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- Sediment and phosphorus levels decreased significantly (71% and 79% respectively) following restoration through removal of legacy sediments and reestablishing a natural channel morphology.
- Suspended sediment concentrations dropped from 556 mg/L to 74 mg/L and annual sediment loads decreased by 600 tons per year.
- Nitrate levels in both surface and groundwater gradually decreased in the years after restoration, indicating increased denitrification and nutrient retention within the restored floodplain soils.
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http://www.thefreshwatertrust.org/
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Our Instagram channel:
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and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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Big Spring Run Restoration Project Background & Monitoring Results, November-21-2019
1. Jeffrey Hartranft
Bureau of Waterways Engineering and Wetlands
Division of Wetlands Encroachment and Training
jhartranft@pa.gov; 717-772-5320
Big Spring Run Restoration Project
Background & Monitoring Results
Department of Environmental Protection
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Legacy Sediment Workgroup
1
2. 2
• Ecological restoration principles applied to
legacy sediment impairments
• Big Spring Run test case and monitoring
• Geomorphology/physical results
• Water quality/chemical results
• Living resources/biological results
• Cost-effectiveness analysis
Presentation Outline
3. Modified from Jacobson and Coleman, 1986 after Walter and Merritts, 2008
3
Legacy sediment
Breached dam
Very recent inset point bar
Breached dam
5. •Intended for use by a wide variety of organizations and
people
•Specific to aquatic ecosystem restoration projects
•Focused on scientific and technical issues
US Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC. 2000.
http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/restore/
5
Principles for the Ecological Restoration of Aquatic
Resources (EPA841-F-00-003)
6. • Restoration can be a complex undertaking that integrates a
wide range of disciplines
• Universities, government agencies, and private organizations
may be able to provide useful information and expertise
• Complex projects require effective leadership to bring
viewpoints, disciplines and styles together as a functional
team
6
Principles for the Ecological Restoration of Aquatic Resources (EPA841-F-00-003)
Involve multi-disciplinary skills and insights
7. Big Spring Run Legacy Sediment Removal and Aquatic Ecosystem
Restoration Project
• A multidisciplinary team planned, designed, constructed and monitored this restoration
project beginning in 2008 through 2019
• Team members included a wide range of scientific and technical disciplines
• Project sponsors included governments, academic institutions, non-profits, landowners
and other private entities
7
8. 8
Principles for the Ecological Restoration of Aquatic Resources (EPA841-F-00-003)
• Before, during, and after project monitoring is used to
evaluate goal and objective achievement
• Continuous at Big Spring Run from 2008 through 2019
• Data gathered may be useful for model development and
predicting results when scaling up in size
1. developing and defining a new BMP
2. estimating nutrient reductions
3. cost-effectiveness analysis
Monitor
12. The ratio of restoration area to drainage area < 0.5%
0.02 km2
Restoration Area
4.36 km2
Drainage Area
12
2013 NAIP Imagery
Watershed and Restoration Area
13. 13
Principles for the Ecological Restoration of Aquatic Resources (EPA841-F-00-003)
• Restoration efforts are likely to fail if the sources of
degradation persist.
• Understanding an ecosystem’s evolutionary trajectory is
relevant to correctly diagnosing the problem, as well as
to developing restoration approaches that are
sustainable.
“… understanding the legacy sediment problem is the
first step in proposing a fix.”
Bay Journal, March, 2007. Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay.
Address ongoing causes of degradation.
14. Pre-restoration sediment source identification by landscape position using 137Cs
activity in Big Spring Run
14Walter et. al., 2017; Bai 2017 (Franklin & Marshall College Thesis)
0.0E+00
2.0E-03
4.0E-03
6.0E-03
8.0E-03
1.0E-02
1.2E-02
137CsActivity(Bq/g)
BSR 137CsActivityby Landscape Position
Stream Bank
Profile
Stream Bank
Aggregate
Upland Agricultural Soils
Suspended
Sediment
Tile Pads
Conclusion:
137Cs radiotopic isotopes from pre-restoration suspended sediment and tile pad deposition
are consistent with a sediment source entirely from stream bank erosion
Big Spring Run
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-0.002 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
137
Cs (Bq/g)
Depth(cm)
Aggregate
Activity ~ 1.0 x
10-3 Bq/g.
