to
identify risks quite comfortably and plan the work accordingly. So far there has not been
any dedicated development in this regard where some industrial BIM software would have
been developed till date. Some prototype and theoretical models have been described by
the researchers to explore the usage of BIM in safety.
III. BIM in Safety Planning
Safety planning can be included as a new development in the planning and construction of
a project. In many other fields it is already having major post in production planning. Safety
planning has been conducted to some limit individually with other tools of production
planning and the control as an example a plan for protection from falling concrete is not
made in all construction projects. Communication related to the safety management is
challenging for the employee in certain site situations. To some extent we can say that this
is the visible reason why the accidents ratio is higher in construction industry as compared
to others.
We can find quite some exampled where practically BIM has been used for the safety
planning. Once the design model is ready the construction team analysis it along with
safety experts available to identify the risks involved and approach to be used to carry out
the job. Once the risks are involved a visualized model using BIM is developed which
explains how the job needs to be done by highlighting the risks and precautions. For
example for a complex heighted building structure project with some adjacent buildings
around the excavation is a hazardous job .To carry out the excavation a proper safety plan
is required which defines the procedure if where the equipment is to be parked and how

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the excavation needs to be carried out without causing any accident or damage to the
existing living structures. In several such cases the movement plan of the machinery,
emergency exit, shoring of the existing structures was planned in the BIM to make a better
understanding for the executers on site.4D based BIM model can help construction players
to understand the risks and the safest planned procedure to be followed. In case of an
excavation activity as an example following are the key points to be considered
• Modelling of all strutting for example excavation and the machinery
• Identification of the risks may involved for example equipment mobilization or falling
for height.
• Review of the planned or anticipated sequence to perform the job
To develop a proper visual plan in case of contractor certain feedback and involvement
from the client is required to establish the grounds for safety plans. Feedback from client
about the latest safety systems, provision of safety screen on site and illustrated
construction sequence is required. While designing the safety plan rule based hazard
identification, modeled site logistic plan and job hazard analysis would create a better
understanding and a realistic visual model. With the help of literature review it was visible
that the major accidents are attributed to
• Inadequate Supervision
• Insufficient Communication
• In appropriate planning of the job to be performed
The readily available visualization technology like BIM can help us in certain ways to
improve the situation by demonstrating visual work sequence to workers, using orientation
tool before performing site activities, and reviewing and discussing safety arrangements
realistically available. The major issues while developing a safety plan is that the safety
plan is usually based on the design model whereas the sequence and the practice may be
different while executing so development of any BIM based application where the on site
changes can be updated and presented. The modifications made in the initial safety plan
using BIM could enable registering the feedback from the workers, which in common
practice is neglected but is of great importance because of performing similar jobs and
being largely exposed. So there is still need of further research and development in order
to produce a more flexible and approachable safety plan for construction industry, which
can enable users to digest it easily.
Challenges or findings discussed by the researchers and practitioners who used BIM for
safety Modelling describes that it is possible to include the temporary safety related
elements into 4D visualization and planning. The operator can comfortably designate the
effigy of object and rules for visualization as per the needs, e.g. choosing that which one of
the organs/elements are viewable and whats their colour or visibility characteristics are
while visualization. For temporary structures there are some peculiar needs and features

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associated with 4D visualization and planning based on BIM, which were not considered
when the modeling and visualization was only enveloping just the permanent parts of the
building. For example, if permanently installed building elements are modeled and
scheduled they will be visible in status- views of a 4D-visualization from the installation
date forward, temporary parts are to leave their position when they become unnecessary,
or a permanent building part is to be installed at the same location (Sulankivi et al., n.d.)
3. BIM in Site Communication
Other than the conventional literature review the interviews of the construction
professionals were utilized to understand and analyse the role of communication in safety
matters of daily construction job sites. Following was the understanding created by
analysis the interviews from construction professionals.
Communications means in industry are linear and conventional. Common used methods
on construction sites are toolbox talks and safety trainings where the suggestions and
feedback from the workers stand to be of no importance. Safety professionals have less or
have no awareness of BIM. Construction industry have adopted the digital communication
means but it does not seems to be considerably effective.
A toolbox meeting which is very common way of communication on a construction site, is
actually a two-directional communication approach which is not conversational and
transactional. Within BIM, the visual nature of the environment will create conversation
about what is expected onsite and it will be transactional, as site operatives whose H&S is
affected, will create a transactional understanding of the work activity to be carried out. If
they are not sure about issues of safety affecting them, then they can always refer back to
the BIM environment to augment their understanding (Ganah & John, 2015).
During a toolbox meeting the venue and space for everyone will be at one place on any
specific time while using BIM the software synchronization environment is what you need.
Designers being in different places at different instants of tie can conduct the meeting
virtually anywhere. “H&S issues and characteristics are different attributes connected to
activities within the BIM environment, accessing issues of H&S can correctly be tracked
back to all original objects that they applied during the product development. How- ever,
the H&S file is a database that has to be investigated like any other database, but not fully
tied into specific work, task, or activities that have been performed (Ganah & John, 2015)”.
From the interviews conducted, even of the fact that they are not conclusive, it is visible
that the construction professionals are hesitating whereas the belief of changing the
conventional process of work is a problem. Public is yet unaware of widespread depth of
BIM technology and its usefulness in the construction industry. Interviews conducted
depicts that due to the understanding of technology BIM will reveal problems which are not
resolved yet due to the use of conventional practices in the H& Management.
Quite many of industry professionals refused to accept, that they did consider if
visualization of a certain point of time could not be described by safety file. BIM has the
potential that we can extract the different schedules which are chained with the
construction stages and explain them in the real time which in-fact can spread a good