Stream Bank
Profile
15. 15
Principles for the Ecological Restoration of Aquatic Resources (EPA841-F-00-003)
• Identifying natural reference conditions are essential to
ensure project success.
• Channels incised through legacy sediment, are not natural
analogs in the mid-Atlantic Region (Walter and Merritts, 2008).
• Use historic information on altered sites.
Utilize a reference condition
16. Basal Gravels/Bedrock
Hydric Soil ~ 12-18 inches
Photos Courtesy Franklin & Marshall College
Big Spring Run In-situ Reference Condition
Legacy Sediment
16
18. Adapted from Hilgartner et. al. 2012
Big Spring Run Carbon-14 Dates and Vascular Plant
Seed Macrofossil Analysis
0
cm
170
cm3000 BP
2860 BP
270 BP
seed macrofossil sample
column
72
cm
160
cm
All Dates +/- 40
120
cm
18
20. 20
Principles for the Ecological Restoration of Aquatic Resources (EPA841-F-00-003)
• Natural valley morphology
• Address legacy sediment storage and erosion
• Ecosystem physical characteristics are essential to both
form and process restoration
• Natural function and natural structure are closely linked
to produce successful restoration processes.
Restore natural structure
Restore natural function
21. Proposed Restoration
Conceptual Design Adapted from LandStudies, Inc.
Typical Existing Conditions
Legacy Sediment Removal and Aquatic Ecosystem
Restoration Best Management Practice
21
Flood Flow
Legacy Sediment
Bedrock
Gravel
Hydric Paleosol
Modern, inset bar
Base FlowHydric Paleosol
Bedrock
Gravel
Root Zone
Flood Flow
Base Flow/Stage 0
Hydric Soil
22. Rapid aggradationLegacy sediment removal and
aquatic ecosystem restoration
Legacy Sediment
bedrock
gravels
hydric paleosols
inset bar
Legacy Sediment
Stage 5
Big Spring Run Type Cross Section
Slow
Aggradation
Dominant
Processes
Anastomosing channel – Stage 0
slow aggradation processes
bedrock
gravel
hydric soil hydric soil
Natural Wetland Soils
Bedrock
gravel
bedrock
“Stage Dam”
Cyclical stream evolution model and restoration linked to habitat and
ecosystem functions and services
Adapted from Cluer and Thorne, 2013
22
27. Big Spring Run As-Built - Hillshade Elevations
Legacy Sediment Excavation Limits
Legacy Sediment Temporary Stockpiles
Courtesy Franklin & Marshall College
construction limits
High : 359.62 feet
Low : 305.39 feet
4.7 Acre Restoration Area
27
28. Pre-Restoration Flow Model
Post-Restoration Flow Model
Art Parola, Univ. Louisville
Dorothy Merritts, F&M
Abandoned
Oxbows
28
For video link see: http://www.bsrproject.org/visualizations.html
29. 29
Instantaneous storm flow conditions
Key Observations:
(1) In the restored
condition floodwater
goes over bank more
frequently, at lower
flow, and over a
greater area.
(2) Shear stresses are
much lower.
30. Big Spring Run As-Built
30
Courtesy Franklin & Marshall College
construction limits
High : 359.62 feet
Low : 305.39 feet
Flood Photo
Location and
Orientation
31. 31
Big Spring Run post-restoration storm
Courtesy Telemonitor, Inc.
September 18, 2012 @ 3:30 PM
41. Deposition (blue), erosion (orange), and net change (aggradation) for seven
cross sections surveyed at least twice between 2012-13 and 2015-17.
Ft/yr
Ft/yr
DownstreamPost-restoration repeat cross section survey locations
41
45. • Small, anastomosing channels were well established by April 2014 - 3 years
after restoration.
• Terrestrial laser surveys confirmed that the wetland-floodplain surface
remained stable from April 2014 through April 2016 and little change in
ground elevation has occurred (i.e., erosion is minimal).
• Fine sediment (silt size) deposition is occurring within the restoration area
over time, but it is localized, mostly along channel edges, and on the order
a few centimeters.
• Springs that were daylighted when legacy sediment was removed became
pools of water connecting small channels that were well established by
April 2014.