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understanding to all of the stakeholders and operators involved in the construction site due
to availability of visualization of issues. Communication is one of the major means to
deliver and share information. In construction industry certain new communication means
have been adopted but so far the communication system has not been improved perhaps
because of the biasedness of the higher managerial positions. Safety incidents when
investigated usually tend to happen because of unawareness and wrong interpretation of
information provided by the senior management to the staff. There is a bare need to
improve and present a meaningful understanding to the onsite workers about the job to be
done. BIM till today provides the model of the building and details of how it would look like
but the problem is that only the engineers architect and managerial staff would utilize
these tools. If these models and the developed safety plans are developed in BIM and
shared to the direct onsite workers they can think off the job in a realistic way with safest
possible process to perform. Until unless the communication system is not improved and
implemented the site safety issues might not be reduced. BIM based models can be
helpful in a way as they look realistic and colorful to the workers rather than rough dry
delivered toolbox talk or discussion. These Toolbox talks and safety trainings could be
more interesting and understandable if the virtual models are there. Other than the use of
BIM in the construction safety there is a need to develop and understanding among the
professionals that how it can be useful and helpful in managing the safety issues in daily
construction.
Business Impacts
According to a survey done by McGraw Hill Construction Company (McGraw HILL
CONSTRUCTION, 2013) with different construction companies, majority of the firm shows
satisfaction by adopting safety practices using BIM. They claimed that it gave them
positive business outcomes. Two third claimed that it has polished the project quality
because of safety measures. Practicing BIM for safety showing a great impact on running
projects of construction companies and this trend is now increasing day by day specially in
U.S and also in other countries. Following safety with the help of BIM can give a boost of
using it in industry if it contains safety measures not only in designing but also in further
stages of project.
Conclusions
BIM has been one of the highly opted construction tool in recent time which helps
developing the model of building unlike 2D drawings, there are several advantages which
BIM has to offer. BIM has developed itself quite enormously and being used for structural,
architectural, mechanical, electrical and HVAC modelling with features like clash detection.
Applications like Solibri are available where on a smartphone or tablet the whole modle of
the building can be viewed on site and the analysis of the model can be done as well.
Unfortunately there is no dedicated tool of BIM is available for Safety planning design and
site construction, which have been explored by the researchers. One of the major issues
while using technological tools in construction industry is that the information is usually

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shared to the upstream members whereas the lower stream members or workers usually
have no interaction/exposure with these tools. Presenting a BIM based model to the
workers on site would be attractive realistic and comprehensive mean of delivering safety
awareness unlike typical safety trainings or toolbox talks where there is nothing visually
available to understand. Construction site workers usually tend to be ignored when it
comes to register feedback whereas their feedback is quite important because of being
excessively exposed to daily activities, BIM based visualized models can provide a mean
for registering their feedback and modifying the construction safety plans according to the
site conditions. Construction sites are usually dynamic with ever changing techniques of
performing activities, which thus introduces hazards to the exposed facilities and living
beings. Use of BIM models in daily construction activities will surely reduce the
construction industry accidents considering the proper utilization. BIM based models can
enable professionals to visualize and analyse the facility prior to its physical construction
and creating an understanding of alternatives means of safe construction methods as well
as safety plans. BIM has a huge potential to contribute towards safety aspects of
construction but it considerably needs more focus and exploration to come up with some
development. Automatic rule set based models will definitely change the way people look
at safety planning but the value of considering the delivery of these developed models to
the workers is quite important and should not be neglected to attain expected safety goals.
With a better understanding of sequence and risks involved with the help of BIM and
automated feature in further BIM development to identify risks can be a revolution for
construction users to change the conventional industry practices for a healthy & safe
environment. Further development and awareness needs to be spread in terms of
communication and safety professionals needs to be trained about how BIM can contribute
towards H&S other than the architects, designers and engineers.
Practical Tips and Key Lessons:
• Much development is still needed in BIM for safety aspect.
• Safety knowledge should be float to the lower level in order to use BIM with its full
potential in safety
• Communication must be improved in order to imply safety rules on site.
• BIM can be a changing game to avoid from hazards during construction projects
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank our course Instructor Mr Sunil Suwal for providing us an
opportunity, support, guidance and motivation to do this research. Our special thanks to
the engineers, managers of Etimaad Qatar LLC & Skycastle construction for their valuable
time in interviews. In the end our special thanks to our friends and families without whom
this would never have been possible.
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