45
Summary of post-restoration geomorphic monitoring
46. U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Geological Survey
Pennsylvania Water Science Center
This information is preliminary and is subject to revision. It is being provided
to meet the need for timely best science. The information is provided on the
condition that neither the U.S. Geological Survey nor the U.S. Government
shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or
unauthorized use of the information.
Effects of legacy-sediment removal on
nutrients and sediment in Big Spring Run,
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 2009-15
In cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
and in collaboration with Franklin and Marshall College and the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency
46
48. Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution.
Surface Water Pre- and post- restoration suspended
sediment concentrations (SSC) in Big Spring Run
48
49. Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution.
Discrete and continuous methods for
computing SSC loads in Big Spring Run
49
50. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
71%
Pre-restoration Post-restoration
USGS Water Year
Annual suspended sediment load for 2008 through 2015 water years
50
51. Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution.
Pre- and post- restoration unfiltered total phosphorous
concentrations in Big Spring Run
51
52. Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution.
Pre- and post-restoration SSC at USGS site 015765195
(WY2009-15) and at two sites from Galeone and others (2006)
52
53. U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey
References
Langland, M.J., 2019, Data in support of study
evaluating effects of legacy-sediment removal on
nutrients and sediment in Big Spring Run, Lancaster
County, Pennsylvania, 2009-15: U.S. Geological Survey
data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7GH9G5K
Langland, M.J., Duris, J.W., Zimmerman, T.M., and
Chaplin, J.J., in press, Effects of legacy-sediment
removal and effects on nutrients and sediment in Big
Spring Run, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 2009-15:
U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report
Preliminary Information-Subject to Revision. Not for Citation or Distribution.
53
54. • Median suspended sediment concentrations decreased from 556 mg/L to
74 mg/L representing an 87% reduction from pre- to post- restoration.
• The suspended sediment load decreased by 71% (600 tons per year) from
pre- to post- restoration.
• Total phosphorus concentrations decreased from 0.19 mg/L to 0.04 mg/L
representing a 79% reduction from pre- to post- restoration.
• Legacy sediment removal and aquatic ecosystem restoration was 10.5 times
more effective in reducing suspended sediment than other agricultural best
management practices that included a combination of streambank fencing
and cattle crossings.
54
Summary of USGS surface water quality monitoring
55. Restoring stream-floodplain connection with legacy sediment removal
increases denitrification and nitrate retention, Big Spring Run, PA USA.
Kenneth J. Forshay1, Julie Weitzman2, Jessica Wilhelm3, Paul Mayer4, Ann Keeley1, Dorothy
Merritts5, and Robert Walter5
(1)Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, OK, (2)Carrey Institute, (3)Oak Ridge
Affiliated Universities(4) Office of Research and Development United states Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, (5) Franklin
and Marshall College
This presentation contains research done by EPA staff and does not necessarily reflect EPA policy
Office of Research and Development
NRMRL, Groundwater, Watershed,and Ecosystem Restoration Division, Ecosystem and Subsurface Protection Branch
59. High C:N is an indicator of nitrate reduction and GW connectivity.
Pre-restoration Post-restoration
60. Sediment C and N recovered simultaneously.
Pre-
restoration
Pre-
restoration
Post-restoration Post-restoration
61. Post restoration nitrate loads are smaller than pre-restoration.
Load = [NO3] x Mean Daily Discharge
60±4 kg day-1 n=33
Pre restoration (2008-2011)
41±3 kg day-1 n=44
Post restoration (2012-2016)
p<0.001 df = 76
64. • Nitrate retention primarily is driven by enhancement of organic carbon and
resulting bio-geochemical processes at Big Spring Run
• The restoration improved nitrate retention, but it took several years for that
trend to emerge in response to the maturation of the wetland complex
• Nitrogen and phosphorous fluxes are reduced when comparing the pre-
restoration and post- restoration periods
64
Summary of USEPA surface & ground water quality monitoring
65. August 2012 65
Big Spring Run biological and living resources monitoring results
67. Figure 1.2. Scanning electron microscopy images of the common diatoms
from BSR samples. A– Achnanthidium minutissimum, B – A. saprophilum, C
– Eolimna minima, D – Amphora pediculus, E – Cocconeis placentula, F –
Melosira varians, G- Navicula antonii, H – Surirella lacrimula, I –
Thalassiosira weissflogii, J – Nitzschia dissipata, K – Hippodonta
pseudacceptata, L- Gomphonema parvulum var. saprophilum, M – Craticula
subminuscula, N- Nitzschia palea, O – Gyrosigma obtusatum.
Common diatoms from Big Spring Run
Potapova, et al, 2016
67
68. • Before the 1700s, Big Spring Run was inhabited by diverse diatom communities
that are known to prefer slow-moving clean waters with abundant vegetation and
wetlands.
• Diatom diversity increased after restoration based on mean species richness in
the restored reach. The increase in species richness may be attributed to
enhanced habitat complexity that provides a greater diversity of substrates and
flow conditions.
• Diatom nutrient metrics indicated that post-restoration assemblages had fewer
diatoms associated with high nutrients and more of those indicative of low
nutrients.
• It is unrealistic to expect the biota to revert to its pre-1700s condition given the
existing water quality, but increased diversity and higher proportion of
oligotraphenic species is a benefit and positive ecosystem recovery trajectory.
68
69. Courtesy D. Bowne Elizabethtown College
Restored habitat where green frog egg mass
was found.
Eurycea bislineata (Northern two-lined) and
Pseudotriton ruber (Northern red) larvae
Lithobates clamitans (Green frog) tadpole
Green frog egg mass
69
70. -0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Meancapturesperuniteffort
Restored Not Restored
Figure 2. The mean number of captures per unit effort (± STD) of
Eurycea bislineata for restored and not restored stream segments from
2011 to 2016. All of the data from 2011 are pre-restoration. The mean
number of captures did not significantly vary by year or treatment.
Bowne, D.R., and Conway, R. In prep. Amphibian Use of a Restored Wetland in an
Agricultural Landscape. Department of Biology, Elizabethtown College, PA.
70
72. September 2015 Fish Survey
rosyside dace (Clinostomus funduloides)
This species prefers headwater streams typical of cold water fishes and is an indication of improved water
quality in the restored reach. It also prefers gravelly riffles for spawning and typically inhabits rocky streams.
Native
Range
72
77. 77
Summary of biological and living resources monitoring
• Diatom diversity increased after restoration based on mean species richness. The
increase in species richness may be attributed to enhanced habitat complexity
that now provides a greater diversity of channel substrates and flow conditions.
• Diatom nutrient metrics indicated that post-restoration assemblages had fewer
diatoms associated with high nutrients and more of those indicative of low
nutrients.
• Northern two-lined salamanders (E. bislineata) captures have consistently
increased in the restoration area while its captures in adjacent unrestored areas
have fluctuated.
• While green frog (L. clamitans) is a nationally common frog species, it was found
residing and breeding in the restored areas after restoration but was previously
absent.
78. 78
Summary of biological and living resources monitoring (cont.)
• A major vascular plant community shift occurred from a dry upland pasture to a
wet meadow plant community type
• Increasing importance of vascular plant hydrophytes after restoration provides
diverse wetland habitat that is comparable to the reference condition
• Vascular plant hydrophytes have colonized the restoration area, including the PA
Threatened Torrey’s sedge (Juncus torreyi)
• The presence of threatened and endangered species indicates Exceptional value
wetlands in accordance with 25 PA Code § 105.17 Wetlands have been restored
83. Dr. Dorothy Merritts, Franklin and Marshall College
Dr. Robert Walter, Franklin and Marshall College
Michael Rahnis, Franklin and Marshall College
U.S. Geological Survey; Michael Langland, Joe Duris, Tammy Zimmerman and Jeff Chaplin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Kenneth Forshay, Julie Weitzman, Jessica Wilhelm,
Paul Mayer, Ann Keeley
LandStudies Incorporated, Lititz PA
Dr. Art Parola, University of Louisville
Dr. David Bowne, Elizabethtown College
Dr. Marina Potapova, Drexel University
Dr. Patrick Flemming, Water Science Institute & Franklin and Marshall College
Susquehanna River Basin Commission, Jamie Shallenberger
Joseph Sweeney, Water Science Institute
83
Presentation Contributors
84. Questions ?
Contact Information
Jeffrey Hartranft
Bureau of Waterways Engineering and Wetlands
Division of Wetlands Encroachment and Training
jhartranft@pa.gov
717-772-5320
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